Infant Dietary Experience and Acceptance of Solid Foods

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Sullivan ◽  
Leann L. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Birth Records ◽  
Repeated Consumption

Objective. To examine the effects of dietary experience and milk feeding regimen on acceptance of their first vegetable by 4-to 6-month-old infants. Design. Longitudinal study, of 26-days duration, observing infants aged 4 to 6 months at the start of the study. Random assignment to treatments, within-subject control. Setting. General community in a medium-sized mid-western town. Subjects. Thirty-six infants and their mothers. Subjects were solicited through birth records and advertisements in local newspapers. Interventions. Infants were randomly assigned to be fed one vegetable on 10 occasions, either salted or unsalted peas or green beans, for a 10-day period. Outcome measures. Infant intake of the vegetable consumed during the 10-day exposure period; intake of salted and unsalted versions: (1) before the 10-day exposure period, (2) immediately after the exposure period; and (3) after a 1-week period of delay. Intake of a control food was also measured before and after repeated consumption of the vegetable. Adult ratings of the infants' videotaped responses during test feedings were also obtained before and after the exposure period. Results. After 10 opportunities to consume the vegetable, all infants significantly increased their intake (P < .001). Although they did not differ initially, infants fed breast milk showed greater increases in intake of the vegetable after exposure and had an overall greater level of intake than formula-fed infants. Adult ratings of the infants' nonverbal responses correlated positively with infant intake. Conclusions. Infants increase their acceptance (reflected both in changes in intake and in behavioral response) of a novel food after repeated dietary exposure to that food. Relative to formula-feeding, breast-feeding may facilitate the acceptance of solid foods.

Print Media and the Political Reform in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 3356-3371
Author(s):  
Negesse Gessese
Keyword(s):  
Social Changes ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
Content Selection ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Issue Frames

This research examines the agenda and frames used by the Reporter newspaper editorial coverage of issues and actors before and after the reform in Ethiopia. The study applies a quantitative content analysis method and examined 99 (Period 1 = 57 and Period 2 = 42) editorials in all periods. The source of data and the period of data collection were purposely selected. The results indicated that societal issues, government, and party issues were frequent in both periods. The professional journalist was the only Author in both periods. More government criticism and more reforms were mentioned before the reform. Compared with editorials published before and after the reform, noticeable changes were observed in government critique, attribution of responsibility frames, human interest frames and economic issue frames. However, content selection, sources of information, mentioned reforms, conflict relationship frames, and ideological frames didn’t have relationship with the date of publication. Finally, the Reporter editorials coverage did change significantly in many respects, although it is difficult to determine the causes of the changes—economic factors, reduced political control, social changes or globalization forces.

scholarly journals Paediatric attendances of the emergency department in a major Irish tertiary referral centre before and after expansion of free GP care to children under 6: a retrospective observational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000862
Author(s):  
Irina Korotchikova ◽  
Sukainah Al Khalaf ◽  
Ewa Sheridan ◽  
Rory O'Brien ◽  
Colin P Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Referral Centre ◽  
Tertiary Referral ◽  
Tertiary Referral Centre ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Gp Care

ObjectivesTo examine the characteristics of paediatric attendances to the emergency department (ED) in Cork University Hospital (CUH) before and after the expansion of free general practitioner (GP) care to children under the age of 6 years.DesignThis is a retrospective observational study that used a large administrative dataset.SettingThe study was conducted in major Irish tertiary referral centre that serves a total population of over 1.1 million. It is a public hospital, owned and managed by the health service executive.ParticipantsChildren aged 0–15 years who attended CUH ED during the study period of 6 years (2012–2018) were included in this study (n=76 831).InterventionsFree GP care was expanded to all children aged 0–5 years in July 2015.Main outcome measuresPaediatric attendances to CUH ED were examined before (Time Period 1: July 2012–June 2015) and after (Time Period 2: July 2015–June 2018) the expansion of free GP care to children under 6. Changes in GP referral rates and inpatient hospital admissions were investigated.ResultsPaediatric presentations to CUH ED increased from 35 819 during the Time Period 1 to 41 012 during the Time Period 2 (14.5%). The proportion of the CUH ED attendances through GP referrals by children under 6 increased by over 8% in the Time Period 2 (from 10 148 to 14 028). Although the number of all children who attended CUH ED and were admitted to hospital increased in Time Period 2 (from 8704 to 9320); the proportion of children in the 0–5 years group who attended the CUH ED through GP referral and were subsequently admitted to hospital, decreased by over 3%.ConclusionThe expansion of free GP care has upstream health service utilisation implications, such as increased attendances at ED, and should be considered and costed by policy-makers.

Diet selection of sheep: sodium bicarbonate, but not the offering of hay, modifies the effect of urea on diet selection

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. James ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
B. J. Tolkamp
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe hypotheses tested were that the expected preference of sheep for a food with adequate rumen degradable protein (RDP) supplemented with urea would be reduced both by the addition of a buffer (sodium bicarbonate (SB)) and by offering ad libitum access to hay. A control food (C), calculated to be adequate in its ratio of effective RDP to fermentable metabolizable energy (fME), was formulated. Other foods were made by adding 12·5 (U1) or 25 (U2) g urea per kg fresh matter (FM) to C and 20 g SB per kg FM to C, U1and U2. The acid buffering capacity (ABC) of each food was measured in vitro. The experiment consisted of two successive periods, each of 4 weeks. Ninety-eight female, Texel ✕ Greyface sheep were randomly allocated to 14 groups each with seven animals. Groups 1 to 6 were offered one of: C, U2, C + SB, U2+ SB, C with hay or U2with hay throughout the experiment. Groups 7 to 10 were offered the choices of C v. U1or C v. U2, either with or without hay in a change-over design; animals that received hay during period 1 (groups 8 and 10) did not do so during period 2 and vice versa (groups 7 and 9). Groups 11 to 14 (no. = 7) were offered the choices of C v. U1or C v. U2, either with or without SB supplemented to both foods, in a change-over design. Adding either urea, or SB, or both to C had no effects on intake or live-weight gain when offered alone. Both supplements significantly (P 0·001) increased the ABC of food C. Throughout the experiment hay consumption was very low (overall mean: 23 (s.e. 2·5) g hay per sheep day). Offering hay caused no change in the preference for the urea-supplemented foods. Sheep offered the choices C v. U1or C v. U2, with neither hay nor SB, selected 0.466 (s.e. 0·036) and 0.588 (s.e. 0·025) kg/kg total food intake (TFI) of U1and U2respectively. The proportions of the urea-supplemented foods were significantly reduced (P 0.01) by SB supplementation: to 0.348 (s.e.0·045) and 0·406 (s.e.0·059) kg/kg TFI of U1and U2respectively. The effect of SB addition on the diet selection of sheep could be due to its buffering properties. When SB is added to both foods the need for urea to be used as a buffer is reduced with a consequent decrease in the proportion selected as the urea-supplemented food. Effects of diet on buffering may override other diet selection objectives, such as the avoidance of an excess intake of RDP.

China’s Soft Power in Pakistan: The Representation of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor in Local Newspapers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Zahid Shahab AHMED ◽  
Ahsan HANIF ◽  
Baogang HE
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
Newspaper Reporting ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Belt And Road

This article conducts a case study of China’s influence on Pakistan by collecting and analysing news coverage from two prominent English and Urdu newspapers in Pakistan for a five-year period between 2013 and 2018. It compares the changes in newspaper reporting before and after the launch of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in 2015. Analysis has shown a significant increase in positive reporting on the CPEC and China. The case of Pakistan is representative of its recognition of China’s soft power in a developing country, thus offering a new perspective on China’s goodwill vis-à-vis the Belt and Road Initiative.

scholarly journals Konstitusi dan Arah Kebijakan Pembangunan Hukum; Sebelum dan Sesudah Amendemen

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Syafruddin Muhtamar ◽  
Iswandi Rani Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Logical Consequence ◽  
National Development ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
State System ◽  
Strategy Formulation ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of

This study aims to find out (1) the relevance of the mandate of the 1945 Constitution of the policy and legal development in GBHN RPJPN, (2) to the normative strategies of national development planning process in the period of the state system before and after amendment to the Constitution of 1945.  This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive-comparative method. The results showed that (1) the formulation of policy towards development of the law, both the artifacts in the Guidelines of State Policy and RPJPN models, can be said to be substantially relevant to mandate of the Constitution, which applies in the context of each period; (2) there are fundamental differences in strategy formulation nomatif RPJPN GBHN with the preparation. This fundamental difference is the logical consequence of the amendments made to the Constitution of 1945 in the history of the Indonesian nation state system.

scholarly journals Excretion of Heavy Metals and Glyphosate in Urine and Hair Before and After Long-Term Fasting in Humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Grundler ◽  
Gilles-Eric Séralini ◽  
Robin Mesnage ◽  
Vincent Peynet ◽  
Françoise Wilhelmi de Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Before And After

Background: Dietary exposure to environmental pollutants in humans is an important public health concern. While long-term fasting interrupts the dietary exposure to these substances, fat mobilization as an energy source may also release bioaccumulated substances. This was, to our knowledge, only investigated in obese people decades ago. This study explored the effects of 10-days fasting on the excretion of heavy metals and glyphosate.Methods: Urinary levels of arsenic, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel, mercury and glyphosate were measured before and after 10 fasting days in 109 healthy subjects. Additionally, hair analysis was done before and ten weeks after fasting in 22 subjects.Results: Fasting caused a decrease in body weight, and in urinary arsenic (by 72%) and nickel (by 15%) concentrations. A decrease in lead hair concentrations (by 30%) was documented. Urinary mercury levels were unchanged for chromium, cobalt and glyphosate, which were undetectable in most of the subjects. Additionally, fatigue, sleep disorders, headache and hunger were reduced. Body discomfort symptoms diminished four weeks after food reintroduction.Conclusions: The results of this study provide the first insights into the changes in heavy metal excretion caused by long-term fasting. Further studies focusing on the kinetics of efflux between different compartments of the body are needed.Clinical Trial Registration:https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00016657, identifier: DRKS00016657.

The Effect of the Transfusion Protocol on Transfusion Rates and Short-term Outcomes of Preterm Infants in a Tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emel Okulu ◽  
Yasemin Ezgi Kostekci ◽  
Elvis Kraja ◽  
Omer Erdeve ◽  
Saadet Arsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Transfusion Guidelines ◽  
Transfusion Protocol ◽  
Rbc Transfusion

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the epochs before and after the revision of the transfusion guideline, and determine their effects on transfusion rates and short-term outcomes in preterm infants. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted to investigate the effect of the new transfusion guideline. Infants who were born <32 weeks of gestation and received red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in their first 6-weeks of life were divided into two epochs according to adopting the new transfusion guideline. The demographic and clinical data of the patients were compared between these two periods. Results: Fifty-six infants were included (Period 1, n=22; Period, n=34). The number of transfusions, total and cumulative volume of the transfusions were similar in the two periods. There was an inverse relationship between the gestational age and the number of transfusions in both periods (r=-0.575, p=0.005, and r=-0.494, p=0.003), and there was an inverse relationship between the birth weight and the number of transfusions in period 2 (r=-0.423, p=0.013). The ratio of total phlebotomy volume to estimated total blood volume was higher in period 2 (p=0.029). There was a direct relationship between the phlebotomy loss and volume of RBC transfused in period 2 (r=0.487, p=0.003). The incidence of morbidities was similar in the two periods. Conclusion: Changing only the transfusion protocol did not decrease the transfusion number. Although transfusion guidelines were adopted rigorously, it seems to be impossible to reduce RBC transfusion rates unless anemia prevention strategies were also in place.

"Closing volume" changes in alloxan-induced pulmonary edema in anesthetized dogs

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lemen ◽  
J. G. Jones ◽  
P. D. Graf ◽  
G. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Closing Volume ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Alveolar Plateau ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

“Closing volume” (CV) was measured by the single-breath oxygen (SBO2) test in six dogs (alloxan group) before and after alloxan 100–200 mg/kg iv) was injected. CV increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from 32 +/- 3.2% (base line) to 45 +/- 3.5 % in period 1 (0–30 min after alloxan), but vital capacity (VC), respiratory system pressure volume (PV) curves, and alveolar plateau slopes did not change. No radiologic evidence of pulmonary edema was demonstrated in two dogs studied in period 1. CV decreased to 20 +/- 3.9% during period 2 (30–80 min after alloxan) and was associated with tracheal frothing, decreased VC, changes in the PV curve, and alveolar plateau slope, as well as histologic evidence of severe pulmonary edema. CV was 29 +/- 3.0%, and there were no changes in VC, PV curves, or alveolar plateau slopes in 6 other dogs studied for 2 h (control group). CV increased during period 1 before pulmonary edema could be demonstrated by changes in VC, PV curves, or radiography, but in period 2 lung function was so altered that CV by the SBO2 technique gave no useful information.

scholarly journals Effect of Added Sugar on the Consumption of A Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplement Among 7–24-Month-Old Children

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3069
Author(s):  
Harriet Okronipa ◽  
Amado D. Quezada-Sánchez ◽  
Susan L. Johnson ◽  
Cloe Rawlinson ◽  
Selene Pacheco-Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Period ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Nutrient Supplements ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Food Mixture

Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) could help prevent malnutrition. Our primary objective was to examine the acceptability and consumption of sweetened and unsweetened versions of SQ-LNS before and after 14-days of repeated exposure. A total of 78 mother-infant dyads recruited from health centers in Morelos, Mexico, were randomized to two groups of SQ-LNS (sweetened, LNS-S; unsweetened, LNS-U). During the study, infants were fed SQ-LNS (20 g) mixed with 30 g of complementary food of the caregiver’s choice. The amount of supplement-food mixture consumed was measured before, during and after a 14-day home exposure period. We defined acceptability as consumption of at least 50% of the offered food mixture. At initial exposure, LNS-U consumption was on average 44.0% (95% CI: 31.4, 58.5) and LNS-S 34.8% (25.3, 44.0); at final exposure, LNS-U and LNS-S consumption were 38.5% (27.8, 54.0) and 31.5% (21.6, 43.0). The average change in consumption did not differ between the groups (2.2 p.p. (−17.2, 24.4)). We conclude that the acceptability of sweetened and unsweetened SQ-LNS was low in this study population. Since consumption did not differ between supplement versions, we encourage the use of the unsweetened version given the potential effects that added sugar may have on weight gain especially in regions facing the double burden of malnutrition.

scholarly journals Role of opioids in hypoxic pial artery dilation is stimulus duration dependent

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (3) ◽  
pp. H861-H867 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Armstead
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Duration ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Moderate Hypoxia ◽  
Methionine Enkephalin ◽  
Cranial Window ◽  
Pial Artery ◽  
Before And After

Because methionine enkephalin contributes to and dynorphin opposes dilation during a 10-min hypoxic exposure, opioids modulate pial artery dilation to this stimulus. However, such modulation may be dependent on the duration of hypoxia. The present study was designed to characterize the modulation of hypoxic pial dilation by opioids as a function of stimulus duration in newborn pigs equipped with a closed cranial window. Hypoxic dilation was decremented in both moderate and severe groups ([Formula: see text] ≈ 35 and 25 mmHg, respectively) during 20-min and 40-min exposure periods compared with the response during 5 or 10 min of stimulation (24 ± 1, 25 ± 1, 18 ± 1, and 14 ± 1% for 5, 10, 20, and 40 min of moderate hypoxia; means ± SE). Moderate and severe hypoxia had no effect on cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) methionine enkephalin or dynorphin concentration during a 5-min exposure period. During a 10-min exposure, however, both opioids were increased in CSF. During 20- and 40-min exposure periods, CSF dynorphin continued to increase, whereas methionine enkephalin steadily decreased (962 ± 18, 952 ± 21, 2,821 ± 15, 2,000 ± 81, and 1,726 ± 58 pg/ml methionine enkephalin for control, 5, 10, 20, and 40 min of moderate hypoxia, respectively). The μ-opioid (methionine enkephalin) antagonist β-funaltrexamine had no influence on dilation during the 5-min exposure, decremented the 10- and 20-min exposures, but had no effect on 40-min exposure hypoxic dilation. Whereas the κ-opioid (dynorphin) antagonist norbinaltorphimine similarly had no effect on a 5-min exposure dilation, it, in contrast, potentiated 10-, 20-, and 40-min exposure hypoxic dilations (23 ± 1 vs. 23 ± 1, 24 ± 1 vs. 32 ± 1, 16 ± 1 vs. 24 ± 2, and 13 ± 1 vs. 23 ± 3% for 5, 10, 20, and 40-min hypoxic dilation before and after norbinaltorphimine). These data show that opioids do not modulate hypoxic pial dilation during short but do so during longer exposure periods. Moreover, hypoxic pial dilation is diminished during longer exposure periods. Decremented hypoxic pial dilation during longer exposure periods results, at least in part, from decreased release of methionine enkephalin and accentuated release of dynorphin. These data suggest that the relative role of opioids in hypoxic pial dilation changes with the stimulus duration.

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