Chemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for the Production of Bioproducts: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim ◽  
Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas ◽  
Norizan Mohd Nurazzi ◽  
Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani ◽  
Mahamud Siti Nur Atikah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Steam Explosion ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ammonia Fiber Explosion ◽  
The Common ◽  
Future Direction

Lignocellulosic biomass has attracted great interest from researchers. It was due to the abundance of this valuable material which can be converted into value-added materials such as nanocellulose, biocomposites, bioelectricity, biohydrogen and biosugars. Lignocellulosic biomass is consisting of the three major components which are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In order to utilize lignocellulosic biomass for bioproducts manufacturing, they need to be pretreated prior to further processing. Pretreatment can be carried out either by mechanical, chemical, biological or combination of all these methods. Chemical pretreatment are the common method used to pretreat the lignocellulosic biomass in order to completely or partially remove the components. During the past few years, a large number of chemical pretreatment including lime, acid, steam explosion, sulfur dioxide explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, ionic liquid and others have been discovered for efficient pretreatment of biomass. Several types of chemical pretreatment of fibers and their future direction and also challenges were tackled in this review. This review could be beneficial for future directions in the pretreatment of fiber for the development of several products.

Steam explosion-ionic liquid pretreatments on wetland lignocellulosic biomasses of Phragmites (sp.) and Thalia dealbata for Bio H2conversion

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (69) ◽  
pp. 36603-36614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyun Peng ◽  
Lingling Gao ◽  
Mengjiao Li ◽  
Yibin Shen ◽  
Qiongqiu Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Steam Explosion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Thalia Dealbata ◽  
Phragmites Sp

Bio H2conversion from wetland lignocellulosic biomass is one of the promising alternatives to fossil fuels.

Research Perception Towards Copy-Move Image Forgery Detection: Challenges and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150054
Author(s):  
Sai Pratheek Chalamalasetty ◽  
Srinivasa Rao Giduturi
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Forgery Detection ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Image Forgery ◽  
The Past ◽  
Image Forgery Detection ◽  
General Kind ◽  
Copy Move Forgery Detection ◽  
Future Direction

In digital images, Copy-Move Forgery is a general kind of forgery techniques. The process of replicating one part of the image within the same image is termed as copy-move forgery. An effective and reliable approach needs to be developed for identifying these forgeries for restoring the image trustworthiness. The main intent of this paper is to sort out the diverse copy-move image forgery detection models. This survey makes an effective literature analysis on a set of literal works from the past 10 years. The analysis is focused on categorizing the models based on transformation models, machine learning algorithms, and other advanced techniques. The main contribution and limitations of the works are clearly pointed out. In addition, the types of datasets and the simulation platforms utilized by different copy-move forgery detection (CMFD) models are analyzed. The performance measures evaluated by different contributions have been observed for making a concluding decision. The utilization of optimization algorithms on copy-move image forgery detection has also been studied. Finally, the research gaps and challenges with future direction are discussed, which is helpful for researchers in developing an efficient CMFD that could attain high performance.

scholarly journals Development of ‘Lignin-First’ Approaches for the Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás I. Korányi ◽  
Bálint Fridrich ◽  
Antonio Pineda ◽  
Katalin Barta
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Structural Modification ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pulp Paper ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Value Added Products

Currently, valorization of lignocellulosic biomass almost exclusively focuses on the production of pulp, paper, and bioethanol from its holocellulose constituent, while the remaining lignin part that comprises the highest carbon content, is burned and treated as waste. Lignin has a complex structure built up from propylphenolic subunits; therefore, its valorization to value-added products (aromatics, phenolics, biogasoline, etc.) is highly desirable. However, during the pulping processes, the original structure of native lignin changes to technical lignin. Due to this extensive structural modification, involving the cleavage of the β-O-4 moieties and the formation of recalcitrant C-C bonds, its catalytic depolymerization requires harsh reaction conditions. In order to apply mild conditions and to gain fewer and uniform products, a new strategy has emerged in the past few years, named ‘lignin-first’ or ‘reductive catalytic fractionation’ (RCF). This signifies lignin disassembly prior to carbohydrate valorization. The aim of the present work is to follow historically, year-by-year, the development of ‘lignin-first’ approach. A compact summary of reached achievements, future perspectives and remaining challenges is also given at the end of the review.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Photo-Responsive Polypeptide Derived Nano-Assemblies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Yang ◽  
Houliang Tang ◽  
Hao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Spatiotemporal Control

Stimuli-responsive polymeric materials have attracted significant attentions in a variety of high-value-added and industrial applications during the past decade. Among various stimuli, light is of particular interest as a stimulus due to its unique advantages such as precisely spatiotemporal control, mild conditions, ease of use, and tunability. In recent years, a lot of effort toward synthesis of biocompatible and biodegradable polypeptide has resulted in many examples of photo-responsive nanoparticles. Depending on the specific photochemistry, those polypeptide derived nano-assemblies are capable of crosslinking, disassembling, or morphing into other shapes upon light irradiation. In this mini-review, we aim to assess the current state of photo-responsive polypeptide based nanomaterials. First, those “smart” nanomaterials will be categorized by their photo-triggered events (i.e., crosslinking, degradation, and isomerization) which are inherently governed by photo-sensitive functionalities including o-nitrobenzyl, coumarin, azobenzene, cinnamyl, and spiropyran. In addition, the properties and applications of those polypeptide nanomaterials will be highlighted as well. Finally, the current challenges and future directions of this subject will be evaluated.

scholarly journals Biorefinery System of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Steam Explosion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikako Asada ◽  
Sholahuddin ◽  
Yoshitoshi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Steam Explosion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibers ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Green Technology

Recently, plant biomass has been attracting attention due to global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., wood, straw, and bagasse) is attracting attention as an abundant renewable resource that does not compete with the food resources. It is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and is a potential resource that can be converted into high-value-added substances, such as biofuels, raw materials for chemical products, and cellulose nanofibers. However, due to its complicated structure, an appropriate pretreatment method is required for developing its biorefinery process. Steam explosion is one of the simplest and environmentally friendly pretreatments to decompose lignin structure, which converts cellulose into low-molecular-weight lignin with high efficiency. It has received significant attention in the field of not only biofuel but also biochemical production. Steam explosion involves the hydrolysis of plant biomass under high-pressure steam and the sudden release of steam pressure induces a shear force on the plant biomass. Moreover, it is a green technology that does not use any chemicals. Thus, a steam explosion-based biorefinery system is highly effective for the utilization of lignocellulosic into useful materials, such as ethanol, methane gas, antioxidant material, epoxy resin, and cellulose nanofiber.

PVRC Activities Supporting the Development of ASME Codes and Standards

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Koves
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current Structure ◽  
Panel Session ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Direction

This panel session provides a forum to discuss the future directions of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes. Historically the Pressure Vessel Research Council (PVRC) has played a strong role in providing the technology base for changes and advancements in the ASME Codes, and any discussion of the future direction of the ASME Codes would be incomplete without mention of PVRC activities. The topic of this discussion is the current structure of PVRC, and its relationship with ASME, and a brief overview of some of the Past, Current and Future projects that have or will impact the ASME Codes.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

Comparison and Analysis of Computational Methods for Identifying N6 - methyladenosine Sites in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengmian Feng ◽  
Lijing Feng ◽  
Chaohui Tang
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Computational Prediction ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past

Background and Purpose: N 6 -methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in a broad set of biological processes. Knowledge about the precise location of m6A site in the transcriptome is vital for deciphering its biological functions. Although experimental techniques have made substantial contributions to identify m6A, they are still labor intensive and time consuming. As good complements to experimental methods, in the past few years, a series of computational approaches have been proposed to identify m6A sites. Methods: In order to facilitate researchers to select appropriate methods for identifying m6A sites, it is necessary to give a comprehensive review and comparison on existing methods. Results: Since researches on m6A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are relatively clear, in this review, we summarized recent progresses on computational prediction of m6A sites in S. cerevisiae and assessed the performance of existing computational methods. Finally, future directions of computationally identifying m6A sites were presented. Conclusion: Taken together, we anticipate that this review will provide important guides for computational analysis of m 6A modifications.

Lignin to Value-Added Chemical Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdieh Sharifi ◽  
Ramyakrishna Pothu ◽  
Rajender Boddula ◽  
Inamuddin
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Glycerol Ether ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Lignin Model Compounds ◽  
Biomass Activity ◽  
Lignin Model

Background: There is a developing demand for innovation in petroleum systems replacements. Towards this aim, lignocellulosic biomass suggested as a possible sustainable source for the manufacturing of fuels and produced chemicals. The aims of this paper are to investigate different kinds of β-O-4 lignin model compounds for the production of value-added chemicals in presence of ionic liquids. Especially, a cheap β-O-4 lignin model Guaiacol glycerol ether (GGE) (Guaifenesin) is introduced to produce valuable chemicals and novel products. Methods: Research related to chemical depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass activity is reviewed, the notes from different methods such as thermal and microwave collected during at least 10 years. So, this collection provides a good source for academic research and it gives an efficient strategy for the manufacturing of novel value-added chemicals at an industrial scale. Results: This research presented that ionic liquid microwave-assisted is a power saving, cost efficient, fast reaction, and clean way with high selectively and purity for production of high value chemicals rather that conversional heating. Guaiacol and catechol are some of these valuable chemicals that is produced from β-O-4 lignin model compounds with high word demands that are capable to produce in industry scale. Conclusion: The β-O-4 lignin model compounds such as Guaiacol glycerol ether (GGE) (Guaifenesin) are good platform for developing food materials, perfumery, biorefinery, and pharmaceutical industry by ionic liquids-assisted lignin depolymerization method.

Beyond Promoter: The Role of Macrophage in Invasion and Progression of Renal Cell Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 588-596
Author(s):  
Haibao Zhang ◽  
Guodong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Tumor Stem Cell ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the common urologic neoplasms, and its incidence has been increasing over the past several decades; however, its pathogenesis is still unknown up to now. Recent studies have found that in addition to tumor cells, other cells in the tumor microenvironment also affect the biological behavior of the tumor. Among them, macrophages exist in a large amount in tumor microenvironment, and they are generally considered to play a key role in promoting tumorigenesis. Therefore, we summarized the recent researches on macrophage in the invasiveness and progression of RCC in latest years, and we also introduced and discussed many studies about macrophage in RCC to promote angiogenesis by changing tumor microenvironment and inhibit immune response in order to activate tumor progression. Moreover, macrophage interactes with various cytokines to promote tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and it also promotes tumor stem cell formation and induces drug resistance in the progression of RCC. The highlight of this review is to make a summary of the roles of macrophage in the invasion and progression of RCC; at the same time to raise some potential and possible targets for future RCC therapy.

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