scholarly journals From the Sunni Hanafi Madhhab to Salafism: Public Opinion and Migrant Experience

Author(s):  
Pavel P. Lisitsyn

The author examines social prerequisites of labor migrant involvement in the activities of organizations adhering to radical beliefs.  The paper is based on a study carried out by a team of researchers form St Petersburg State University of Economics and St Petersburg University in two countries being the key donors of labor force for Russia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The author identifies the social prerequisites for ideological radicalization of transnational migrants (i.e. favorable conditions to become an ideological radical) and analyzes public opinion concerning the radical groups in these countries. As an example the author uses the collected materials exploring the background of two conversions to radical groups. Taking into account the countries’ specifics, the paper considers the Salafi movement (banned in both countries) as a radical group. Thus, the author illustrates examples of conversion to Salafism from the more popular Hanafi Madhhab School of Sunni Islam, describes the social conditions of the conversion and the attitudes of the local residents towards this movement. Acknowledgment. The article was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 17-78-20107.

Author(s):  
Neng Desi Aryani ◽  
Oong Komar ◽  
Ishak Abdulhak ◽  
Ihat Hatimah ◽  
Cut Nuraini

Culture shock is very much related to the situation where someone living in a new environment experiences worries and uncertainties of excessive feelings and thoughts. In University of Singaperbangsa Karawang (UNSIKA), the presence of culture shock is very apparent among students. This condition is not only motivated by the status of UNSIKA as a State University in Karawang area, but also because the position of Karawang City located on the border of the Capital City, in which it is the center of Metropolitan life. Thus, this situation may affect the social conditions of the community which is later formed a culture shock. There are a big number of students who come to study at UNSIKA from various regions, including outside Java Island. This condition makes culture shock experienced by students at UNSIKA at varying stages.


Author(s):  
Roman V. Petukhov

The author argues that the social studies devoted to the Russian local self-government are dominated by uncritical borrowing of the basic vocabulary and the axiomatics of the municipal law. Such studies reproduce ideal concepts enshrined in the legislation and legal doctrine to substitute for the critical analysis of the social reality processes. To understand the true meaning of what is referred to as local self-government the author proposes to consider the correlation between the legal-dogmatic concept and the results of empirical research. For that purpose, three constitutive features of local self-government are singled out:  inclusiveness, accessibility and autonomy of local authorities. Analyzing the data of the public opinion surveys, the author observes the lack of public confidence in the municipal authorities, their distancing from the local communities and proximity to the regional government.  As an example, the author examines cancelation of direct elections of heads of municipalities which brings into sharp focus contradictions between actual processes and the local self-government theory. At the same time, public perceptions of local self-government as a value and a directly observed phenomenon remain uncertain. Based on the results of the analysis, the author concludes that there is a principal divergence between the reality and the normative conception of local self-government which raises the issue of its rethinking in social sciences. The basis of the study is the data of the nationwide representative surveys conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Public Opinion Research Center and the Public Opinion Foundation. Acknowledgment. The paper is supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 14-28-00218-II “Dynamics of social transformation in modern Russia in socio-economic, political, socio-cultural and ethno-religious contexts”. 


Author(s):  
Asror Baisuki ◽  
Ta'rif Ta'rif

AbstractThe emergence of religious ideologies amid increasingly complex social conditions is believed to be one of the factors driving social conflict in society. Radicalism and liberalism have their respective roles in tipping the social conflict. These two religious ideologies compete in maintaining the vision and mission in their own respective way, the radical group in its conservative way while the liberal group with modernization. Therefore, it is necessary for the presence of a third group that can reconcile the two previous groups. The conciliatory effort has been started by Ma’had ‘Aly Situbondo by instilling moderate character to the santri so as not to lean to the right (radical) and left (liberal). This study aims to examine in depth about the ways of cadres of fiqh experts (Ma’had ‘Aly) in instilling a moderate character to the students and to identify the moderate character that has been embedded in the santri. This research shows that the ways Ma’had ‘Aly pursued in moderating the moderate character of the santri is a model of integration. The integration in question is integration in the academic field as well as integration in the daily activities of santri. These two models of integration can form a moderate character in the souls of the santri, but the most dominant in the formation of such characters is the use of intensive fiqh ushul. The use of ushul fiqh for Ma’had ‘Aly is a must that should not be ignored in any legal study.AbstrakMunculnya ideologi-ideologi keagamaan ditengah kondisi sosial yang semakin kompleks diyakini sebagai salah satu faktor pemicu konflik sosial di tengah masyarakat. Radikalisme dan liberalisme memiliki perannya masing-masing dalam memperuncing konflik sosial tersebut. Dua ideologi keagamaan ini, bersaing dalam mempertahankan visi dan misi dengan caranya sendiri, kelomok radikal dengan caranya yang konservativ sedangkan kelompok liberal dengan modernisasi. oleh kerena itu, perlu kehadiran kelomok ketiga yang bisa mendamaikan pertikaian dua kelompok terdahulu. upaya mendamaikan tersebut sudah dimulai oleh Ma’had ‘Aly Situbondo dengan cara menanamkan karakter moderat kepada para santri agar tidak condong ke arah kanan (radikal) dan kiri (liberal). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah secara mendalam tentang cara-cara lembaga kader ahli fqh (Ma’had ‘Aly) ini dalam menanamkan karakter moderat terhadap para santri serta juga ingin mengetahui karakter moderat apasajakah yang sudah tertanam pada diri para santri. Melalui penelitian ini, dihasilkan bahwa cara-cara yang ditempuh Ma’had ‘Aly dalam menanamkan karakter moderat terhadap para santri adalah model integrasi. Integrasi yang dimaksud adalah integrasi dalam bidang akademik dan juga integrasi dalam kegiatan sehari-hari santri. Dua model integrasi inilah yang dapat membentuk karakter moderat pada jiwa para santri, namun yang paling dominan dalam pembentukan karakter tersebut adalah penggunaan ushul fqh secara intensiv. Penggunaan ushul fqh bagi Ma’had ‘Aly adalah sebuah keharusan yang tidak boleh diacuhkan dalam setiap kajian hukum.


2010 ◽  
pp. 73-89
Author(s):  
M.-F. Garcia

The article examines social conditions and mechanisms of the emergence in 1982 of a «Dutch» strawberry auction in Fontaines-en-Sologne, France. Empirical study of this case shows that perfect market does not arise per se due to an «invisible hand». It is a social construction, which could only be put into effect by a hard struggle between stakeholders and large investments of different forms of capital. Ordinary practices of the market dont differ from the predictions of economic theory, which is explained by the fact that economic theory served as a frame of reference for the designers of the auction. Technological and spatial organization as well as principal rules of trade was elaborated in line with economic views of perfect market resulting in the correspondence between theory and reality.


1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Олена Горова

Професійне   становлення   особистості   супроводжує   всі   етапи  соціально-вікового   розвитку  особистості.  Трудова  діяльність  є  основним  видом  суспільної  активності,  який  дозволяє  працівнику  задовольняти  основні  потреби,  особливо  у  процесі  постійних  соціальних,  освітніх  реформ.  Важливим  завданням психологічного супроводу працівника у процесі виконання професійної діяльності є забезпечення  сприятливих  умов  формування  професійно  важливих  якостей.  Соціальна  успішність  є  результатом  ефективного  розв’язання  виробничих  завдань, які  мають  суспільно корисну  важливість  та  пов’язані  з  потребами інших людей. Якісний прогресивний розвиток працівника можливий лише за умови збереження  стійкого  позитивного  ставлення  до  професії.  Позитивна  професійна  самоідентифікація  пов’язана  з  ототожненням  та  персоналізацією  працівником  особистісних  рис  працівників,  які  досягли  успіху  у  професії,  мають  суспільно  визнані  результати  діяльності.  Таким  чином,  професійна  успішність  як  суб’єктне  новоутворення  у  якості  відчуття  гордості  за  власні  результати  діяльності  забезпечує  реалізацію традиції наставництва і  передачі позитивного професійного досвіду.    Професійно  успішний  працівник  усвідомлює  необхідність  та  важливість  результатів  своєї  діяльності  для  інших,  що  вимагає,  відповідно,  від  соціального  середовища  усвідомлення  необхідності  визнання  результатів  діяльності  фахівців.  Знехтуваний  суспільством  працівник,  або  той,  результати  діяльності  якого  позиціонуються  як  меншовартісні,  дистанціюється  від  професії  та  має  негативний  потенціал розвитку. Professional formation of the person accompanies all phases of social and age of the individual. Gainful  employment is the main form of social activity that allows the employee to realize the basic needs. An important task  of psychological support worker in the course of professional activity is to provide favorable conditions for the  formation  of  professionally  important  qualities.  Professional  success  is  the  result  of  an  effective  solution  of  industrial jobs that are socially useful and important related to the needs of others. High-quality progressive  development of an employee is only possible while maintaining a stable positive attitude towards the profession.  Positive  professional  identity  associated  with  the  identification  and  personalization  of  employee  personality traits of employees who have been successful in the profession, who have publicly acknowledged  performance. Thus professional success as the subjective feeling of a lump in the pride of their own results of  operations  ensures  the  implementation  of  the  tradition  of  mentoring  and  of  positive  transfer  of  professional  experience.  Professionally successful employees aware of the need and the importance of the results of its operations  for the other, which requires, respectively, from the social environment - awareness of the need to recognize the  performance of specialists. Unclaimed society worker, or the results of operations, which are positioned as less  important, is moving away from the profession and has a negative potential. 


Author(s):  
Admink Admink ◽  
Катерина Гайдукевич

Обґрунтовано, що видовища характеризуються специфічними ознаками, серед яких варто наголосити на культурній цінності, що виявляється у використанні видовищем різних складових культури. Доведено, що видовища є показниками суспільних зрушень у системі цінностей, ідеологій, наявних і латентних проблем, устремлінь та бажань громадськості. Показано, що в сучасній культурі України пріоритетною є функція соціальної регуляції й формування  суспільної думки, яка реалізується у форматі імітативних практик та множинних культурних інтерпретацій. Проаналізовано напрями, за якими розвиватимуться видовища й видовищність в Україні: зміцнення й популяризація традиційних видовищних заходів; усталення нових видовищних практик; збагачення видовищної культури інноваційними формами та практиками. It is substantiated that the spectacle is characterized by specific features, among which it is worth emphasizing the cultural value that is expressed in the use by the spectacle of different components of the culture. It has been proved that the spectacles are indicators of social shifts in the system of values, ideologies, existing and latent problems, aspirations and desires of the public. It is shown that in the contemporary culture of Ukraine the priority is the function of the social regulation and the formation of the public opinion that is implemented in the format of imitative practices and multiple cultural interpretations. The directions for development of the spectacles and entertainment in Ukraine are analyzed: strengthening and promoting traditional entertainment events; establishing new entertaining practices; the enrichment of the spectacular culture with innovative forms and practices.


Author(s):  
G. M. Ditchfield

Explanations of the abolition of the slave trade have been the subject of intense historical debate. Earlier accounts tended to play up the role of individual, heroic abolitionists and their religious, particularly evangelical, motivation. Eric Williams argued that the decline in profitability of the ‘Triangular trade’ was important in persuading people that the slave trade hindered, rather than helped, economic progress. More recent work has rehabilitated the role of some abolitionists but has set this alongside the importance of campaigning and petitioning in shifting public opinion. The role that the slaves themselves played in bringing attention to their plight is also now recognized. Consequently, the importance of abolitionism for a sense of Dissenting self-identity and as part of broader attempts to influence social reform needs to be reconsidered.


2021 ◽  
pp. 147488512110080
Author(s):  
Lois McNay

Steven Klein’s excellent new book The Work of Politics is an innovative, insightful and original argument about the valuable role that welfare institutions may play in democratic movements for change. In place of a one-sided Weberian view of welfare institutions as bureaucratic instruments of social control, Klein recasts them in Arendtian terms as ‘worldly mediators’ or participatory mechanisms that act as channels for a radical politics of democratic world making. Although Klein is careful to modulate this utopian vision through a developed account of power and domination, I question the relevance of this largely historical model of world-building activism for the contemporary world of welfare. I point to the way that decades of neoliberal social policy have arguably eroded many of the social conditions and relations of solidarity that are vital prerequisites for collective activism around welfare.


Author(s):  
Caitlin Vitosky Clarke ◽  
Brynn C Adamson

This paper offers new insights into the promotion of the Exercise is Medicine (EIM) framework for mental illness and chronic disease. Utilising the Syndemics Framework, which posits mental health conditions as corollaries of social conditions, we argue that medicalized exercise promotion paradigms both ignore the social conditions that can contribute to mental illness and can contribute to mental illness via discrimination and worsening self-concept based on disability. We first address the ways in which the current EIM framework may be too narrow in scope in considering the impact of social factors as determinants of health. We then consider how this narrow scope in combination with the emphasis on independence and individual prescriptions may serve to reinforce stigma and shame associated with both chronic disease and mental illness. We draw on examples from two distinct research projects, one on exercise interventions for depression and one on exercise interventions for multiple sclerosis (MS), in order to consider ways to improve the approach to exercise promotion for these and other, related populations.


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