scholarly journals In vitro induction and characterisation of tetraploid drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 840-847
Author(s):  
Junjie Zhang ◽  
Ruiqi Pian ◽  
Endian Yang ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Qian He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Artificial Induction ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Drumstick Tree

AbstractArtificial induction of polyploidy is widely used in breeding programmes to improve the agronomic traits. The drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) has a range of potential commercial uses, as the vegetative organs have high nutritional, medicinal, and feed values. In the present study, in vitro tetraploidisation in drumstick tree was performed by treating leaf segments with colchicine and subsequently verifying the ploidy levels. For polyploidisation, explant survival and regeneration rates were affected more by exposure time than by colchicine concentration, and the highest polyploidisation efficiency was observed at 500 mg/L colchicine for 3 days, which yielded 21% tetraploids. The morphological characteristics and contents of seven fodder-related nutrients (crude protein, ether extract, ash, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, calcium, and phosphorus) in the leaves and shoots were compared between tetraploid and diploid drumstick trees. The resulting tetraploids showed significantly enhanced leaf and stomatal size. In addition, the contents of seven fodder-related nutrients were higher, although to varying degrees, in tetraploids than in diploids. The results indicated that the tetraploid produced in this study exhibited superior agronomical traits and improved biomass yield than diploids, and may represent excellent raw materials for fodder to enhance biomass and nutrition.

scholarly journals Calcium content, in vitro digestibility, and bioaccessibility in leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), and drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera)

F1000Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. Allen ◽  
Joseph Y. Issa ◽  
Weiting Cai
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ipomea Batatas ◽  
Drumstick Tree ◽  
Sweet Potato Leaves

Low calcium intake, poor calcium absorption, excessive calcium losses, or some combination of these factors contribute to calcium deficiency diseases. Calcium insufficiency is associated with osteoporosis, hypertension and colon cancer among other diseases. For individuals who do not have access to milk and dairy products, do not tolerate them, or prefer not to consume them, plants may be  alternative sources of calcium. However, calcium bioavailability may be low in plant foods because calcium forms complexes with oxalates, phytate and other competing minerals. The objective of this study was to compare the calcium content, digestibility and bioaccessibility in the leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), and drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera). Calcium content was analyzed in dry leaf powder by atomic absorption, followed by a two-stage in vitro digestion and dialysis against a mock serum solution to determine calcium digestibility and bioaccessibility. Moringa oleifera had higher calcium content than spinach and sweet potato leaves: 1.54±0.11% of dry matter for three Moringa samples (two African and one from India), and 0.99±0.001 and 1.06±0.001, respectively, in spinach and sweet potato leaves. The mean in vitro calcium digestibility was 1.62±0.08% in spinach, 3.4±0.68% in sweet potato leaves and 33.7±9.6% for Moringa. A dialysis system was designed to model bioaccessibility of calcium, revealing that bioaccessible calcium in sweet potato leaves was a non-significant 1.4 times higher and in Moringa was 9.2 to 19.4 times higher than in spinach. Therefore, the calcium contained in Moringa leaves does not appear to be associated with poorly bioavailable complexes such as oxalate. We confirmed previous reports that bioaccessibility of the calcium is low in spinach. These findings imply that increased utilization of Ipomea batatas and Moringa oleifera leaves might increase calcium intake in people in tropical and warm temperate regions where these plants grow, or these plants might become a valuable export crop.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Value of Stomatal Size and Density as Hallmarks of Nonaploid Kiwifruit Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Chłosta ◽  
Grzegorz Góralski ◽  
Marzena Popielarska-Konieczna
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Actinidia Chinensis ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Stomatal Length ◽  
Distinguishing Features

Abstract In vitro-derived plants with elevated ploidy levels can display distinguishing features from the plants they are derived from, especially owing to their indirect regeneration. Genome size affects cell size and, thus, affects plant morphological characteristics. Therefore, stomata traits may be used as a diagnostic feature allowing identification of ploidy. Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa A. Chev. (A. Chev.), known as kiwifruit, is successfully cultured in vitro and redifferentiated into plants via endosperm-derived calli. To identify differences between hexaploids obtained from seeds and confirmed nonaploids obtained from endosperm-derived calli, we analyzed the stomata. Our results confirmed that ploidy coincides with mean stomatal length, width, and density. Despite this correlation, this method cannot be used to distinguish individual hexaploid kiwifruit plants from nonaploid ones because samples with different ploidy yielded overlapping measurements.

Hydrolysis of the cell-wall carbohydrates of grasses by carbohydrases in relation to voluntary intake by sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. H. Jones ◽  
R. W. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cellulase Digestion ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

SUMMARYThe relationship between the voluntary dry-matter intake of grasses and their in vitro digestibility (DOMD), chemical composition and susceptibility to enzymic hydrolysis was examined in two experiments. The grasses were artificially dried and represented a range of species and varieties cut at various growth stages.In both experiments some 70% of the observed variation in intake could be attributed to differences in in vitro digestibility between the grasses and between the growth stages when harvested. Estimations of acid detergent fibre, pepsin solubility and cellulose generally accounted for less than 70% of the variation in intake.The enzyme digestion techniques, on the other hand, accounted for up to 79% of the variation. The content of enzymically unhydrolysable cell wall gave the highest correlation with voluntary intake (r = −0·88 and −0·89, residual standard deviation 5·5 and 6·2, for the two experiments).It is concluded that simplified techniques based on cellulase digestion of plant material may be advantageously applied to breeding programmes with the expectation of identifying material high in digestibility and with good intake characteristics.

Microorganism profile, fermentation quality and rumen digestibility in vitro of maize-stalk silages produced at different maturity stages

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Zhang ◽  
Yanping Wang ◽  
Zhongfang Tan ◽  
Zongwei Li ◽  
Ya Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maturity Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Lactobacillus Paraplantarum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Fermentation Quality

This study aimed to investigate the microorganism profile, fermentation quality and rumen digestibility in vitro of maize-stalk silage at different maturity stages. Maize-stalk samples were harvested at the stages milk-ripe, dough, fully ripe, and fully ripe exposed to air for 3 or 10 days. Silage pH, ammonia-N and chemical composition were measured. Thirteen representative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from the raw materials were categorised into five profile clusters: Leuconostoc citreum (23.1%), Weissella paramesenteroides (15.4%), Lactococcus garvieae (23.1%), Enterococcus faecalis (7.7%), and Lactobacillus paraplantarum (30.8%). The total LAB numbers in silages with raw materials reaped at the stages milk-ripe, dough, fully ripe, and fully ripe exposed to air for 3 or 10 days, respectively, were approximately 8, 6, 10, 3.5 and 10 log CFU g–1. The dominant LAB types of maize-stalk silage at different stages were all different. The epiphytic pathogens Escherichia coli, aerobic bacteria, filamentous fungi and Saccharomycetes were found in silages of all stages. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) in crude protein, ether extract, dry matter, acid detergent fibre and organic matter of silage at different stages; however, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in dry matter digestibility after 24 h of fermentation in vitro, with NH3-N varying from 0.7 ± 0.1 to 1.7 ± 0.3 mg L–1.

Review of genetic diversity studies in almond (Prunus dulcis)

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Szikriszt ◽  
A. Hegedűs ◽  
J. Halász
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Great Genetic Diversity ◽  
Recent Occurrence ◽  
Diversity Studies

Almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb.] is cultivated for its nuts and is one of the oldest domesticated plants. Due to the genetically controlled self-incompatibility system that operates in this species, almond is characterized by great genetic diversity, the estimation of which has benefited from a range of marker techniques, including morphological characteristics, isoenzyme detection and molecular markers. Among the DNA-based molecular markers, simple sequence repeats (SSR) have been used most widely, although analyses have ranged from restriction fragment length polymorphism to the most recent single nucleotide polymorphism detection methods. Molecular markers have also been used to trace specific agronomic traits, e.g. self-(in)compatibility or kernel bitterness. Genetic diversity studies in almond have not revealed a direct relationship between the level of diversity and the origin of the germplasm. This might be explained by the relatively recent occurrence of self-compatibility in almond, which has not yet caused a serious loss of genetic diversity. The markers reviewed will be useful in monitoring and maintaining genetic diversity in almond breeding programmes, while others may permit marker-assisted selection for favourable agronomic traits. The cultivation, breeding and conservation of wild-growing almonds may equally benefit from the genetic diversity studies (especially those applying molecular markers).

Improvement of effectiveness in maize breeding

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Selection For

Plant regeneration via tissue culture is becoming increasingly more common in monocots such as maize (Zea mays L.). Pollen (gametophytic) selection for resistance to aflatoxin in maize can greatly facilitate recurrent selection and the screening of germplasm for resistance at much less cost and in a shorter time than field testing. In vivo and in vitro techniques have been integrated in maize breeding programmes to obtain desirable agronomic attributes, enhance the genes responsible for them and speed up the breeding process. The efficiency of anther and tissue cultures in maize and wheat has reached the stage where they can be used in breeding programmes to some extent and many new cultivars produced by genetic manipulation have now reached the market.

The experience of holding the cycles of assisted reproductive technology with defrost, a biopsy, genetic study and refreezing of embryos in patients with multiple unsuccessful implantations

2016 ◽  
pp. 166-170
Author(s):  
Y.V. Masliy ◽  
◽  
I.O. Sudoma ◽  
P.S. Mazur ◽  
D.A. Mykytenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Implantation Rate ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Comparative Genome Hybridization ◽  
Comparative Genome ◽  
Vitro Fertilization

The objective: to study the possibility of using frozen blastocysts for biopsy and genetic testing and performance measurement transfer euploeded 5–7-day-old embryos after thawing, biopsies, refreezing and thawing in patients with unsuccessful implantation. Patients and methods. The object of the study was the group of patients with repeated failure of implantation (4) in programs of auxiliary reproductive technologies (ART), subject to transfer to the uterus in total (i.e. in all the programs) for at least 6 good quality embryos based on morphological characteristics). All women had sufficient ovarian reserve. The patient was treated for infertility within the ART programs of the clinic of reproductive medicine "Nadiya" in the period from 2006 to 2016. The sample included couples who were not carriers of chromosomal rearrangements, without anomalies of the uterus (congenital and acquired: a doubling of the uterus, one-horned uterus, intrauterine membrane, synechia, submucous myoma of the uterus). All women had a positive ovarian response to controlled stimulation with gonadotropins (at least 7 oocytes) and a sufficient number of cryopreserved embryos. The first group (G1) included 64 women who trophectodermal a biopsy was performed on fresh blastocysts (in a loop controlled ovarian hyperstimulation). The second group (G2) were included 31 women who underwent thawing previously cryopreserved blastocysts trophectodermal re-biopsy and vitrification of blastocysts. Results. It was found that the performance of transfers euploid embryos that were vitrified, bioptrone and revitriphted, a little lower than those that were bioptrone fresh and vitrified only once. At the same time computationa genetic diagnosis previously vitrified blastocysts using comparative genome hybridization in patients with recurrent failed implantation allows to obtain a reasonable pregnancy rate (58%), implantation rate (33.3 %) and the birth of living children (45.1 %). Conclusion. Reprising biopropane embryos does not cause significant destructive impact and allows you to achieve pregnancy and birth of the alive child. Key words: in vitro fertilization, reusable unsuccessful implantation, a method of comparative genome hybridization, refreezing.

Inheritance of Some Morphological Characteristics of Parental Lines in Mustard-Rape Hybrid

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Hybrid Plant ◽  
Distant Hybridization ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Row Width ◽  
The Difference

Distant hybridization is known to play an important role in expanding the gene pool of any crop. It is believed that the combination of different genomes in one nucleus, as a rule, is accompanied by the phenomenon of “genomic shock”, resulting in a variety of genetic and epigenetic changes. This provides a wealth of material for the selection of genotypes adapted to different environmental conditions. Interspecific hybrids in different combinations were obtained in the genus Brassica, however, until now, interest in distant hybridization in this genus has not died out, since such important crops as rapeseed and mustard demand an improvement of many important agronomic traits. The aim of this work was to study the degree of manifestation of morphological characters of a leaf, flower, and plant as a whole in the hybrid obtained by crossing of brown mustard of the variety Slavyanka and a collection specimen of spring rape. Seeds were sown in the spring of 2019 in a field with 30 cm row width. During the flowering period a number of morphological characters of a flower, leaf, and the whole plant were analyzed. Each parameter was evaluated with 10 plants. The degree of dominance in first-generation hybrid was calculated by the formula of Beil, Atkins (1965). The dominance coefficients were not determined in the case when the difference between the parental samples was insignificant. Differences between parental samples were determined by Student t-test. The level of heterosis was calculated according to the formula of Rasul et al (2002). In a mustard-rapeseed hybrid, the size of the leaves of the lower row was inherited by the type of rapeseed, which had larger leaves than mustard. The height of the hybrid plant was inherited by the type of mustard (hp = 1.32, Ht = 4.89%), and intermediate inheritance was observed for the length of the internodes (hp = -0.48). The size of the flower petals and sepals was inherited by the type of rapeseed, and significant heterosis was observed for the length of the pistil (Ht = 33.57%). The data obtained are of interest for understanding the interaction of genes of different genomes in the genus Brassica.

Formulation of Modified Release Atorvastatin Nanoparticles by Emulsion Interfacial Reaction Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 2937-2940
Author(s):  
Sudhakar Sekar ◽  
Shee Sim May
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Reaction ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Modified Release ◽  
Reaction Method ◽  
Vitro Release

The aim of the study is to formulate a modified release chitosan nanoparticles for the oral delivery of atorvastatin and to study the in vitro release of atorvastatin from chitosan nanoparticles. Atorvastatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared with different concentration of cross-linking agent (glutaraldehyde) by emulsion interfacial reaction method. The formed nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size and morphological characteristics by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Spherical and regular nanoparticles with the size range of 100-250nm were formed. Atorvastatin encapsulation efficiency of nanoparticles was found to be highest in ANP3, followed by ANP2 and ANP1. The in vitro release of atorvastatin was studied by membrane diffusion technique. The resulted cumulative percentage of drug released for ANP1, ANP2 and ANP3 were 60.08%, 34.81% and 20.39% respectively. Through this study, the nanoparticles preparation technique has shown to be a promising approach for enhancing the dissolution of hydrophobic drugs like atorvastatin calcium. The application of this novel delivery system offers good therapeutic potential in the management of hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia.

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