COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-433
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Present Rate ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Harmful Effects

IN A REGENT REPORT on water resources, it is estimated that at the present rate of increasing population growth and industrial use by the end of this century it will be necessary to withdraw from streams and ground sources one billion acre-feet or approximately 75% of stream flow. This represents a threefold increase over the proportion now used, and reflects population increase, greater urbanization with associated increases in water consumption, and increased industrial usage proportional to present trends. That this presents serious problems for the future is readily appreciated when one considers the enormous load of waste, both human and industrial, that these streams are presently carrying. Of the over 500,000 organic chemicals known and described, many are finding their way into streams and thus into our water supplies. Only a small fraction of those presently in water would be acceptable to the Food and Drug Administration as proper additives for food and beverages for human consumption. Although waterborne outbreaks of acute communicable disease traced to established municipal water supplies are rare at the present time, the possibly harmful effects of various chemical additives are much more difficult to determine and trace. This problem is likely to become considerably more severe, since it seems likely that the present rate of industrial development will continue and our water usage is expected to reach one thousand billion gallons of water per day within this century. This Committee was provided an opportunity recently to review the present status of water pollution in this country with the staff of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.

scholarly journals Water Treatment and Purification in Fiqh Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-603
Author(s):  
Wan Ainaa Mardhiah Wan Zahari, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Muslim Communities

Water is the primary source needed to ensure human and other creature life continuity. There are a lot of water on this planet, but increasingly this water is not where it is needed or it is of inadequate quality (purity) for human consumption or other beneficial for example industrial, agricultural and so on purposes. Contaminated water supply causing harm to human body health and also contributes to extinction to the certain creature. Thus, water-saving or wise water usage is an important matter in Islam. Reuse of wastewater or sewage water is a solution to the water crisis problem faced nowadays. The contaminated water is purified and treated by certain processes. Water purification or treatment water is introduced to produce pure and clean water. However, discussions and debates among experts and societies continue to occur because the water is categorised as pure water but not purify (musta'mal) and impure water and not purify (mutanajjis). Therefore, this study aims to identify the concept and method of water purification and treatment (تطهير الماء) according to Fiqh perspective. Methodology of this study is qualitative approach by using document analysis by analysing several classic Fiqh books by four mazhab (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafie and Hanbali). Hence, this study can discover the water purification method suggested in Fiqh perspective to be applied by Muslim communities in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Assessing the contribution of biofilm to bacterial growth during stagnation in shower hoses

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2564-2576
Author(s):  
Hongxi Peng ◽  
Ya Zhang ◽  
Ruowei Wang ◽  
Jingqing Liu ◽  
Wen-Tso Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Biological Water ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Abstract Stagnation occurs in building water supplies when there is little or no water usage. As a result, the number of bacteria increase, and this often leads to the deterioration of water quality. Still, the role of biofilm in stagnation remains unclear. This study used shower hoses as the model system and investigated the contribution of biofilm and microbes in fresh water to the bacterial growth in water under different stagnation times from 6 to 24 h. Bacterial counts in water were observed to increase significantly after 12 h stagnation but longer stagnation did not lead to further increase, indicating different mechanisms contributing to bacterial growth during stagnation. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and Sourcetracker2 further confirmed that the contribution of fresh water to the microbial core community did not increase significantly with stagnation time, whereas the contribution of biofilm increased significantly after 24 h stagnation (53.5%) compared with 6 h stagnation (11.2%) (p < 0.05). The present results differentiated the contribution between planktonic and biofilm phase to the bacterial growth during stagnation, and provided insights into its mechanism. These findings serve as a framework for future development of strategies to manage biological water quality at the distal end of the building water supplies.

The Influence of Chemical Additives on Strength of Wood-Cement Composite

2019 ◽  
Vol 972 ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Zaprudnov ◽  
Victor Sanaev ◽  
Sergei Karpachev ◽  
Dmitry Levushkin ◽  
Galina Gorbacheva
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Glass ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Cement Composite ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Optimal Consumption ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Green Wood ◽  
Complex Chemical ◽  
Harmful Effects

The strength and strains of the wood-cement composite primarily depend on the main technоlogical factors such as the used type of binder and wood filler, the method of wood filler preparation, the method of molding, the conditions of hardening. The aim of this work is an experimental study of the chemical additives influence on wood filler to localize the harmful effects of water-soluble wood substances on the processes of hydration and hardening of cement. Using the additives, it is possible to achieve satisfactory strength parameters even on green wood. The maximum strength was obtained when complex chemical additives were applied. The most effective additives involved calcium chloride, liquid glass, aluminum sulfate, lime and ethanolamines. The optimal consumption and ratio of the complex additives components costs also depend on the degree of preliminary wood exposure.

Effects of Herbicides on Water and Its Inhabitants

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 738-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Mullison
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Harmful Effects

There is little evidence that herbicides from agronomic or industrial usage are reaching or accumulating in our water supplies in amounts to cause a pollution problem. Fish tolerance to weed killers varies with their size and species as well as with differences in the aquatic site. There may be variation to different forms of the active ingredient. Other components in a formulation may be more toxic than the herbicide itself. Therefore, the LD50of different formulations should be determined. In addition, the manner and other circumstances involving application of a herbicide may change its toxicity to water inhabitants. Our current knowledge of the effects of herbicides on fish, plankton, and other water inhabitants indicate that harmful effects with our present herbicides, when such exist, are only temporary. Available evidence suggests there is no biological magnification problem with herbicides.

scholarly journals Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992–5

1998 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. FURTADO ◽  
G. K. ADAK ◽  
J. M. STUART ◽  
P. G. WALL ◽  
H. S. EVANS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Intestinal Disease ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Particle Removal ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Infectious Intestinal Disease ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Laboratory Service

Following the introduction of an improved surveillance system for infectious intestinal disease outbreaks in England and Wales, the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre received reports of 26 outbreaks between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 1995 in which there was evidence for waterborne transmission of infection. In these 26 outbreaks, 1756 laboratory confirmed cases were identified of whom 69 (4%) were admitted to hospital. In 19 outbreaks, illness was associated with the consumption of drinking water from public supplies (10 outbreaks) or private supplies (9 outbreaks). The largest outbreak consisted of 575 cases. In 4 of the remaining 7 outbreaks, illness was associated with exposure to swimming pool water. Cryptosporidium was identified as the probable causative organism in all 14 outbreaks associated with public water supplies and swimming pools. Campylobacter was responsible for most outbreaks associated with private water supplies. This review confirms a continuing risk of cryptosporidiosis from chlorinated water supplies in England and Wales, and reinforces governmental advice to water utilities that water treatment processes should be rigorously applied to ensure effective particle removal. High standards of surveillance are important for prompt recognition of outbreaks and institution of control measures. As microbiological evidence of water contamination may be absent or insufficient to implicate a particular water supply, a high standard of epidemiological investigation is recommended in all outbreaks of suspected waterborne disease.

Industrial development and application of biobased oleochemicals

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1999-2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlheinz Hill
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Technology Area

In concepts for new products, performance, product safety, and product economy criteria are equally important. They are taken into account already when the raw materials base for a new industrial product development is defined. Here, renewable resources gain-again after the earlier "green trend" in the 1980s-increasing attention as an alternative raw materials source compared to fossil feedstock. The industrial use of carbohydrates, proteins, and vegetable oils aligns perfectly with the principles of Responsible Care and is an important part of green chemistry and sustainability in general. Since the 1950s, oleochemistry has grown to a major research and technology area in several institutions and industries. A large variety of products based on fats and oils have been developed since then for different uses, such as specialties for polymer applications, biodegradable mineral oil replacements for lubricants, and surfactants and emulsifiers for the home and personal-care industries. However, at present it seems that the use of renewable resources, especially vegetable oils, has to compete more and more with the increasing demand for bioenergy, which could cause an unbalanced supply and demand in the future or even a threat for the increasing demand for food in certain areas of the world.

scholarly journals Statistical Estimation of the Awareness of the Working Age Population about Harmful Consumption of Alcohol as a Risk Factor of Cardiovascular Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
N. О. Ryngach
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
Harmful Effects

The article is devoted to the analysis of awareness of the working age population about alcohol abuse as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases according to the results of a sociological study. The goal is to identify and characterize the awareness of residents of the Dnipropetrovsk region about the harmful alcohol consumption, personal attitudes and practices of drinking, the possibility of minimizing its harmful effects for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, as well as the activity to correct this risk factor. The method of personalized formal interviews is used. The survey of a representative sample of the population of working age (N2000) was carried out according to a specially developed methodology of qualitative and quantitative research stages and data collection tools. The study was conducted in 2017 on request of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration with the financial support of the World Bank. The gap between the almost complete awareness of the respondents (95.1%) and the harmful effects of alcohol abuse on existing cardiovascular disease or its possible future occurrence and actual practice of use was revealed. The majority of respondents reported that they drank alcohol (57.6%) now or had consumed it before (15%). It was shown that men prevailed in the group of those who consumed alcohol almost daily or several times a week (33.3% of those who consumed alcohol, versus 9.5% among women). The most common portion of alcohol among respondents (51.1%), consumed in one take, did not exceed three standard drinks.  The main reasons that prompted alcohol consumption were unwillingness to “fall out” from the team (more than 75% of respondents); national traditions (40%); way to relieve stress (25%). The expediency of studying changes in the situation regarding the prevalence of harmful use of alcohol, habitual practices of its use, activity to minimize harmful effects from the review of prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in particular and adherence to a healthy lifestyle as a whole, after a certain time interval according to a similar methodology has been proved. The results of the survey can be used to assess the effectiveness of measures to improve the health literacy of the population, increase the motivation to change behavior in favor of health, building composite indicators.

scholarly journals Water reclamation for industrial use in sub-Saharan Africa – a critical review

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Noor Jehan Gulamussen ◽  
André Marques Arsénio ◽  
Nelson Pedro Matsinhe ◽  
Louis Cornelis Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
World Population ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract. The increasing world population and growth of industrial development lead to growing water scarcity that, combined with deficient sanitation services, represents serious challenges, particularly in regions like sub-Saharan Africa. Water reclamation is a promising approach to reduce water scarcity, serving as a driving force for better sanitation services and protecting the environment by treating sewage and redistributing for the benefit of other water-dependent applications (e.g., industries). This paper aims to give an overview of the global trends on water reclamation, with a focus on industrial use, and to derive lessons for implementation of water reclamation projects in sub-Saharan Africa. Findings show that extensive experience exists in technology and management practices that can allow successful implementation of water reclamation projects in the region. Under the conditions of deficient sanitation services and low levels of technical expertise, the main challenge is to develop a framework that can facilitate the integration of social and technological methodologies and help in introducing water reclamation in water allocation planning, including the development of specific legislation for industrial water use and disposal.

Treatment of Public Water Supplies and Their Industrial Use, 1922-32

1934 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1277-1280
Author(s):  
W. D. Collins ◽  
W. L. Lamar ◽  
E. W. Lohr
Keyword(s):  
Water Supplies ◽  
Industrial Use

Applications of green synthesized nanomaterials in water remediation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakshatra Bahadur Singh ◽  
Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan ◽  
Mridula Guin
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Water Remediation ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Green Method ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Purification Of Water

: Water is the most important component on the earth for living organisms. With the industrial development, population increase and climate change, water pollution becomes a critical issue around the world. Its contamination with different types of pollutants created naturally or due to anthropogenic activities has become most concerned global environmental issues. These contaminations destroy the quality of water and become harmful to living organisms. Number of physical, chemical and biological techniques has been used for purification of water but they suffer in one or the other respect. Development of nanomaterials and nanotechnology has provided a better path for purification of water. Compared to conventional methods using activated carbon, nanomaterials offer better and economical approach for water remediation. Different type of nanomaterials acting as nanocatalysts, nanosorbents, nanostructured catalytic membranes, bioactive nanoparticles, nanomembranes and nanoparticles provide an alternative and efficient methodology in solving water pollution problems. However, the major issue with nanomaterials synthesized in a conventional way, is their toxicity. In recent days considerable amount of research is being carried out on the synthesis of nanomaterials using green routes. Nanomaterials synthesized by using green method are now being used in different technologies including water remediation. Remediation of water by using nanomaterials synthesized by green method has been reviewed and discussed in this paper.

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