Latent tuberculosis and COVID-19 disease

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, there has been chaos in the world. With the COVID-19 cases rising, many other medical diseases have been ignored and not prioritized. One of these crucial diseases is Tuberculosis (TB). TB is a highly infectious bacterial respiratory disease. Every year there are millions of cases that are registered all around the world. TB is seen in two forms, an active and a latent form. In both of the states, the individual with TB is immunocompromised. This is of great importance, as COVID-19 is known to readily infect individuals in an immunocompromised state more than those with a healthy immune system. Although a little investigation about coexisting infections with COVID-19 and TB is conducted, it is important to consider many factors that can be beneficial to help treat these patients with both conditions effectively and promptly. A few of these factors are pathophysiological relation, diagnostic measurements, effects of each condition on the other, and approaches to treatment. Through a literature review of available information, we summarized the knowledge regarding the correlation between Latent TB infection and COVID-19 infection. The main objective of this publication is to provide a brief overview of how the two conditions overlap with one another. The article also provides a clinical review of how to approach these two conditions in a scenario where an individual is found to be infected with both Latent TB and COVID-19.

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Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and feasibility of TB preventive therapy among Thai prisoners: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11271-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sivaporn Gatechompol ◽

Weerakit Harnpariphan ◽

Ruamthip Supanan ◽

Gompol Suwanpimolkul ◽

Jiratchaya Sophonphan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latent Tuberculosis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Preventive Therapy ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ltbi Prevalence ◽

History Of ◽

Chest X Ray ◽

Latent Tb ◽

Latent Tb Infection

Abstract Background Prisons are considered as major reservoirs for tuberculosis. Preventive therapy for latent TB infection (LTBI) is an adjunctive strategy to control TB. However, LTBI data in Thai prisoners is limited. This study assessed the prevalence of LTBI and feasibility of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among prisoners in Klong Prem Central Prison, Bangkok. Participants were screened for active TB by questionnaire and chest X-ray. LTBI was evaluated by Tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFTP) among subgroup. Participants with positive TST or QFTP were considered to have LTBI. Participants with LTBI were offered IPT. Results From August 2018–November 2019, 1002 participants were analyzed. All participants were male with a median age of 38 (IQR 32–50) years. LTBI identified by either TST/QFTP was present in 466 (46.5%) participants. TST was positive in 359 (36%) participants. In the subgroup of 294 participants who had both TST and QFTP results, 181/294 (61.6%) tested positive by QFTP. Agreement between TST and QFTP was 55.1% (Kappa = 0.17). The risk factors associated with LTBI were previous incarceration (aOR 1.53, 95%CI, 1.16–2.01, p = 0.002), history of prior active TB (aOR 3.02, 95%CI, 1.74–5.24, p < 0.001) and duration of incarceration ≥10 years (aOR 1.86, 95%CI, 1.24–2.79, p = 0.003). Majority of LTBI participants (82%) agreed to take IPT. Three hundred and 56 (93%) participants completed treatment whereas 27 (7%) participants discontinued IPT due to the side effects of INH. Conclusion This is the first study to evaluate the prevalence of LTBI and feasibility of IPT among Thai prisoners. LTBI prevalence in male prisoners in Thailand is high. LTBI screening and treatment should be implemented together with other preventive components.

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KONSEP HAK MILIK DALAM EKONOMI ISLAM

Mu'amalat: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Ekonomi Syariah ◽

10.20414/mu.v9i2.2018 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 189-207

Author(s):

AN Ras Try Astuti ◽

Andi Faisal

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Social Justice ◽

Economic System ◽

The Other ◽

Private Ownership ◽

The Poor ◽

The World ◽

Joint Ownership ◽

The Rich ◽

The Individual

Capitalism as an economic system that is implemented by most countries in the world today, in fact it gave birth to injustice and social inequalityare increasingly out of control. Social and economic inequalities are felt both between countries (developed and developing countries) as well as insociety itself (the rich minority and the poor majority). The condition is born from the practice of departing from faulty assumptions about the man. In capitalism the individual to own property released uncontrollably, causing a social imbalance. On the other hand, Islam never given a state model that guarantees fair distribution of ownership for all members of society, ie at the time of the Prophet Muhammad established the Islamic government in Medina. In Islam, the private ownership of property was also recognized but not absolute like capitalism. Islam also recognizes the forms of joint ownership for the benefit of society and acknowledges the ownership of the state that aims to create a balance and social justice.

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Latent Tuberculosis Infection

European Respiratory & Pulmonary Diseases ◽

10.17925/erpd.2018.4.1.21 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jean-Pierre Zellweger ◽

Keyword(s):

Latent Tuberculosis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

Pulmonary Involvement ◽

World Health ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Expert Interview ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Latent Tb ◽

Latent Tb Infection

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem and is the leading cause of death linked to a single pathogen, ranking above human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).1 Clinically, TB has been categorised as active disease (patients who are generally symptomatic and may be infectious if pulmonary involvement is present) and latent infection (asymptomatic and not infectious, but at variable risk for progression to active TB disease). It is increasingly being recognised that latent TB infection (LTBI) reflects diverse responses to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and may lead to heterogeneous clinical outcomes. In an expert interview, Jean-Pierre Zellweger discusses the latest World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines on the management of LTBI.

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Hawthorne on Romantic Love and the Status of Women

PMLA ◽

10.1632/460129 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 89-98

Author(s):

Morton Cronin

Keyword(s):

Romantic Love ◽

The Other ◽

The Third ◽

The World ◽

The Status ◽

The Individual ◽

Hester Prynne ◽

Status Of Women

The women that Hawthorne created divide rather neatly into three groups. Such fragile creatures as Alice Pyncheon and Priscilla, who are easily dominated by other personalities, form one of these groups. Another is made up of bright, self-reliant, and wholesome girls, such as Ellen Langton, Phoebe, and Hilda. The third consists of women whose beauty, intellect, and strength of will raise them to heroic proportions and make them fit subjects for tragedy. Hester Prynne, Zenobia, and Miriam—these women are capable of tilting with the world and risking their souls on the outcome. With them in particular Hawthorne raises and answers the question of the proper status of women in society and the relation, whether subordinate or superior, that love should bear to the other demands that life makes upon the individual. With the other types Hawthorne fills out his response to that question.

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Internet in Marketing Strategy in Greek Tourism Industry

Digital Culture and E-Tourism ◽

10.4018/978-1-61520-867-8.ch007 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 90-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Irene Samanta

Keyword(s):

Marketing Strategy ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

The Other ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

The World ◽

Inexperienced User ◽

Available Information ◽

The Web

The web tourists have the chance to do comparative e – travel shopping from suppliers from all over the world fast and easily. Based on this assumption, the purpose of this study is to examine whether internet is a powerful communicational tool for people over the other forms of gathering information for a destination. Furthermore a main objective is to identify whether the available information in the web can promote adequately Greece. Results of the study confirmed that internet is a powerful communicational tool in tourism industry, as per young people’s perspectives. However, booking a holiday through the web might be tricky for an inexperienced user. The negative aspects of e –bookings are the factors that reinforce the validity of the other sources of information.

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Embodied Reconciliation

Hegel's Aesthetics ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190847326.003.0012 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 272-301

Author(s):

Lydia L. Moland

Keyword(s):

Lyric Poetry ◽

Epic Poetry ◽

The Other ◽

Special Consideration ◽

Modern World ◽

Self Awareness ◽

Music Drama ◽

The World ◽

The Individual

Hegel’s analysis of poetry’s genres begins with epic poetry, which is the action-based articulation of a nation’s dawning self-awareness. Lyric poetry, by contrast, allows poets to express their deepest subjectivity and interpret the world through their own experience. Drama brings action back into art, allowing actors themselves to emerge as artists and correcting for the vanishing subjectivity in painting and music. Drama also incorporates the two other poetic genres, as well as the other arts. Because it achieves these syntheses, it is, according to Hegel, the highest art. Hegel gives special consideration to tragedy and comedy, assessing both in their ancient and modern forms. His conclusion is that although both subgenres are more difficult to achieve in the modern world, successful examples are possible, ensuring that poetry will continue. With these poetic subgenres, the individual arts reach their conceptual end.

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Three Mothers (2006) by Dina Zvi-Riklis: The Repressed Israeli Trauma of Immigration

Arts ◽

10.3390/arts9020071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Yael Munk

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Jewish Family ◽

Outstanding Achievement ◽

Left Behind ◽

The Past ◽

Promised Land ◽

Complex Approach ◽

The World ◽

The Individual ◽

Jewish Religion

This article relates to the complex approach of Dina Zvi-Riklis’ film Three Mothers (2006) to immigration, an issue that is central to both the Jewish religion and Israeli identity. While for both, reaching the land of Israel means arriving in the promised land, they are quite dissimilar, in that one is a religious command, while the other is an ideological imperative. Both instruct the individual to opt for the obliteration of his past. However, this system does not apply to the protagonists of Three Mothers, a film which follows the extraordinary trajectory of triplet sisters, born to a rich Jewish family in Alexandria, who are forced to leave Egypt after King Farouk’s abdication and immigrate to Israel. This article will demonstrate that Three Mothers represents an outstanding achievement, because it dares to deal with its protagonists’ longing for the world left behind and the complexity of integrating the past into the present. Following Nicholas Bourriaud’s radicant theory, designating an organism that grows roots and adds new ones as it advances, this article will argue that, although the protagonists of Three Mothers never avow their longing for Egypt, the film’s narrative succeeds in revealing a subversive démarche, through which the sisters succeed in integrating Egypt into their present.

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Entrepreneurial Innovative Network and the Design of Socio-Economic Neural Systems

International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development ◽

10.4018/ijskd.2020100101 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1-23

Author(s):

Olga Tikhomirova

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Decision Making ◽

Group Dynamics ◽

Innovation System ◽

The Other ◽

Self Organization ◽

Neural Systems ◽

Collective Decision Making ◽

The World ◽

The Individual

This article aims to establish how an idea becomes an innovation and how creativity, collective dynamics, and information are interconnected. The results of the author's study showed that the emergence of innovations is closely connected with collective collaboration, and that it is impossible outside of group dynamics. The process of self-organization and collective decision-making is realized through a synergistic interaction, which then transforms into the so-called “information laser” and serves as a basis for the emergence of innovation. Both individuals, as persons and as separate entrepreneurs, are the elements of the innovation system and the actors of the artificial neural network, socio-economic neural systems (SENS-systems). These systems act through self-organization and corporate collaboration, and the efforts of each element are amplified through the interaction with the other elements. The model of the SENS-systems can explain how the individual idea transforms into innovation and spreads throughout the world.

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Effect of isoniazid on antigen-specific interferon-γ secretion in latent tuberculosis

European Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1183/09031936.00123314 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 473-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Martha Torres ◽

Lourdes García-García ◽

Pablo Cruz-Hervert ◽

Heinner Guio ◽

Claudia Carranza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latent Tuberculosis ◽

Peptide Pool ◽

Interferon Γ ◽

Treatment Regimes ◽

Latent Tb ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

New Treatment ◽

Latent Tb Infection ◽

Culture Filtrate Protein

Treatment of persons with latent tuberculosis (TB) infection at greatest risk of reactivation is an important component of TB control and elimination strategies. Biomarkers evaluating the effectiveness of treatment of latent TB infection have not yet been identified. This information would enhance control efforts and assist the evaluation of new treatment regimes.We designed a two-group, two-arm, randomised clinical study of tuberculin skin test-positive participants: 26 with documented contact with TB patients and 34 with non-documented contact. Participants in each group were randomly assigned to the immediate- or deferred-isoniazid treatment arms. Assays ofin vitrointerferon (IFN)-γ secretion in response to recombinant Rv1737 and overlapping synthetic peptide pools from various groups of immunodominant proteins were performed.During isoniazid therapy, a significant increase from baseline in the proportion of IFN-γ responders to the 10-kDa culture filtrate protein, Rv2031, Rv0849, Rv1986, Rv2659c, Rv2693c and the recombinant Rv1737 protein was observed (p⩽0.05). The peptide pool of Rv0849 and Rv1737 recombinant proteins induced the highest percentage of IFN-γ responders after isoniazid therapy.Thein vitroIFN-γ responses to these proteins might represent useful markers to evaluate changes associated with treatment of latent TB infection.

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CD4+ T-cell–independent mechanisms suppress reactivation of latent tuberculosis in a macaque model of HIV coinfection

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1611987113 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 113 (38) ◽

pp. E5636-E5644 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Taylor W. Foreman ◽

Smriti Mehra ◽

Denae N. LoBato ◽

Adel Malek ◽

Xavier Alvarez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Latent Tuberculosis ◽

Natural Immunity ◽

Macaque Model ◽

Hiv Coinfection ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Latent Tb ◽

Latent Tb Infection

The synergy between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV in coinfected patients has profoundly impacted global mortality because of tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS. HIV significantly increases rates of reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI) to active disease, with the decline in CD4+ T cells believed to be the major causality. In this study, nonhuman primates were coinfected with Mtb and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), recapitulating human coinfection. A majority of animals exhibited rapid reactivation of Mtb replication, progressing to disseminated TB and increased SIV-associated pathology. Although a severe loss of pulmonary CD4+ T cells was observed in all coinfected macaques, a subpopulation of the animals was still able to prevent reactivation and maintain LTBI. Investigation of pulmonary immune responses and pathology in this cohort demonstrated that increased CD8+ memory T-cell proliferation, higher granzyme B production, and expanded B-cell follicles correlated with protection from reactivation. Our findings reveal mechanisms that control SIV- and TB-associated pathology. These CD4-independent protective immune responses warrant further studies in HIV coinfected humans able to control their TB infection. Moreover, these findings will provide insight into natural immunity to Mtb and will guide development of novel vaccine strategies and immunotherapies.

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