Cellulose (dissolving pulp) manufacturing processes and properties: A mini-review

The increasing consumption of regenerated cellulose, in particular the viscose fiber, has led to a significant development of dissolving pulps in the last decade. In this review paper, the current status of dissolving pulp with respects to raw materials, manufacturing processes, and some key issues are discussed. Non-wood materials and the process concept of upgrading paper-grade pulp into dissolving pulp are also included. Some recent developments related to the analytical methods of the purity and molecular weight distribution based on the ion chromatography and gel permeation chromatography are discussed. Finally, further processing improvements of purification, such as mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatment, and their combinations during the manufacturing process of dissolving pulp, are included.

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Dissolving Pulp From Eucalyptus Sawdust For Regenerated Cellulose Products

10.21203/rs.3.rs-857064/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Graciela Viviana Olmos ◽

María Claudia Taleb ◽

Fernando Esteban Felissia ◽

Nanci Vanesa Ehman ◽

Maria Soledad Peresin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Dissolving Pulp ◽

Regenerated Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Cellulose Carbamate ◽

Soda Pulping ◽

Dissolving Pulps ◽

Regenerated Cellulose Films ◽

Eucalyptus Sawdust

Abstract This study assesses the possibility of obtaining regenerated cellulose products (beads and films) from eucalyptus sawdust dissolving pulps produced by non-conventional processes, compared with a commercial dissolving pulp as a reference. Eucalyptus sawdust dissolving pulps were obtained by soda pulping followed by two different TCF sequential bleaching processes OOpZ and OOp (where O is oxygen, Op is oxygen reinforced with hydrogen peroxide, and Z is ozone), followed by a cold soda extraction. The characterization of dissolving pulps involved alpha-, beta- and gamma-cellulose content, alkali solubility with 10 wt% (S10), and 18 wt% NaOH (S18) aqueous solutions, and degree of polymerization. Fock´s method was used to measure cellulose reactivity and the alkali solubility in a 9 wt% NaOH aqueous solution at -5 °C to evaluate the pulps dissolving capacity. Dissolving pulps presented high cellulose content (> 93 %, expressed as a-cellulose) and good reactivity (almost 84 %). The dissolving pulps were adequate raw materials for regenerated cellulose products (beads and films) from two cellulose dissolution methods: direct dissolution in NaOH/urea and cellulose carbamate solution. The sequence OOpE (where E is an alkaline extraction) was determined to be a more economically feasible and straightforward process to produce dissolving pulp than OOpZE. The experimental pulps showed the expected characteristics of the dissolving pulp to obtain regenerated cellulose products. However, it is necessary to deepen the study of producing regenerated cellulose films with enhanced mechanical properties from experimental dissolving pulps, solvents, coagulation, and regeneration conditions.

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A Comprehensive Review on Process and Technological Aspects of Wood-Plastic Composites

Jurnal Sylva Lestari ◽

10.23960/jsl29329-356 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 329

Author(s):

Sumit Manohar Yadav ◽

Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis ◽

Kapil Sihag

Keyword(s):

Recent Progress ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Manufacturing Processes ◽

Wood Fibers ◽

Wood Plastic Composites ◽

Plastic Composites ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Manufacturing Methods

This review deals with recent works on the process and technological aspects of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) manufacturing.The term WPCs relates to any composites that contain plant (including wood and non-wood) fibers and thermosets or thermoplastics. Recent progress relevant to wood-plastic composites has been cited in this review. This articleintended to outline the results presented on wood-plastic composites focusing on process and technological aspects such as raw materials, fabrication, mechanical, physical, thermal, and morphological properties. The manufacturing process of WPCs is an important aspect of WPCs production. Manufacturing methods like compression molding and pultrusion have some limitations. Extrusion and injection molding are the most widely used manufacturing processes in WPCs due to their effectiveness. Recent developments dealing with WPCs and the use of different kinds of nanofillers in WPCs have also been presented and discussed. Nanoclays are widely used as nanofillers in WPCs because they represent an eco-friendly, readily available in large quantity, and inexpensive filler. WPCs are finding applications in many fields ranging from the construction to the automotive industry.Keywords: additive manufacturing, adhesion, fabrication techniques, mechanical and physical properties, wood-plastic composites

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Textile qualities of regenerated cellulose fibers from cotton waste pulp

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517517723021 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 88 (21) ◽

pp. 2485-2492 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Stina Björquist ◽

Julia Aronsson ◽

Gunnar Henriksson ◽

Anders Persson

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Cellulose Fibers ◽

Dissolving Pulp ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Regenerated Cellulose ◽

Comparable Rate ◽

Cotton Waste ◽

Lyocell Fibers ◽

Commercial Off The Shelf ◽

Viscose Process

Cotton is not the answer to meet the rapidly growing demand for textile fibers. Wood-based regenerated cellulose fibers are an attractive alternative. Since wood is a candidate to replace fossil raw materials in so many applications of the circular economy, other sources need investigation. Cotton linters work in the viscose process – can cotton waste be used to make dissolving pulp? We describe the textile qualities of lyocell fibers from (i) pure cotton waste pulp and (ii) blending with conventional dissolving pulp. The staple fibers were tensile tested, yarns spun and tensile tested and knitted, and tested for shrinkage, water and dye sorption, abrasion resistance, fuzzing and pilling, staining and fastness. TENCEL® staple fibers and off-the-shelf TENCEL® yarn were used as references. The results show that the two study fibers had tenacity and an E-modulus that exceeded the staple fiber reference. Also, the study yarns were at least as good as the spun reference yarn and the commercial off-the-shelf yarn in terms of wet tenacity. Single jerseys made from the study yarns shrunk less upon laundering, which is surprising since they could absorb at least as much water at a comparable rate as the references. Dyeability, staining and color fastness, durability and pilling tendency showed that the two study fiber tricots performed at least as good as the references. This study suggests that cotton waste is a promising candidate for special grade pulp to suit niche regenerated fiber products or to spice up conventional wood-based dissolving pulp.

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Dissolving pulp market and technologies: Chinese prospective – A mini-review

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.11.3.liu ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 7902-7916

Author(s):

Yishan Liu ◽

Liuxin Shi ◽

Dong Cheng ◽

Zhibin He

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Dissolving Pulp ◽

Manufacturing Processes ◽

Natural Polymer ◽

Chinese Market ◽

Pulp Bleaching ◽

The Public ◽

The Past ◽

Production And Consumption

Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer on earth. As the market and the public demands more and more natural products, cellulose and its derivatives are becoming increasingly more attractive. The production of dissolving pulp, which is the main feedstock for cellulose-related products, has been growing over the past decade, while the technologies for manufacturing these pulps have also been advanced. In this literature review, the production and consumption of dissolving pulp are analyzed with a focus on the Chinese market. The manufacturing processes, including raw materials, pulping methods, pulp bleaching, and post-treatments are discussed.

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PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD PRODUCTION OF FEEDS FOR AQUACULTURE: ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF RAW MATERIALS

VESTNIK OF ASTRAKHAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SERIES FISHING INDUSTRY ◽

10.24143/2073-5529-2017-1-67-78 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 67-78

Author(s):

Lina Yurievna Lagutkina

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Current Status ◽

Feed Production ◽

The World ◽

Market Trends ◽

Alternative Sources ◽

World Industry ◽

First Time ◽

A Current

The author of the article discloses the prospects of development of the world feed production for aquaculture based on the analysis of key innovative technological and market trends. The author specifies that shortage, high cost, low ecological compatibility of traditional raw materials - fish flour - are among major limiting factors in the development of production of feeds for aquaculture. This fact, in turn, limits sustainable development of aquaculture both in Russia, and in the world in general. The article presents the overview of a current status of the world industry of feed production in aquaculture, where the regional situation is studied, as well. For the first time, there is given the outlook of innovative technologies in feed production based on the alternative sources of protein (on the example of projects of leading aquabiotechnological companies) which will determine industry’s objectives for the mid-term perspective.

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Recent Developments in the Downstream Processing of Phycobiliproteins from Algae: A Review

Current Biochemical Engineering ◽

10.2174/2212711906999210101230613 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 06 ◽

Author(s):

Ayekpam Chandralekha Devi ◽

G. K. Hamsavi ◽

Simran Sahota ◽

Rochak Mittal ◽

Hrishikesh A. Tavanandi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Large Scale ◽

Downstream Processing ◽

Review Article ◽

Current Status ◽

Wall Structure ◽

Scale Production ◽

Cell Wall Disruption ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Macro Algae

Abstract: Algae (both micro and macro) have gained huge attention in the recent past for their high commercial value products. They are the source of various biomolecules of commercial applications ranging from nutraceuticals to fuels. Phycobiliproteins are one such high value low volume compounds which are mainly obtained from micro and macro algae. In order to tap the bioresource, a significant amount of work has been carried out for large scale production of algal biomass. However, work on downstream processing aspects of phycobiliproteins (PBPs) from algae is scarce, especially in case of macroalgae. There are several difficulties in cell wall disruption of both micro and macro algae because of their cell wall structure and compositions. At the same time, there are several challenges in the purification of phycobiliproteins. The current review article focuses on the recent developments in downstream processing of phycobiliproteins (mainly phycocyanins and phycoerythrins) from micro and macroalgae. The current status, the recent advancements and potential technologies (that are under development) are summarised in this review article besides providing future directions for the present research area.

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Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12102237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2237 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. R. Sarika ◽

Paul Nancarrow ◽

Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽

Taleb Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wood Industry ◽

Suitable Material ◽

The Past ◽

Wide Range ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Sustainable Materials ◽

Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

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Regulatory Requirements for the Quality of Allergen Products for Allergen Immunotherapy of Food Allergy

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports ◽

10.1007/s11882-021-01008-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Englert ◽

Vera Mahler ◽

Andreas Bonertz

Keyword(s):

Allergen Immunotherapy ◽

Major Allergen ◽

Food Allergies ◽

Manufacturing Processes ◽

Critical Element ◽

Medicinal Products ◽

Regulatory Requirements ◽

Quality Aspects ◽

Allergenic Activity ◽

Recent Developments

Abstract Purpose of Review Medicinal products for allergen immunotherapy (AIT) of food allergies have gained enormous momentum in recent years. With this new class of products entering marketing authorization procedures, compliance to regulatory requirements becomes a critical element. Here, an overview is provided on specific requirements and aspects concerning the quality control and manufacturing of these products. Recent Findings Recent developments in the field of AIT for food allergies are divers, including products for oral, epicutaneous, and subcutaneous application, most notably targeting egg, milk, and peanut allergy. As the source materials for food AIT product are typically produced for food consumption and not for medicinal purposes, unique challenges arise in the manufacturing processes and controls of these medicinal products. Individual approaches are needed to assure acceptable quality, including control of relevant quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Major characteristics for quality verification include determination of protein content, total allergenic activity, and major allergen content. The applied manufacturing processes need to be established such that relevant process parameters are kept within justified limits and consistency of produced batches is assured. Summary Allergen products for food AIT present specific challenges with respect to quality aspects that differentiate them from other commonly available AIT products. While established regulation is available and provides clear guidance for most aspects, other issues require consideration of new and individual settings relevant here. Consequently, as experience grows, respective amendments to currently available guidance may be needed.

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Nitrile Synthesis with Aldoxime Dehydratases: A Biocatalytic Platform with Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis, Bulk Chemicals, and Biorefineries

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26154466 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (15) ◽

pp. 4466

Author(s):

Pablo Domínguez de María

Keyword(s):

Asymmetric Synthesis ◽

Organic Solvents ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Aqueous Media ◽

Industrial Processes ◽

Polymer Chemistry ◽

Fine Chemicals ◽

Mild Conditions ◽

Bulk Chemicals ◽

Recent Developments

Nitriles comprise a broad group of chemicals that are currently being industrially produced and used in fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, as well as in bulk applications, polymer chemistry, solvents, etc. Aldoxime dehydratases catalyze the cyanide-free synthesis of nitriles starting from aldoximes under mild conditions, holding potential to become sustainable alternatives for industrial processes. Different aldoxime dehydratases accept a broad range of aldoximes with impressive high substrate loadings of up to >1 Kg L−1 and can efficiently catalyze the reaction in aqueous media as well as in non-aqueous systems, such as organic solvents and solvent-free (neat substrates). This paper provides an overview of the recent developments in this field with emphasis on strategies that may be of relevance for industry and sustainability. When possible, potential links to biorefineries and to the use of biogenic raw materials are discussed.

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Electrochemical Biosensors in Food Safety: Challenges and Perspectives

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26102940 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 2940

Author(s):

Antonella Curulli

Keyword(s):

Food Industry ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Electrochemical Biosensors ◽

Food Chains ◽

Sensing Systems ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Skilled Personnel ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Key Issues

Safety and quality are key issues for the food industry. Consequently, there is growing demand to preserve the food chain and products against substances toxic, harmful to human health, such as contaminants, allergens, toxins, or pathogens. For this reason, it is mandatory to develop highly sensitive, reliable, rapid, and cost-effective sensing systems/devices, such as electrochemical sensors/biosensors. Generally, conventional techniques are limited by long analyses, expensive and complex procedures, and skilled personnel. Therefore, developing performant electrochemical biosensors can significantly support the screening of food chains and products. Here, we report some of the recent developments in this area and analyze the contributions produced by electrochemical biosensors in food screening and their challenges.

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