scholarly journals Relationship between plasma cyclin-dependent kinase 5 levels and local immunoglobulin levels in patients with nasal polyps

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-128
Author(s):  
Cui Liu ◽  
Qian Luo ◽  
Yan Tang ◽  
Gaoxin Yu ◽  
Kuai Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Polyp ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Nasal Tumors ◽  
Polyp Tissue ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Immunoglobulin Levels ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5

Nasal polyps are the most common benign nasal tumors that can lead to nasal obstruction and other annoying problems for the patient. Several hypotheses have been proposed as the basic mechanism of nasal polyps. In order to investigate one of the possible causes that can be a disorder in the regulation of systemic immune responses, the present study was designed to investigate the relationship between plasma cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) levels and local immunoglobulin levels in patients with nasal polyps. A cross-section study was used to evaluate concentrations of local immunoglobulin levels (IgE, IgM, IgA, and IgG) on blood and polyp specimens from 60 patients with nasal polyps, and 60 control groups. Western Blot Analysis was done for CDK5 in plasma cells. IgA, IgG and IgE concentrations were significantly higher in polyp tissue specimens, but not in blood, of nasal polyp patients compared to the control group. Furthermore, plasma CDK5 levels were significantly higher in nasal polyp tissue compared with control. The difference in IgA, IgE and IgG expression between nasal polyp tissue and blood, supported by increased numbers of plasma cells, suggests a local production of these local immunoglobulins in nasal polyps in response to chronic antigens. Among local immunoglobulins, only there was a significant correlation between CDK5 with IgG (positive correlation) and IgE (negative correlation). The exact explanation for the relationship between plasma CDK5 and local immunoglobulins in nasal polyps needs further studies.

scholarly journals The Role of CD68 (+) Histiocytic Macrophages in Nasal Polyp Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuray Bayar Muluk ◽  
Osman Kürşat Arikan ◽  
Pınar Atasoy ◽  
Rahmi Kiliç ◽  
Eda Tuna Yalçinozan
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Nasal Polyp ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Deep Layer ◽  
Ethmoid Sinus ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Deep Layers

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CD68 (+) histiocytic macrophages (H-M) in the nasal polyp pathogenesis. Materials and Methods The study group consisted of 24 adult patients with nasal polyposis. The control group consisted of 11 adult patients without nasal polyps. A total of 36 nasal polyp samples (10-nasal cavity, 10-maxillary sinus, and 16-ethmoid sinus) from the study group and 11 inferior turbinate samples from the control group were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining, with monoclonal antibodies against CD68 (+) H-M. Results CD68 positivity was significantly higher than the control group in the subepithelial (SE) layer of the ethmoid sinus, and deep layers of nasal cavity, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses. In SE and deep layers of ethmoid and maxillary sinuses, CD68 positivity was significantly higher than that of the epithelial layer. In the deep layer, histiocytic macrophages tended to gather around eosinophils. Conclusion The high numbers of CD68 (+) histiocytic macrophages mainly located in deep layer of lamina propria may be responsible for the phagocytosis of eosinophils within the polyp tissue. Therefore, it may be concluded that increased macrophages in nasal polyps do not trigger the growth of nasal polyps. Instead, they may serve to reduce the number of eosinophils in already-developed nasal polyps.

Co-occurrence of Nasal Polyps and Neoplasms of the Canine Nasal Cavity

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 885-888
Author(s):  
James C. Tarrant ◽  
David E. Holt ◽  
Amy C. Durham
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Polyp ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Surgical Biopsy ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Nasal Tumors ◽  
Soft Tissue Masses ◽  
Nasal Carcinoma

Nasal polyps in dogs are space-occupying soft-tissue masses that have been encountered concurrently with intranasal neoplasia in surgical biopsy specimens. The proportion of nasal polyp co-occurrence with primary nasal tumors was examined, and follow-up biopsies on dogs initially diagnosed with nasal polyp were reviewed. Histologic sections from 321 cases of intranasal neoplasia and 50 cases of nasal polyp from 2004 to 2017 were reviewed. Of the 321 cases of intranasal neoplasia, 51 (16%) had concurrent nasal polyps, and most of these (47/51) had intranasal carcinoma. Twenty-five of the 50 dogs with a primary diagnosis of nasal polyp were rebiopsied, and the diagnoses in these subsequent biopsies were nasal polyp in 15, malignant neoplasm in 9, and intranasal nematode in 1. Nasal polyps occurred frequently in conjunction with nasal carcinoma. In dogs with a diagnosis of nasal polyp, repeat biopsy to reveal possible neoplasia is warranted.

scholarly journals Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptor 3 Inflammasome Inhibition by MCC950 Reduces the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Interleukin-1β in Cultured Dispersed Nasal Polyp Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 206-215
Author(s):  
Soo Kyoung Park ◽  
Rui-Ning Han ◽  
Jun Xu ◽  
Sun Hee Yeon ◽  
Sung Bok Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Nasal Polyp ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Nucleotide Binding ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Western Blot Assay ◽  
Oligomerization Domain

Background and Objectives The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLRP) 3 is known as a member of the NLR family, and it has been confirmed that the NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with various diseases such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders and multiple sclerosis, as well as other auto-immune and auto-inflammatory diseases. However, the role of NLRP3 in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has not yet been explored.Subjects and Method Forty-four specimens of nasal polyps and 25 specimens of uncinate processes were collected from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and 25 specimens of uncinate tissues were collected from patients who underwent other rhino-surgeries. The western blot assay was employed to analyze the expression of NLRP3; interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-17A were detected using immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced IL-1β and IL-17A with or without the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor (MCC950) was measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in cultured dispersed nasal polyp cells.Results NLRP3 showed a high level of expression in nasal polyps than in the control group (<i>p</i><0.01). The expression of IL-1β and IL-17A was significantly higher in nasal polyps in the CRSwNP group than in the control group (<i>p</i><0.05). LPS-induced production of IL-1β was significantly suppressed by treatment with the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor (<i>p</i><0.05).Conclusion The NLRP3 inflammasome plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP, and thus MCC950 can be considered a prospective therapeutic for NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation in nasal polyps. Our data provide new evidence that IL-17A is involved in inflammasome-associated inflammation in nasal polyps.

scholarly journals Study the relationship between nasal polyps, platelet count, mean platelet volume, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients attending otolaryngology OPD in a tertiary care teaching hospital, West Bengal

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Manuprita Sharma ◽  
Santosh Raman ◽  
Bidhan Ray ◽  
Rupali Verma Bagga ◽  
Ramesh Kumar Sahu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Nasal Polyp ◽  
Mean Platelet Volume ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Platelet Volume ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
The Relationship

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Nasal obstruction is a common cause of marked nasal septal deviation. It is related strongly with hypoxia. Hypoxic conditions increase mean platelet volume levels. Many studies in literature point out that inflammation related to nasal polyp is mostly dependent on eosinophils and their inflammatory products. Beside eosinophils, platelets may have a role in nasal polyp development. Platelets are involved in hemostasis, tissue repairing and inflammation. Recently, mean platelet volume (MPV) was recognized as a simple inflammatory marker in the inflammatory disease<span lang="EN-IN">. </span>This study investigated the relationship of nasal polyps with MPV (mean platelet volume), platelet count and NLR (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The cross-sectional observational study we investigated CBC (complete blood count) parameters of the patients that consulted ENT clinic in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Haldia because of nasal polyp. <span>About 76 patients and 42 controls were included in this study. In all groups, WBC (white blood cell count), RBC (red blood cell count), RDW (red cell distribution width), platelet count, MPV, PDW (platelet distribution width) and NLR parameters from CBC (complete blood count) were compared between patients and controls</span><span lang="EN-IN">.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Mean WBC values were 6.89±1.33×103/μL in patients with NPs, vs. 7.11±2.32×103/μL in the control group. Mean haemoglobin (Hb) values were 13.19±1.34 g/dL in patients with NPs, vs. 14.1±1.67 g/dl in the control group. Mean MPV values were 9.11 ± 1.08 fL in patients with NPs, vs. 8.32±0.53 fL in the control group. Mean PLT values were 232.38 ± 39.97×103/μL in patients with NPs, vs. 271.44±45.14×103 in the control group. MPV was higher in nasal polyp patients, whereas platelet count was higher in controls. The difference was significant for the mean absolute neutrophil, platelet count, and lymphocyte counts, NLR, PDW and MPV values between the study group and the control group<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Platelet count and NLR were significantly lower in patients than the controls, whereas MPV was significantly higher in nasal polyp patients<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p>

scholarly journals Is there a relationship between Lund-Mackay scale, olfactory bulb depth and width, and Keros classification in patients with nasal polyps?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (44) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Ziya Şencan ◽  
Nuray Bayar Muluk ◽  
Mikail Inal ◽  
Selmin Perihan Kömürcü Erkmen ◽  
Ela Cömert
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract OBJECTIVE. We investigated the relationship between Lund-Mackay scale, olfactory bulb depth and width, and Keros classification in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). MATERIAL AND METHODS. In this retrospective study, paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNSCT) images of 47 patients with CRSwNP and 47 healthy subjects (control) were evaluated. In the CRSwNP group, PNSCT scans were assessed based on Lund-Mackay scale. In both groups, olfactory fossae (OF) depth and width, and Keros classification were evaluated. RESULTS. The total Lund-Mackay score was 17.1±5.9. There were no significant differences between OF depth and width values of the nasal polyps group and control group. For both groups, Type II Keros was the most detected type; secondly, Keros type I and rarely Keros type III were detected. There was no significant correlation between Lund-Mackay score (All items and total score) and OF depth and width, and Keros type. There were negative correlations between ipsilateral OF depth and width (p<0.05), whereas there were positive correlations between contralateral OF depth and width (p>0.05). Keros type was positively correlated between ipsilateral and contralateral OF depth and Keros type (p<0.05). In older patients, left OF depth and Keros type decreased (p<0.05). CONCLUSION. As a conclusion, there was no correlation between Lund-Mackay score and olfactory fossa dimensions (depth and width). When considering age, one could notice that Keros type decreased in older patients.

TIM-3–Expressing Mast Cells Are Present in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Corredera ◽  
Binh L. Phong ◽  
John A. Moore ◽  
Lawrence P. Kane ◽  
Stella E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Nasal Polyp ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Epithelial Layer ◽  
Polyp Tissue

Objectives To identify whether TIM-3 expression is present in the mast cell population within nasal polyps and to determine its correlation with clinical severity in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Study Design Basic science, translational study. Setting Nasal polyp tissue collected from patients seen at a tertiary care hospital (2015-2016). Subjects and Methods Nasal polyp tissue obtained during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (n = 24) was enzymatically digested into epithelial and stromal fractions. Viable mast cells expressing TIM-3 were identified using flow cytometry for the following: CD45, Live/Dead, c-kit, FcεR1, TIM-3. Disease severity was assessed using the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test, Lund-Mackay staging system, Lund-Kennedy staging system, and complete blood counts. Results Mast cells were found in both the epithelial and stromal layers of polyps, with a greater %TIM-3+ mast cells in the epithelial layer compared with that of the stromal layer ( P = .001). As the percentage of mast cells increased, there was a comparative worsening in endoscopic severity after comparing pre- and postoperative LK scores (ρ = −0.455, P = .029). In a subgroup of patients with concomitant asthma, increased epithelial %TIM-3+ mast cells also correlated with worsening endoscopic appearance postoperatively (ρ = 0.866, P = .001, n = 11). Oral corticosteroid treatment did not change the viability of mast cells nor their influence on the increased postoperative endoscopic disease severity (ρ = −0.544, P = .020, n = 18). Conclusion Viable mast cells were found to be present in polyps with increased TIM-3 expression at the epithelial layer. This suggests that TIM-3 may play a role in chronic inflammation in CRSwNP via mast cell activation.

scholarly journals IL-5Rα marks nasal polyp IgG4 and IgE-secreting cells in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Buchheit ◽  
Daniel F. Dwyer ◽  
Jose Ordovas-Montanes ◽  
Howard R. Katz ◽  
Erin Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Nasal Polyp ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease ◽  
Polyp Tissue ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Antibody Secreting Cells

AbstractBackgroundThe cause of nasal polyposis in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is unknown. Elevated antibody levels have been associated with disease severity in nasal polyps, but the upstream drivers and cellular mechanisms of local antibody production in AERD remain to be investigated.ObjectiveWe sought to identify the upstream drivers and phenotypic properties of local antibody-secreting cells in nasal polyps and to understand their clinical relevance in AERD.MethodsSinus tissue was obtained from subjects with AERD, aspirin-tolerant chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), aspirin-tolerant chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and healthy controls. Tissue antibody levels were quantified via ELISA and immunohistochemistry, and were correlated with clinical markers of disease severity. Tissue cytokine mRNA levels were measured with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Antibody-secreting cells were profiled with a combination of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry and immunofluorescence.ResultsTissue IgE and IgG4 were elevated in AERD compared to controls (p<0.01 for IgE and p<0.001 for IgG4, vs. CRSwNP). Total IgG and IgG4 positively correlated with the number of polyp surgeries per subject (r=0.48, p=0.011 and r=0.58, p=0.0003, respectively). Polyp IL-10 mRNA expression was higher in AERD vs. CRSwNP (p<0.05), but there were no differences in mRNA expression of type 2 cytokines. ScRNA-seq revealed increased IL5RA, IGHG4, and IGHE in the antibody-associated cells of subjects with AERD compared to CRSwNP. Total plasma cells and IL-5Rα+ plasma cell numbers in the polyp tissue from AERD exceeded those in polyps from CRSwNP (p=0.0051 and p=0.026, respectively) by flow cytometry. With immunofluorescence, we determined that IL-5Rα and IgG4 are co-expressed in antibody-secreting cells in AERD.ConclusionsOur study identifies unique clusters of antibody-secreting cells in AERD defined by enrichment of transcripts encoding IL5RA, IGHG4 and IGHE. We confirm surface expression of IL-5Rα on these cells, and identify T cells as a unique transcriptional source of IL-5. Tissue antibody levels are elevated in AERD and correlate with disease severity. Our findings suggest a role for IL-5 in facilitating local antibody production that may drive features of severe sinus disease.Key MessagesIgG4 and IgE levels are markedly increased in nasal polyp tissue from subjects with AERD compared to aspirin-tolerant CRSwNP.Tissue IgG4 levels positively correlate with disease recurrence.IL-10 mRNA levels are significantly higher in AERD polyp tissue compared to CRSwNP tissue, but differences were not noted for type 2 cytokines or cytokines involved in class switch recombination.IL-5Rα transcript and protein surface expression is elevated in antibody-secreting cells from subjects with AERD and may play a role in facilitating class switching and/or survival of antibody-secreting cells.Capsule SummarySingle-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of whole nasal polyp tissue identified increased IL5RA, IGHE, and IGHG4 expression in the antibody-secreting cell compartment of subjects with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) compared to aspirin-tolerant chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). IgE and IgG4 levels are elevated in nasal polyp tissue from subjects with AERD compared to CRSwNP and correlate with disease recurrence.

Protein Microarray Analysis of Nasal Polyps from Aspirin-Sensitive and Aspirin-Tolerant Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Zander ◽  
Milene T. Saavedra ◽  
James West ◽  
Victor Scapa ◽  
Linda Sanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Nasal Polyp ◽  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Western Blot Analysis ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Protein Microarray ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microarray Technology

Background The purpose of this study was to apply protein microarray technology to the study of sinonasal tissue and to identify differential protein expression in nasal polyps from aspirin-sensitive (AS) versus aspirin-tolerant (AT) patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs). Methods Nasal polyp specimens were prospectively obtained from two groups of patients with CRSwNP. The test group (AS) consisted of five patients that were diagnosed with CRSwNP and intolerance to aspirin based on medical history and physical exam. The control group (AT) consisted of four AT patients with CRSwNP. Protein was extracted and labeled from harvested polyps and the Sigma Panorama Antibody Microarray–Cell Signaling Kit was used to identify differences in protein expression between the two polyp groups. Western blot analysis was used to validate the results of the protein microarray. Results The protein microarray showed a greater than twofold change in expression of both beta-adaptin and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Western blot analysis confirmed up-regulation of beta-adaptin and HSP70 in nasal polyp tissue from AS patients. Conclusion Pooled samples of AS and AT nasal polyps evaluated by protein microarray show distinct protein expression profiles in the stress response and receptor-mediated endocytosis pathways. This study establishes the successful application of protein microarray technology to study nasal polyposis, which in turn can be validated by Western blot analysis.

scholarly journals Serum Immunoglobulins level in Bangladeshi Dockyard Labourers

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed ◽  
Abdullah Al Maruf ◽  
Amitouzea Basher ◽  
Naimul Huda ◽  
Syeda Amina Toufique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Immunoglobulin Levels

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the serum level of immunoglobulins in Bangladeshi dockyard labourers compared to healthy day labourers. One hundred dockyard labourers, age ranging from 19 to 42 years, were randomly recruited from different dockyards of Keranigonj, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The control group included 100 day labourers matched by age, sex and socio-economic status to that of dockyard labourers who were not exposed to environmental hazards of dockyard. Blood samples were analyzed for determining the serum levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA & IgM) by turbidimetry method using an immunoglobulin kit. The serum concentration of IgA & IgG were found to be decreased, whereas that of IgM increased in dockyard labourers as compared to control group, but the differences were not significant (p>0.05). No significant relationship was found between the socio-demographic variables and immunoglobulin levels at 5% level of significance. But study with larger number of population is required for further evaluation of the relationship between the immune status and health hazards to confirm these findings. Key words: Dockyard labourers; Occupational exposure; Immunoglobulin. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v9i2.7885 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 9(2): 91-95, 2010 (December)

scholarly journals VGLUT2/ Cdk5/p25 Signaling Pathway Contributed to Inflammatory Pain By CFA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
YuWen Tang ◽  
ZhiYou Peng ◽  
ShouJun Tao ◽  
Jianliang Sun ◽  
WenYuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5 ◽  
Heat Hyperalgesia

AbstractVesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGLUT2) is known to play an important role in mediating the heat hyperalgesia induced by inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism for this activity is poorly understood. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), serving as a key regulator in mediating release of glutamate, contributed to the inflammatory heat. It remains unknown whether there is a bridge between Cdk5 and VGLUT2 for mediating inflammatory pain. Therefore, we designed the experiment to determine whether VGLUT2 signaling pathway is involved in Inflammatory pain mediated by Cdk5 and the heat hyperalgesia induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) can be reversed by roscovitine, a selective inhibitor for Cdk5 through inhibition of VGLUT2 expression. Immunohistochemistry results suggest that when compared with rats in a control group, rats in an experimental group showed significant coexpression of Cdk5/VGLUT2 in small and medium-sized neuronal cells of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord between days 1 and 3 following subcutaneous injection of CFA. Moreover, our study revealed that the expression of VGLUT2 protein in DRG and spinal cord was remarkably increased between days 1 and 3 following CFA injection. Additionally, p25 but not p35, a activator of Cdk5, protein was significantly increased and reduced by roscovitine. The increased expressions of VGLUT2 protein was significantly reduced by roscovitine as well. Our study showed that VGLUT2/Cdk5 signaling pathway contributed to the inflammatory pain medicated by Cdk5/p25.

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