Investigating the Predictors of Intrusive Visual Imagery in Elite Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Bierton ◽  
Adam Gorman ◽  
Michael Lloyd ◽  
Alexandra Gorman ◽  
John K Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Control ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Training Session ◽  
The Self ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Negative Belief ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs

Abstract The aims of this research were to determine if metacognitive beliefs predicted Intrusive Visual Imagery (IVI) in elite athletes, and if this was consistent across performance contexts. To address these aims, 110 elite cricket and AFL players completed the 30-item metacognitions questionnaire and intrusive visual imagery questionnaire before a training session and competitive match. Regression analyses indicated that the Negative Beliefs about the Uncontrollability of Thoughts and Their Danger metacognition and Need to Control Thoughts metacognition predicted IVI in both contexts. Findings were interpreted within the Self-Regulatory Executive Function model. It was suggested that extra attentional control is exerted to prevent the conscious experience of a negative belief, which prompts an image related to the belief being experienced, which is perceived as intrusive. Results also suggested that athletes are less likely to experience IVI before competing, possibly due to greater monitoring of thoughts. Implications for these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Metacognitive Rating Scale: A Study Applying a Korean Translation to Individuals with Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6853
Author(s):  
Mihwa Han ◽  
Kyunghee Lee ◽  
Mijung Kim ◽  
Youngjin Heo ◽  
Hyunseok Choi
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Mental Status ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Anger Expression ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs

Metacognition is a higher-level cognition of identifying one’s own mental status, beliefs, and intentions. This research comprised a survey of 184 people with schizophrenia to verify the reliability of the metacognitive rating scale (MCRS) with the revised and supplemented metacognitions questionnaire (MCQ) to measure the dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs of people with schizophrenia by adding the concepts of anger and anxiety. This study analyzed the data using principal component analysis and the varimax method for exploratory factor analysis. To examine the reliability of the extracted factors, Cronbach’s α was used. According to the results, reliability was ensured for five factors: positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of worry, cognitive confidence, need for control, and cognitive self-consciousness. The negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of worry and the need for control on anger expression, which were both added in this research, exhibited the highest correlation (r = 0.727). The results suggest that the MCRS is a reliable tool to measure the metacognition of people with schizophrenia.

Testing the impaired disengagement hypothesis: The role of attentional control and positive metacognitive beliefs in depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 103961
Author(s):  
José M. Salguero ◽  
Juan Ramos-Cejudo ◽  
Esperanza García-Sancho ◽  
Ilyana Arbulu ◽  
José L. Zaccagnini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Control ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs

AN INTERACTIONAL APPROACH TO ATTRIBUTIONAL DIMENSIONS IN DYSPHORIA

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet E. Eschen ◽  
David S. Glenwick
Keyword(s):  
Attributional Style ◽  
The Self ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Attributional Style Questionnaire ◽  
Standard Manner ◽  
Stability Dimension ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship

To investigate the possible contributions to dysphoria of interactions among attributional dimensions, 105 freshmen and sophomores were administered the Attributional Style Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. Analyses examined the relationship to dysphoria of (a) the traditional composite score; (b) multiple regression analyses including interactions among the various dimensions; and (c) indices of behavioral self-blame, characterological self-blame, and external blame. The results provided modest support for the specific hypothesized interactional model and, to a large extent, appeared to support the validity of the standard manner in which dysphoric attributional style is viewed. Refinements of the traditional model are suggested, involving the self-blame construct, the possible role of the stability dimension, and the relationship between controllability and positive event attributions.

scholarly journals On the mental toughness of self-aware athletes: Evidence from competitive tennis players

2017 ◽  
Vol Volume 113 (Number 1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Cowden ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mental Toughness ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study examined the relationship between mental toughness (MT) and self-awareness in a sample of 175 male and 158 female South African tennis athletes (mean age = 29.09 years, s.d. = 14.00). The participants completed the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire and the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale to assess MT (confidence, constancy, control) and self-awareness (self-reflection and self-insight) dimensions, respectively. Linear regression indicated that self-insight (β=0.49), but not self-reflection (β=0.02), predicted global MT. Multivariate regression analyses were significant for self-reflection (ηp²=0.11) and self-insight (ηp²=0.24). Self-reflection predicted confidence and constancy (ηp²=0.05 and 0.06, respectively), whereas self-insight predicted all three MT subcomponents (ηp²=0.12 to 0.14). The findings extend prior qualitative research evidence supporting the relevance of self-awareness to the MT of competitive tennis athletes, with self-reflection and insight forming prospective routes through which athletes’ MT may be developed.

scholarly journals Emotion Understanding Correlates With Parental Emotional Expressivity in Chinese Youths With Hearing Loss and Typical Hearing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousong Hu ◽  
Shuyang Dong ◽  
Fang Guan ◽  
Outong Chen ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Emotion Understanding ◽  
The Self ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Emotional Expressivity ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Eu

This study aimed at examining the differences between Chinese youths with hearing loss (HL) and with typical hearing (TH) in emotion understanding (EU), parental emotional expressivity, and the associations between EU and parental emotional expressivity. The participants were 282 youths with HL (14.58 ± 3.42 years old) and 350 youths with TH (11.69 ± 2.49 years old). EU was measured by four visual-mode tasks, of which two involve language comprehension while the others do not. Parents reported positive and negative emotional expressivity on the Self-Expressiveness in the Family Questionnaire. Covariates were controlled for including socioeconomic status, parent gender, youth gender, age, intelligence, and teacher-reported comprehension difficulties. Results showed that the four EU tasks were more challenging for the youths with HL than for the youths with TH. The interaction effect of the two groups × 4 tasks was not significant, suggesting that the differences between the two groups of youths in EU were generally similar across the four tasks. The parents of the youths with HL did not differ from the parents of the youths with TH in how often they displayed positive and negative emotional expressivity. Multigroup regression analyses revealed that negative emotional expressivity was negatively related to EU in the youths with HL but not in the youths with TH. However, these two regression coefficients were not significantly different. Positive emotional expressivity was not related to EU in either group. In conclusion, this study extends the knowledge about the EU of Chinese youths with HL and emotion-related socialization of the parents of these youths.

Phenomenology of Interior Life and the Trinity

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Robert Farrugia
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Self ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Doctrine Of The Trinity ◽  
Michel Henry ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
Static Nature

Michel Henry radicalises phenomenology by putting forward the idea of a double manifestation: the “Truth of Life” and “truth of the world.” For Henry, the world turns out to be empty of Life. To find its essence, the self must dive completely inward, away from the exterior movements of intentionality. Hence, Life, or God, for Henry, lies in non‑intentional, immanent self-experience, which is felt and yet remains invisible, in an absolutist sense, as an a priori condition of all conscious experience. In Christian theology, the doctrine of the Trinity illuminates the distinction between the immanent Trinity (God’s self‑relation) and the economic workings of the Trinity (God‑world relation). However, the mystery of God’s inmost being and the economy of salvation are here understood as inseparable. In light of this, the paper aims to: 1) elucidate the significance of Henry’s engagement with the phenomenological tradition and his proposal of a phenomenology of Life which advocates an immanent auto‑affection, radically separate from the ek‑static nature of intentionality, and 2) confront the division between Life and world in Henry’s Christian phenomenology and its discordancy with the doctrine of the Trinity, as the latter attests to the harmonious unity that subsists between inner life and the world.

314 Alcohol and the Sleep of Elite Athletes

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A125-A125
Author(s):  
Lindsay Shaw ◽  
Yuval Altman ◽  
Shuli Eyal ◽  
Anda Baharav
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Insufficient Sleep ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Psychological Influence ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Introduction Extensive evidence indicates that alcohol adversely affects athletic performance, increases the chance of injury, impairs aerobic metabolism, and has detrimental psychological influence. Alcohol consumption was also shown to be significant in young adults, with many elite athletes reporting alcohol intake. Sleep is essential to musculoskeletal recovery, acquisition of new skills, and emotional regulation in athletes. As insufficient sleep has detrimental effects on athletic performances and increases the risk of injury, we aimed to analyze the relation between alcohol consumption and sleep parameters among elite athletes. Methods We studied 9,164 nights recorded with the Boost application by 66 adult elite athletes from various sports during October 2019-December 2020. In addition to perceived and measured sleep parameters, nightly data included the previous day reported alcohol consumption and the number of training sessions. For each athlete, the average nightly mean heart rate (HR) in nights with reported alcohol consumption (AY) and without (AN) was calculated, as were the bedtime and the number of training sessions. Results In nights with reported alcohol, mean HR was higher (AY: 56.1±7.8 BPM, mean±SD, AN: 52.9±7.3 BPM, p<.05), while bedtime was later (AY: 23:16±70 minutes, AN: 22:52±55 minutes, p<.05) and fewer training sessions were reported in the following day (AY: 0.88±0.59 sessions, AN: 1.1±0.59 sessions, p<.05). No correlation was found between mean HR and bedtime in nights without alcohol consumption (r=0.3). 24% of Saturday night recordings included alcohol consumption reports, with 16% of Friday nights and 12–13% for each of the remaining weeknights. Conclusion Adult elite athletes report consuming alcohol, especially during weekends when the probability for a training session the following day is lower. Our data support the well documented physiological effect of alcohol via elevated mean HR values throughout the night. Athletes and coaches should be educated about the impacts of alcohol and insufficient sleep on wellbeing and performance. Support (if any):

Psychological Space-time Reinforcement Sensitivity Hypothesis & Mental Disorders: From Special to General Relativity Interpretation

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-14
Author(s):  
Meriama Hansali Mebarki
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The Self ◽  
Psychological Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The reinforcement sensitivity theory lacks basic sources of any human experience :time, place, and learning contexts that have shaped the reinforcement; therefore I have assumed a missing link in Gray's framework based on special relativity relying on the «what, where, and when of happenning»? as major resources of human conscious experience, which under punishment or reward exceed the sensitivity to pleasant or unpleasant stimuli transcending therefore the Weber law, that's why I called it: Psychological Space-Time Reinforcement Sensitivity “PSTRS” axis. The lasts explains BAS and BIS systems sensitivity to reinforcement across the cognitive space-time continuum of episodic memory, and not only across the two great dimensions of fear/anxiety and defensive distance of the McNaughton & Corr model of 2004. So, based on the disruption of the high-sensitivity information processing system in the brain, the four-dimensional conscious experience is distorted by its underlying sources and context. Thus, one of the timedominating records prevents the individual from overcoming the present., such in depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (psychological sensitivity to the past). These temporal records clearly lose their sequence and associative nature in dissociative symptoms due to the disruption of the most important milestone on which Einstein's physics was based. Consequently, psychological space-time reinforcement sensitivity supposes that psychological disorders can be interpreted according to the laws of special relativity (acceleration / deceleration), but this seems more complicated when it comes to mental disorders where the self is disturbed on its spatio-temporal axis as observed in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia looks like a three-componements disorder characterized by a disruption of the experience of time, place and self, which could be asummed up as a “self space-time disturbance". Notably schizophrenic patients appear losing the ability to gather in a dynamic way these componements, as if the world seemed missig the gestalt characteristic or fragmented. The past felt like an inevitable destiny inhibits the direction towards the future; sometimes disorient the self to the point of feeling lost, as if the psychological time slows down to the point of feeling separated from the « now » the physical time. So are we dealing with an Euclidian space? The article attempts to provide a non-traditional interpretation of mental disorders by including general relativity in psychological studies, based on the neurobiological bases involved in the spatio-temporal processing of the conscious experience in the quantum brain.

Human Prefrontal Cortex

2021 ◽  
pp. 372-419
Author(s):  
Richard E. Passingham
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
The Self ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Parietal Association Cortex ◽  
Global Workspace

This chapter and the next one consider how to account for the astonishing difference in intelligence between humans and our nearest living ancestors, the great apes. An integrated system that includes the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the parietal association cortex is activated when subjects attempt tests of non-verbal intelligence. It has been suggested that this system might act as a ‘multiple-demand system’ or ‘global workspace’ that can deal with any problem. However, closer examination suggests that the tasks used to support this claim have in common that they involve abstract sequences. These problems can be solved by visual imagery alone. But humans also have the advantage that they also have access to a propositional code. This means that they can solve problems that involve verbal reasoning, as well as being able to form detailed plans for the future. They can also form explicit judgements about themselves, including their perceptions, actions, and memories, and this means that they can represent themselves as individuals. The representation of the self depends in part on tissue in the medial prefrontal cortex (PF).

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