scholarly journals Some demographic trends of modern Finland

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Yuri Kilin
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Population Loss ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Unique Identity ◽  
Total Birth Rate ◽  
Demographic Policy

Since the late 1960s Finland finally switched to a narrowed model of population reproduction, characterized by a constantly decreasing total birth rate, which decreased to 1.45 in 2018. This model is characterized by a decrease in the absolute number and relative share of young age cohorts, especially under 19 years, a rapid increase in average age, which in 2018 was 41.6 years (an increase of 0.3 years compared to 2017), an increase in the number and proportion of people older than 64 years. In 2016, Finland experienced a demographic transition when, for the first time in the country's history, peacetime mortality exceeded the birth rate, which is a long-term negative demographic trend while maintaining a modern demographic policy. In 2060, an excess of mortality over birth rates of up to 23 thousand per year is predicted (40 thousand births and 63 thousand deaths). Beginning in 2035, without mass incoming migration, the country's population will decrease at an increasing rate, and starting in 2060, the decline may amount to 100 thousand people for every four years. The Finnish authorities in their demographic policy operate within the framework of the paradigm implemented by most EU countries, with its characteristic disregard for active pronatalistic measures, the introduction of socio-cultural models that contribute to reducing the birth rate and relying on the compensation of population loss due to immigrants. Since about 2005, the population growth in Finland has been achieved only due to incoming migration, which is facilitated by the liberalization of legislative norms, in particular, the facilitation of naturalization. Given the unique identity of Finnish society, which is threatened by the high rate of replacement of the indigenous population by foreign-ethnic and foreign-cultural immigrants, the difficulty of assimilating them, such a demographic strategy seems to be a dead end.

scholarly journals The impact of demographic policy on birth rate processes in Ukraine

2011 ◽  
pp. 122-130
Author(s):  
I. Hudzeliak
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Total Birth Rate ◽  
Rate Processes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Demographic Policy

The article analyzes the dynamics of birth rate and natural increase of population of Ukraine in 20– 21th century. The influence of age structure and demographic measures pro-natality policy on birth rate trends today. An comparison was made between regional-level birth rate in 2001 and 2009. The groups of regions were highlighted with the highest rate of change of the total birth rate for the period. Key words: pro-natality policy, the total birth rate, reproductive behavior, the nature of population reproduction.

scholarly journals Effects of the Translocation Status of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase on the Efficiency of Excision of Tenofovir

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 2911-2919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Marchand ◽  
Kirsten L. White ◽  
John K. Ly ◽  
Nicolas A. Margot ◽  
Ruth Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT The ATP-dependent phosphorolytic excision of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors can diminish their inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus replication. Previous studies have shown that excision can occur only when the reverse transcriptase complex exists in its pretranslocational state. Binding of the next complementary nucleotide causes the formation of a stable dead-end complex in the posttranslocational state, which blocks the excision reaction. To provide mechanistic insight into the excision of the acyclic phosphonate nucleotide analog tenofovir, we compared the efficiencies of the reaction in response to changes in the translocation status of the enzyme. We found that rates of excision of tenofovir with wild-type reverse transcriptase can be as high as those seen with 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine monophosphate (AZT-MP). Thymidine-associated mutations, which confer >100-fold and 3-fold decreased susceptibility to AZT and tenofovir, respectively, caused substantial increases in the efficiency of excision of both inhibitors. However, in contrast to the case for AZT-MP, the removal of tenofovir was highly sensitive to dead-end complex formation. Site-specific footprinting experiments revealed that complexes with AZT-terminated primers exist predominantly pretranslocation. In contrast, complexes with tenofovir-terminated primers are seen in both configurations. Low concentrations of the next nucleotide are sufficient to trap the complex posttranslocation despite the flexible, acyclic character of the compound. Thus, the relatively high rate of excision of tenofovir is partially neutralized by the facile switch to the posttranslocational state and by dead-end complex formation, which provides a degree of protection from excision in the cellular environment.

Inhibitory Effects of Indomethacin on Implantation and its Related Phenomena

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Kanayama ◽  
H Osada ◽  
K Nariai ◽  
T Endo
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Implantation Period

The dose-response relationship for the inhibitory effect of indomethacin on implantation and continuance of pregnancy was examined in four groups of rabbits administered with indomethacin (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg) during the implantation period and compared with a control group. Implanted fetuses and corpora lutea were counted by laparotomy, and the number of offspring born was noted. The inhibitory effect of indomethacin on implantation was found to be dose–dependent, and the birth rate decreased in the indomethacin groups compared with the control group. As a result, even where implantation had been achieved, death of the implanted fetuses occurred at a high rate in rabbits administered with indomethacin during the implantation period.

Determinants of fertility in Russian families

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (6) ◽  
pp. 104-123
Author(s):  
Kamilya Sakhbetdinova
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
Sociocultural Attitudes ◽  
The Family ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Demographic Policy

Competent demographic policy implies an understanding by the state of the economic, social, and demographic processes taking place in society. In earlier Russian and foreign studies, the authors found a number of fertility factors, however, the direction of influence of such determinants could be opposite. Aware of the special influence of sociocultural attitudes and values of the population on the number of children in a family, the author made an attempt to identify the determinants of fertility based on an empirical study of the World Values Survey. Using statistical and econometric methods, models that reflect the determinants of fertility in modern Russia were constructed. This work revealed a positive effect on the birth rate of religiosity, traditional views and the importance of the family for the respondent. Inversely related to the number of children in a family such factors as the level of education of the population and the value of leisure.

scholarly journals Demographic Self-Regulation in Terms of Population Growth and Decline

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B. Sinelnikov
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Demographic Policy

The author of this article A.B. Sinelnikov polemizes with A.G. Vishnevsky and asks him several questions. Vishnevsky considers the population as a self-regulating system. This system itself brings its size (number of inhabitants) in line with the economic and environmental situation. Vishnevsky considers state intervention in the process of demographic self-regulation to be ineffective, when it comes to measures aimed at increasing birth rate. According to Sinelnikov, self-regulation can slow down population growth (“demographic explosion”). However, there is no self-regulation to protect against natural population decline (depopulation). This problem can only be solved through demographic policy.

scholarly journals Modeling of the Medium-Term Post-War Demographic Cycles in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 36-61
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
Model Identification ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Demographic Dynamics ◽  
Large Families ◽  
Post War ◽  
Demographic Policy

Demographic cycles are a fundamental mechanism for reproducing the population and regulating the number of inhabitants. The article simulates the medium-term birth cycles of the Russian population in the changing socio-economic conditions of the post-war period (1946–2017), and their interaction with the total fertility rate. The proposed mathematical model describes the cyclical demographic dynamics, distinguishing the fundamental endogenous factors from exogenousones and random phenomena. The authors apply a technique based on a combination of trigonometric approximation methods using finite Fourier series, adapted for the considered problems, and stepwise regression for model identification and optimization. Models for the entire, urban, and rural population during a specified period and in shorter periods of time are examined. It has been established that the frequency of the series of the number of births is associated with both the duration of women’s fertile age and the duration of entry into it. The results of the study show that the current demographic decline has an endogenous nature. The cycle lasts an average of 30 years, with the downward phase indicating the exhaustion of fertility growth resources within the current family model. A conclusion is made about the timeliness of additional measures of active demographic policy aimed at stimulating the birth rate, supporting large families and focused primarily on rural areas as well as small and medium-sized cities of Russia. However, the economy must adapt to demographic constraints.

scholarly journals The Pulsar Birth Rate from the Parkes Multibeam Survey

2004 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 121-122
Author(s):  
N. Vranesevic
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Current Accounting ◽  
Dipole Magnetic Field ◽  
Total Birth Rate ◽  
Surface Dipole

We report on calculations of the pulsar birth rate based on the results of the Parkes multibeam survey. Prom the observed sample of more than 800 pulsars, we compute the pulsar current, accounting as accurately as possible for all known selection effects. The main goal of this work is to understand the pulsar birth rate as a function of the surface dipole magnetic field strength. We show that pulsars with magnetic fields greater than 1012.5 G account for about half of the total birth rate.

Medical-biological and social significance of female infertility

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Essedulla M. OSMANOV ◽  
Aleksey Yu. PROKOPOV
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Female Infertility ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Demographic Situation

As a result of the decline in the population, Russia has faced a number of economic and social problems related to the reduction of the working-age population, as well as the need to reform the existing pension system, one of the measures aimed at improving the demographic situation is the increase in the birth rate. The aim of the study is to study the medical, biological and social significance of female infertility on the basis of a literary review. The results of the review showed a high level of infertility both in Russia and around the world. Among the main medical and biological risk factors for female infertility are the high prevalence of harmful habits, the earlier age of entry into sexual life of the high rate of sexually transmitted infections, gynaecological incidence, the high rate of abortion, the postponement of the birth of children to an older age. Social factors include low family income, poor quality of life, poor relationships with spouses and dissatisfaction with sexual intimacy. The increase in the number of families with infertility indicates an increasing need for assisted reproductive technologies. In developed countries, assisted reproductive technologies produce between 0.4 and 4.0 % children. In Russia, 160836 children were born with assisted reproductive technologies from 2007 to 2013, and the contribution of assisted reproductive technologies to annual fertility increased almost 40 times (from 0.04 to 1.55 %). The conclusion: the restoration of women's reproductive health is one of the promising directions in raising the birth rate and restoring the demographic situation.

scholarly journals Features of depopulation in perm krai: state and trends

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 120-126
Author(s):  
E. Ya. Titova ◽  
L. A. Bankovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Population Loss ◽  
Perm Krai ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Reduction Of Mortality

Objective. To study the features of depopulation in Perm Krai. Materials and methods. The data of Perm Krai official statistics for 20052019 were used; dynamics of vital rate compared to mean indicators in the Russian Federation were studied. Results. Since 2005 to 2019, the population in Perm Krai decreased by 5.7 %, whereas in the Russian Federation for the same period it grew by 2.1 % at the expense of migration processes; birth rate in Perm Krai reduced by 6.4 %; mortality rate in Perm Krai is 13.23 %. There is a growth trend of the natural population loss in both Perm Krai and the Russian Federation. Conclusions. In Perm Krai, there is observed an unfavorable demographic situation, which is characterized by a continuing decrease in the population and natural population loss. To improve the demographic situation in Perm Krai, it is expedient to develop a complex of measures directed to reduction of mortality, stimulation of birth rate, support of families with children as well as restoration of traditional family values and moral principles.

scholarly journals Impact of the Demographic Policy on Birth Rates in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-511
Author(s):  
Asiya F. Validova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
The State ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Demographic Policy

Introduction. The solution to the problem of ensuring demographic growth is one of the most pressing issues of the state policy. In 2007, Russia’s demographic policy was supplemented by new measures to stimulate the birth rate. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of the demographic policy programs aimed at supporting families and natality using the case studies of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan. Materials and Methods. To identify the impact of measures to stimulate the birth rate, the method of regression analysis was used; time series based on age-specific birth rates for each age group were presented. Results. The data obtained showed that the steady trend of increasing the total fertility rate in Russia and Tatarstan since 2007 was almost completely related to the meas- ures under consideration, whereas the number of births was affected by many other factors. According to the results of the study, the impact of measures to increase the birth rate in the Republic of Tatarstan is slightly higher than in Russia as a whole. Discussion and Conclusions. State support measures reduce the costs associated with the birth of a child and can encourage women to have children, which con- firms the hypothesis of the positive impact of the state fertility policy. For a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of the demographic policy measures, it is advisable to take into account the changing social and economic conditions of life in a region, as well as the consequences of the earlier or present-day demographic policy measures. The results of the study are of practical importance and may be used in the development of demographic policies in the country and in the region.

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