Assessment of the correlation between the atherogenic index of plasma and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: might it be superior to the TG/HDL-C ratio?

AbstractBackground:Most of the studies investigating the correlation between the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and cardiometabolic risk factors have been conducted with adults, while only a limited number of related studies that involved children and adolescents has been conducted. The purpose of this study is to assess the correlation between the AIP and other cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents.Methods:This study was conducted with 310 girls and 90 boys who were between the ages of 6 and 18 years. After a 10-h fasting period, the biochemical values of the participants were measured in the morning. The anthropometric measurements of the participants were also taken. The AIP was calculated as Log10 (triglycerides/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG/HDL-C).Results:In adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18, the mean AIP of the group with TG ≥130 mg/dL was significantly higher than that of the groups with TG of 90–129 mg/dL and <90 mg/dL. There was a strong correlation between TG and AIP for both boys and girls among the children and adolescents, while there was a strong correlation between the TG/HDL-C ratio and TG only in the boys who were within the 6–11-year-old age group.Conclusions:An increase in AIP is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents other than those seen in adults. Based on the TG/HDL-C ratio, the AIP may be superior as a complementary index in the assessment of cardiometabolic risks in children and adolescents.

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Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Children and Adolescents in a Rural Community in Ondo, Southwest Nigeria

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics ◽

10.1093/tropej/fmz075 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 366-376

Author(s):

Akinwumi Ayodeji Akinbodewa ◽

Ademola Oluseyi Adejumo ◽

Oluwakemi Abiola Lamidi ◽

Ogunleye Adeyemi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Serum Levels ◽

High Serum ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors is rapidly becoming prevalent among children and adolescents with grave implications for their cardiovascular health. We set out to determine prevalence and pattern of clustering of risk factors and, identify factors (if any) that determine their clustering. Methods A cross-sectional study of children (3–9 years) and adolescents (10–17 years) in a rural, agrarian community. Their blood pressure, body mass index and lipids were measured. Data was analyzed with SPSS 20. Results A total of 114 (M : F, 1 : 1.1) subjects were studied. The mean age of children and adolescents were 5.6 ± 2.1 and 12.9 ± 2.2 years respectively. The most prevalent cardiometabolic risk factors were elevated non-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c; 39.5%), low HDL-c (33.3%), prehypertension (12.3%) and overweight (9.6%). The prevalence of hypertension was higher among females (11.9% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.024) and adolescents (13.2% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.037). Serum levels of non-HDL-c was higher among adolescents than children (50.9% vs. 29.5%, p = 0.013). At least one risk factor was present in 68.4% of the subjects. Clustering of two and three risk factors were present in 18.4% and 6.1%. The presence of prehypertension (χ2 23.93, p < .001), hypertension (χ2 12.19, p = 0.002), high serum non-HDL-c (χ2 6.336, p = 0.011) and high serum total cholesterol (TC; χ2 8.810, p < 0.001) were associated with clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors. Conclusion The burden of cardiometabolic risk factors among children and adolescents is high. Identified determinants of risk factor clustering were prehypertension, hypertension, non-HDL-c and TC.

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Association between physical activity, cardiometabolic risk factors and vitamin D in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde ◽

10.12820/rbafs.24e0070 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Patricia Ribeiro Paes Corazza ◽

Maiara Cristina Tadiotto ◽

Derick Andrade Michel ◽

Jorge Mota ◽

Neiva Leite

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vitamin D Levels

This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence of cross-sectional studies on the associations between physical activity, cardiometabolic risk factors and vitamin D concentrations in children and adolescents. The search was performed in PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus. Cardiometabolic risk factors included obesity, insulin resistance, systemic arterial hypertension and unfavorable changes in the lipid profile (low levels of high-density lipoprotein, elevated low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides). Cross-sectional design studies published between 2007 and 2019 were included whether they evaluated the relationship between vitamin D and physical activity and/or vitamin D and cardiometabolic risk factors. Fourteen studies were selected, involving 8340 children and adolescents. The main results found were a significant inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and cardiometabolic risk factors. All studies (n = 8) that tested association between physical activity and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) concentrations showed a significant and direct relationship between them. In addition, nine out of eleven studies that tested the association between 25 (OH) D and body mass index reported an inverse and significant relationship between 25 (OH) D and obesity. In conclusion, sufficient concentrations of vitamin D are related to a more favorable cardiometabolic profile, and children and adolescents who are obese or insufficiently active have a higher risk of present hypovitaminosis D.

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Utility of anthropometric indicators to screen for clustered cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2018-0217 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 49-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Teresa Maria Bianchini de Quadros ◽

Alex Pinheiro Gordia ◽

Alynne Christian Ribeiro Andaki ◽

Edmar Lacerda Mendes ◽

Jorge Mota ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Screening Tools ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Anthropometric Indicators ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background Anthropometric indicators are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), but there is no consensus as to which indicator is the most suitable to screen for clustered CMRF. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of five anthropometric indicators to screen for clustered CMRF in children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1139 schoolchildren aged 6–17 years from Northeastern Brazil. Body weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and subscapular (SSF) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The following CMRF were evaluated: elevated total cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high triglyceride concentration, hyperglycemia and high blood pressure. The participants were categorized into no CMRF, 1 CMRF, 2 CMRF and ≥3 CMRF. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the accuracy of the anthropometric indicators in predicting CMRF for age group and sex. Results Poor associations were observed between the anthropometric indicators and 1 CMRF (accuracy of 0.49–0.64). The indicators showed moderate associations with 2 CMRF (accuracy of 0.57–0.75) and ≥3 CMRF (accuracy of 0.59–0.79). In general, TSF exhibited the worst performance in predicting CMRF, followed by WHtR. The highest accuracies were observed for BMI, WC and SSF, with no significant difference between these indicators. Conclusions The routine use of BMI, WC and SSF as epidemiological screening tools for clustered CMRF in childhood and adolescence should be encouraged.

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Cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents from southern Brazil: comparison to international reference values

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2021-0023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Letícia Welser ◽

Rodrigo Antunes Lima ◽

João Francisco Silveira ◽

Lars Bo Andersen ◽

Karin Allor Pfeiffer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Risk Score ◽

Reference Values ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

International Reference ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Objectives To compare cardiometabolic risk factors of Brazilian children and adolescents with international reference values. Cardiometabolic risk factors constitute the Metabolic Syndrome, whose evaluation is important to assess pediatric populations’ health and potential to experience metabolic disorders. Methods Cross-sectional study that included 2,250 randomly selected children and adolescents (55.6% girls), aged 6 to 17. Cardiometabolic parameters (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], systolic and diastolic blood pressures [SBP and DBP], total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], TC:HDL-C ratio, triglycerides [TG], glucose and peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak]), and clustered risk scores were compared to international age- and sex-specific reference values. A clustered risk score was calculated by summing the WC, glucose, SBP, TG, and the TC:HDL-C ratio Z-scores divided by five. A second clustered was calculated including VO2peak (inverted) Z-score, but divided by six. Results The clustered risk score, considering the all ages sample, was better in the Brazilian boys (−0.20 [−0.41;0.01] and −0.18 [−0.37;0.01], including or not VO2peak, respectively) but not significantly, and worse in girls (0.24 [0.05;0.43] and 0.28 [0.11;0.44], including or not VO2peak, respectively) than the international reference. Additionally, Brazilian youth had a statistically better profile in TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC:HDL-C ratio, and VO2peak (only girls) as well as a worse profile in BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TG (only girls), and VO2peak (only boys). Conclusions The clustered cardiometabolic risk score (including or not VO2peak), considering the all ages sample, was better in the Brazilian boys, but not significantly, and worse in girls compared to the international reference.

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Physical fitness as a moderator in the relationship between adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents

The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness ◽

10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11130-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Caroline Brand ◽

Ana P. Sehn ◽

Anelise R. Gaya ◽

Jorge Mota ◽

Javier Brazo-Sayavera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

The Relationship

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Relationship Between Meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2017-0090 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 779-784 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Peter T. Katzmarzyk ◽

Amanda E. Staiano

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between adherence to pediatric 24-hour movement guidelines (moderate to vigorous physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep) and cardiometabolic risk factors.Methods:The sample included 357 white and African American children aged 5–18 years. Physical activity, television viewing, and sleep duration were measured using questionnaires, and the 24-hour movement guidelines were defined as ≥60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity on ≥5 days per week, ≤ 2 hours per day of television, and sleeping 9–11 hours per night (ages 5–13 y) or 8–10 hours per night (ages 14–18 y). Waist circumference, body fat, abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose were measured in a clinical setting.Results:A total of 26.9% of the sample met none of the guidelines, whereas 36.4%, 28.3%, and 8.4% of the sample met 1, 2, or all 3 guidelines, respectively. There were significant associations between the number of guidelines met and body mass index, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, triglycerides, and glucose. There were no associations with blood pressure or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.Conclusions:Meeting more components of the 24-hour movement guidelines was associated with lower levels of obesity and several cardiometabolic risk factors. Future efforts should consider novel strategies to simultaneously improve physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep in children.

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The Relationship Between Serum Uric Acid and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Iranian Children and Adolescents

Journal of Pediatrics Review ◽

10.32598/jpr.9.2.950.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 167-174

Author(s):

Motahar Heidari-Beni ◽

◽

Roya Riahi ◽

Fatemeh Mohebpour ◽

Majid Khademian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Serum Uric Acid ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Population Based ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Potential Association ◽

Iranian Children

Context: There has been an increasing interest in epidemiological and clinical studies concerning the role of uric acid in cardiometabolic diseases, especially in children and adolescents. However, these potential relationships remain undiscovered; accordingly, its pathophysiological mechanisms remain unrecognized. This study aimed to assess the potential association between Serum Uric Acid (SUA) levels and cardiometabolic risk factors in a population-based sample of Iranian children and adolescents. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the potential association between Serum Uric Acid (SUA) levels and cardiometabolic risk factors in a population-based sample of Iranian children and adolescents. Methods: The data of 595 individuals aged 7-18 years were assessed in this research. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests were performed according to standardized protocols. Results: The Mean±SD age of the 595 explored students was 12.39±3.07 years. The overall Mean±SD SUA level of the study participants was measured as 4.22±1.13 mg/dL, with significant gender-wise differences (4.04±0.97 mg/dL vs 4.38±1.24 mg/dL, respectively; P<0.05). The prevalence of hyperuricemia based on the 90th percentile of SUA levels was equal to 10.6%. There was a positive association between SUA levels and abdominal obesity (waist circumference: ≥90th percentile) [Odds Ratio (OR): 1.54; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.26 to 1.86] and general obesity [gender-specific Body Mass Index (BMI) for >95th percentile] (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.74 to 3.11). Conclusions: This study suggested BMI and waist circumference as cardiometabolic risk factors, i.e. significantly associated with SUA levels in children and adolescents.

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Factorial Analysis of the Cardiometabolic Risk Influence on Redox Status Components in Adult Population

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2021/6661940 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Aleksandra Klisic ◽

Nebojsa Kavaric ◽

Sanja Vujcic ◽

Vesna Spasojevic-Kalimanovska ◽

Jelena Kotur-Stevuljevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Adult Population ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Principal Component ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Visceral Adiposity Index ◽

Related Factor ◽

Compensatory Mechanism

Different byproducts of oxidative stress do not always lead to the same conclusion regarding its relationship with cardiometabolic risk, since controversial results are reported so far. The aim of the current study was to examine prooxidant determinant ((prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB)) and the marker of antioxidant defence capacity (total sulphydryl groups (tSHG)), as well as their ratio (PAB/tSHG) in relation to different cardiometabolic risk factors in the cohort of adult population. Additionally, we aimed to examine the joint effect of various cardiometabolic parameters on these markers, since to our knowledge, there are no studies that investigated that issue. A total of 292 participants underwent anthropometric measurements and venipuncture procedure for cardiometabolic risk factors assessment. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body mass index, visceral adiposity index (VAI), and lipid accumulation product (LAP) were calculated. Principal component analysis (PCA) grouped various cardiometabolic risk parameters into different factors. This analysis was used in the subsequent binary logistic regression analysis to estimate the predictive potency of the factors towards the highest PAB and tSHG values. Our results show that triglycerides, VAI, and LAP were positively and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were negatively correlated with tSHG levels and vice versa with PAB/tSHG index, respectively. On the contrary, there were no independent correlations between each cardiometabolic risk factor and PAB. PCA revealed that obesity-renal function-related factor (i.e., higher WHtR, but lower urea and creatinine) predicts both high PAB ( OR = 1.617 , 95% CI (1.204-2.171), P < 0.01 ) and low tSHG values ( OR = 0.443 , 95% CI (0.317-0.618), P < 0.001 ), while obesity-dyslipidemia-related factor (i.e., lower HDL-c and higher triglycerides, VAI, and LAP) predicts high tSHG values ( OR = 2.433 , 95% CI (1.660-3.566), P < 0.001 ). In conclusion, unfavorable cardiometabolic profile was associated with higher tSHG values. Further studies are needed to examine whether increased antioxidative capacity might be regarded as a compensatory mechanism due to free radicals’ harmful effects.

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