Hordeum vulgare marketed as food contains potential fungi that synthesize mycotoxin.

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 177-179
Author(s):  
JA Castro Villaseñor ◽  
JL Rico ◽  
LI Salcedo ◽  
DC Maya Cortes ◽  
JM Sánchez Yáñez
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Native Fungi

The grains of H. Vulgare commonly used for the elaboration of meals for humans and animals, could be contaminated with propagules of native fungi resulted from the intensive agricultural system of production. In addition, the unsuitable storage conditions could strongly influence the growing of undesirable fungi which could potential synthetiz emyco toxins. The aim of the present research work was the isolation of Aspergillus potential to synthetize ochratoxin A from the commercially available in H. vulgare. To this purpose, the grains were collected from various local stores, from grain of H. vulgare. Aspergillus were isolated in potato dextrose and in a Sabourauddextroseagar to determine the density and diversity. The potential for the synthesis of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus strains was then evaluated. The results were statistically evaluated using the software Anova/Turkey. Results indicate the presence of a relatively high number of propagules of Aspergillus spp which are contaminating the H. vulgare. Furthermore, 67% of the fungi present in H. vulgare have the potential to synthetize ochratoxin A. These results demonstrate the risk of consumption of those grains by humans.

Barley seed storage under controlled conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Zadorozhna ◽  
T. P. Shyianova ◽  
M.Yu. Skorokhodov
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage

Seed longevity of 76 spring barley gene pool samples (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon, convar. distichon: 56 nutans Schubl., two deficience (Steud.) Koern., two erectum Rode ex Shuebl., two medicum Koern.; convar. nudum (L.) A.Trof.: one nudum L. та subsp. vulgare: convar. vulgare: nine pallidum Ser., three rikotense Regel.; convar. coeleste (L.) A.Trof.: one coeleste (L.) A.Trof.) from 26 countries, 11 years and four places of reproduction was analyzed. Seeds with 5–8% moisture content were stored in chamber with unregulated and 4oC temperature. The possibility of seed storage under these conditions for at least 10 years without significant changes in germination has been established. The importance of meteorological conditions in the formation and ripening of seeds for their longevity is confirmed. The relationship between the decrease of barley seeds longevity and storage conditions, amount of rainfall, temperature regime during the growing season of plants is discussed.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Fungi and Fungal Toxins in Fish Feed during Storage

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Constanze Pietsch ◽  
Georg Müller ◽  
Sulayman Mourabit ◽  
Simon Carnal ◽  
Kasun Bandara
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Fungal Toxins ◽  
Fish Feeds

Periods of unfavorable storing conditions can lead to changes in the quality of fish feeds, as well as the development of relevant mycotoxins. In the present study, a commercial fish feed was stored under defined conditions for four weeks. The main findings indicate that even storing fish feeds under unsuitable conditions for a short duration leads to a deterioration in quality. Mycotoxin and fungal contamination were subsequently analyzed. These investigations confirmed that different storage conditions can influence the presence of fungi and mycotoxins on fish feed. Notably, ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in samples after warm (25 °C) and humid (>60% relative humidity) treatment. This confirms the importance of this compound as a typical contaminant of fish feed and reveals how fast this mycotoxin can be formed in fish feed during storage.

scholarly journals Growth and toxin production of phomopsin A and ochratoxin A forming fungi under different storage conditions in a pea (Pisum sativum) model system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitta Maria Kunz ◽  
Laura Pförtner ◽  
Stefan Weigel ◽  
Sascha Rohn ◽  
Anselm Lehmacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Model System ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
Phomopsis Leptostromiformis ◽  
Elevated Water

AbstractPhomopsins are mycotoxins mainly infesting lupines, with phomopsin A (PHOA) being the main mycotoxin. PHOA is produced by Diaporthe toxica, formerly assigned as toxigenic Phomopsis leptostromiformis, causing infections in lupine plants and harvested seeds. However, Diaporthe species may also grow on other grain legumes, similar to Aspergillus westerdijkiae as an especially potent ochratoxin A (OTA) producer. Formation of PHOA and OTA was investigated on whole field peas as model system to assess fungal growth and toxin production at adverse storage conditions. Field pea samples were inoculated with the two fungal strains at two water activity (aw) values of 0.94 and 0.98 and three different levels of 30, 50, and 80% relative air humidity.After 14 days at an aw value of 0.98, the fungi produced 4.49 to 34.3 mg/kg PHOA and 1.44 to 3.35 g/kg OTA, respectively. Strains of D. toxica also tested showed higher PHOA concentrations of 28.3 to 32.4 mg/kg.D. toxica strains did not grow or produce PHOA at an aw values of 0.94, while A. westerdijkiae still showed growth and OTA production.Elevated water activity has a major impact both on OTA and, even more pronouncedly, on PHOA formation and thus, proper drying and storage of lupins as well as other grain legumes is crucial for product safety.

Ochratoxin A contamination of cereal grains and coffee in Hungary in the year 2001

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fazekas ◽  
A. K. Tar ◽  
Melinda Zomborszky-Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
High Prevalence

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin, a secondary metabolite produced by mould fungi belonging to several Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It is formed during the storage of cereal grains and other plant-derived products. OTA ingested by humans and animals with the food or feed may exert deleterious effects on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ochratoxin contamination of the most important potential sources of OTA. The OTA content of cereal samples for human consumption (36 baking wheat, 16 wheat flour and 6 maize coarse meal samples) and feed grain samples (30 feeding wheat, 32 feeding maize and 20 feeding barley samples) collected in the mid-phase or at the end of the storage period and of 50 commercial coffee samples was determined. The analyses were performed by immunoaffinity column - high-performance liquid chromatography (IAC-HPLC). The limit of detection of the method was 0.1 ng/g. Of the wheat samples intended for human consumption, 8.3% contained OTA at 0.29 ng/g on the average (OTA ranges: 0.12-0.5 ng/g; Table 2). The OTA contamination of wheat flour and maize meal samples for human consumption was similar to that of the baking wheat samples. OTA contamination was found in 26.7% of the feeding wheat, 15.6% of the feeding maize and 35% of the feeding barley samples. The average values and the ranges of OTA levels found in the above samples were 12.2 and 0.3-62.8 ng/g, 4.9 and 1.9-8.3 ng/g, and 72 and 0.14-212 ng/g, respectively (Table 3). Sixty-six percent of the coffee samples were contaminated with OA (average level: 0.57 ng/g, ranges: 0.17-1.3 ng/g; Table 4). OTA contamination of baking wheat samples was found to be relatively low, presumably as a result of the favourable weather at harvest and the optimal storage conditions. Calculations made on the basis of the obtained results show that the daily OTA intake of an adult human from edible cereals is only 6.7 ng, while the amount taken up with coffee is 4.1 ng daily. The high prevalence and high levels of OTA contamination in feed grains can be explained by the unfavourable storage conditions, and this finding suggests that OA-related health problems may arise in animals, and that foods of animal origin may be contaminated with this mycotoxin.

scholarly journals The Occurrence and Contamination Level of Ochratoxin A in Plant and Animal-Derived Food Commodities

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6928
Author(s):  
Xianjiang Li ◽  
Wen Ma ◽  
Zhiyong Ma ◽  
Qinghe Zhang ◽  
Hongmei Li
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Risk Monitoring ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
And Storage

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a highly toxic mycotoxin and poses great threat to human health. Due to its serious toxicity and widespread contamination, great efforts have been made to evaluate its human exposure. This review focuses on the OTA occurrence and contamination level in nine plant and animal derived food commodities: cereal, wine, coffee, beer, cocoa, dried fruit, spice, meat, and milk. The occurrence and contamination level varied greatly in food commodities and were affected by many factors, including spices, geography, climate, and storage conditions. Therefore, risk monitoring must be routinely implemented to ensure minimal OTA intake and food safety.

Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi on cereal grains in western Canada

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 982-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Aspergillus Versicolor ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Aurantiogriseum

Toxins occasionally present on cereal grains in the field in western Canada include ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea and trichothecenes produced by Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum. HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and deoxynivalenol are the main trichothecenes encountered. During storage of cereals, the predominant toxins and toxigenic fungi are ochratoxin A and citrinin produced by Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, and P. verrucosum and sterigmatocystin produced by Aspergillus versicolor. The incidence of toxin-contaminated grains is extremely low relative to the volume of grains produced. Occurrence of toxins is influenced by field moisture, temperature, and bin storage conditions of a particular year. The risk of toxin production is highest in durum wheat and lowest in oats.Key words: ochratoxin A, citrinin, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, ergot alkaloids.

Determination of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in organic wheat flour under different storage conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Annunziata ◽  
Maria Schirone ◽  
Pierina Visciano ◽  
Guido Campana ◽  
Maria Rosaria De Massis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Storage Conditions

Ochratoxin A Concentrations in a Variety of Grain-Based and Non–Grain-Based Foods on the Canadian Retail Market from 2009 to 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 2143-2159 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEATA KOLAKOWSKI ◽  
SARAH M. O'ROURKE ◽  
HENRI P. BIETLOT ◽  
KARL KURZ ◽  
BARBARA AWERYN
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Corn Products

ABSTRACT The extent of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of domestically produced foods sold across Canada was determined from 2009 to 2014 with sampling and testing occurring each fiscal year. Cereal-based, fruit-based, and soy-based food samples (n = 6,857) were analyzed. Almost half of the samples (3,200; 47%) did not contain detectable concentrations of OTA. The remaining 3,657 samples contained OTA at 0.040 to 631 ng/g. Wheat, oats, milled products of other grains (such as rye and buckwheat), and to a lesser extent corn products and their derived foods were the most significant potential sources of OTA exposure for the Canadian population. Wine, grape juice, soy products, beer, dairy-based infant formula, and licorice candy were not significant contributors to OTA consumption. Spices had the highest OTA concentrations; but because so little is ingested, these foods are not considered to be a significant source of OTA. In contrast, infant formulas and cereals can be important dietary sources of OTA. Infant cereals containing oats and infant formulas containing soy had detectable concentrations of OTA, some of which exceeded the proposed Canadian guidelines. The prevalence and concentrations of OTA in major crops (wheat, corn, and oats) varied widely across years. Because these foods were purchased at retail stores, no information was available on the OTA concentrations in the raw materials, the storage conditions before purchase of the samples, or the origin of the ingredients (may include blends of raw materials from different years and/or different geographical regions of Canada); therefore, impact of these factors could not be assessed. Overall, 2.3% of the samples exceeded the proposed Canadian OTA regulatory limits and 2.7% exceeded the current European Union (EU) OTA regulatory limits. These results are consistent with a Health Canada exposure assessment published in 2010, despite the inclusion of a wider range of products and confirm the safety of foods widely available across Canada.

scholarly journals Modulation of salt-induced stress impact in Gladiolus grandiflorus L. by exogenous application of salicylic acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malik Fiaz Hussain Ferdosi ◽  
Amna Shoaib ◽  
Salma Habib ◽  
Kashif Ali Khan
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Organic Osmolytes ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Physiological Variables

AbstractSalinity is challenging threats to the agricultural system and leading cause of crop loss. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important endogenous signal molecule, which by regulating growth and physiological processes improves the plant ability to tolerate salt stress. Considering the prime importance of Gladiolus grandiflorus (L.) in the world’s cut-flower market, the research work was undertaken to elucidate salinity tolerance in G. grandiflorus by exogenous application of SA irrigated with saline water. Results revealed that increasing salinity (EC: 2, 4 and 6 dS m–1) considerably altered morpho-growth indices (corm morphology and plant biomass) in plants through increasing key antioxidants including proline content and enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase), while negatively affected the total phenolic along with activity of defense-related enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and polyphenol oxidase activity). SA application (50–200 ppm) in non-saline control or saline conditions improved morpho-physiological traits in concentration-dependent manners. In saline conditions, SA minimized salt-stress by enhancing chlorophyll content, accumulating organic osmolytes (glycine betaine and proline content), total phenolic, and boosting activity of antioxidant and defense-related enzymes. Principle component analysis based on all 16 morphological and physiological variables generated useful information regarding the classification of salt tolerant treatment according to their response to SA. These results suggest SA (100 or 150 ppm) could be used as an effective, economic, easily available and safe phenolic agent against salinity stress in G. grandiflorus.

scholarly journals Mycotoxin Contamination of Consumed Rice in Iran: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heibatullah Kalantari ◽  
Mohammad Javad Khodayar ◽  
Kobra Shirani ◽  
Maryam Shirani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Maximum Tolerated Dose ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Rice Consumption

: Mycotoxin contamination of rice has been introduced as a big challenge for public health in developing countries in numerous studies. Rice consumption is also considered the main source of secondary metabolites in Iran. Given the diversity of climatic conditions in this region as well as unsuitable storage conditions, including high temperature and humidity, rice can be extremely contaminated via various fungi. The current study is a review of the occurrence of mycotoxins in rice in Iran. In this regard, some investigations had revealed that rice could be contaminated by mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFTs) (B1, B2, G1, and G2), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FM) (B1 and B2), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (ZEN). Moreover, the amount of mycotoxins in rice was reported in varying ranges in different provinces and regions and normally less than Iranian maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Given the importance of rice in the Iranian diet, it was finally recommended to screen consumed rice to find about fungal contaminations and mycotoxins.

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