scholarly journals On the History of the Study of Settlements and Housings of the Mordovians

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-253
Author(s):  
Elena N. Mokshina ◽  
Mikhail I. Svyatkin
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
Spiritual Culture ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetic Problem ◽  
The Russian Empire

Introduction. The article deals with the history of studying traditional settlements and dwellings. The authors pay attention to the analysis of medieval mentions of Mordovians in the works of European missionaries and oriental travelers. The contribution of domestic and foreign researchers in the study of material and spiritual culture of the Mordovian ethnos is considered. Based on the works of Soviet scientists shows the transformation of some architectural and structural details in the development of settlements, housing and economic buildings of the Mordovian people. Modern tendencies in ethnographic studying of a traditional economic and inhabited complex of constructions of Mordovian people are revealed. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the following methods: comparative-historical, historical-genetic, problem chronological, structural-systemic. Among the general scientific methods of research, logical, descriptive, narrative, generalizations, classifications and systematization were used. Numerous works on the topic of research of domestic and foreign authors were analyzed. Results and Discussion. Interest in the study of traditional settlements, dwellings and outbuildings of Mordovians arose quite long ago. The historiography on this issue can be divided into three periods: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet. If in the sources up to the XVIII century could be found only fragments of information on the topic of interest to us, then with the beginning of the reforms of Peter I interest in the study of peoples who lived in the Russian Empire, increases. The Russian Academy of Sciences organized a number of scientific expeditions for comprehensive analysis of the life activities of the peoples of Russia. P. S. Pallas, I. I. Lepekhin, N. P. Rychkov, I. P. Falk, I. G. Georgi and other researchers of the 18th century made a significant contribution to the study of traditional culture of the peoples of Russia and, in particular, of Mordovia. In the XIX century, with the creation of the Russian Geographical Society in 1845, was published a number of scientific papers, which are quite deeply and in detail considered the features of material and spiritual culture of Mordovians. During the Soviet period ethnographic expeditions became regular. Thanks to this, valuable information on the history and traditional culture of the Mordovian people was collected. Among the Soviet researchers who made a significant contribution to the study of Mordovians settlements and dwellings, we should remember N. P. Makushin, V. N. Belitzer, V. A. Balashov, E. I. Goryunova, P. D. Stepanov, V. F. Vavilin and others. In the post-Soviet period, the problem of studying Mordovians settlements and dwellings is still relevant. For example, a number of scientific works by M. V. Suldinsky were devoted to the study of the semantics of Mordovians peasant dwellings; various aspects of this topic were covered in the works of N. F. Mokshin, G. A. Kornishina, A. S. Luzgin, E. N. Mokshina, V. B. Makhaev, A. I. Merkulov, M. I. Svyatkin and others. Conclusion. Thus, the settlements, dwellings, and farm buildings of Mordovians were the objects of study by many researchers.

scholarly journals Between Berlin and Moscow: Polish Western Thought in the Twenty-Year Interwar Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Masnyk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Academic Publications ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article deals with the professional discussion about the so-called “difficult questions” of Russian history that involves historians and teachers in the now independent republics of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Block. Both academic publications and teaching books are used as primary sources for the study. In the first section, the author studies several problems connected with the origin of Russian statehood, the Varangian question, and civilizational characteristics of East Slavic nations. The second section is devoted to the Russian imperial past and especially to the discourse on colonialism, which is often used as an explanatory model for the imperial period by historians and textbook authors in some of the post-Soviet countries. The third section is concerned with the conception of the 1917 revolution. The author emphasizes the fact that the conception of a continuous revolutionary process (1917–1922) has yet to be accepted by Russian secondary schools. In this part, the author considers several other factors significant for understanding the revolutionary process including issues such as the origins of the First World War and the developmental level of the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century. In the fourth section, the article discusses the conception of the 1930s Soviet modernization along with negative opinions about the Soviet period given by scholars of different former Soviet republics. In the fifth section, the author briefly observes contemporary studies of culture and everyday life. It is concluded that the history of culture is not represented well in Russian school textbooks, and it is also found that the studies on everyday life are often lacking in depth. Discussing various “difficult questions” of Russian history, the author highlights controversial historical ideas and opinions, formulated in the post-Soviet countries during the last decades.

scholarly journals Siberian Tatars of Knyazevs: historical and genealogical essay

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-158
Author(s):  
S.N. Korusenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Village

This paper aims at reconstructing the genealogy of Siberian Tatars of Knyazevs (Western Siberia), identifying the origins of their surname, which is not characteristic of the Tatars, and at analysis of the influence of socio-political and socio-economical processes in Russia in the 18th through 20th centuries on the social transformation of the family. The sources were represented by the materials of the Inventory Revision Book of Tarsky District of 1701 and census surveys of the end of 18th through 19th centuries, which allowed tracing the Knyazev family through the genealogical succession and identifying social status of its members. In this work, recordkeeping ma-terials of the 18th–20th centuries and contemporary genealogical and historical traditions of the Tatars have been utilized. In the research, the method of genealogical reconstructions by archival materials and their correlation with genealogies of modern population has been used. The history of the Knyazev family is inextricably linked to the history of modern village of Bernyazhka — one of the earliest settlements of the Ayalintsy (a group of the Si-berian Tatars) in the territory of the Tarsky Irtysh land which became the home to the Knyazevs for more than three centuries. The 1701Inventory Revision Book cites Itkuchuk Buchkakov as a local power broker of the Aya-lynsky Tatars in the village. During the 18th century, this position was inherited by his descendants who eventually lost this status in the beginning of the 19th century in the course of the managerial reforms by the Russian gov-ernment. Nevertheless, the social status of the members of the gens remained high. In the mid. 19th century, the village moved — the villagers resettled from the right bank of the River Irtysh onto the left one. As the result, the village was situated nearby the main road connecting the cities of Omsk and Tara. At the same time, the village became the center of the Ayalynskay region. That led to the strengthening of the social status and property en-richment of the descendants of Itkuchuk Buchkakov. The Knyzevs’ surname first appeared in the materials of the First All-Russia Census Survey of 1897. Some of the descendants signed up under this surname later in the Soviet period. During the Soviet years, members of the Knyzev’s gens had different destinies: some worked in the local government, whereas the others were subjected to political repressions and executed. Knyazevs took part in the Great Patriotic War and seven of them perished. Presently there are no descendants of the Knyazevs in Bernyazhka as they spread over the villages of the Omskaya Region, some living in Omsk and other towns of Russia and abroad.

scholarly journals Impeeriumi ideoloogia etnograafia keelde tõlkimise probleemist / The problem of translating imperial ideology into the language of ethnography

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljubov Kisseljova
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
Russian Territory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Baltic

Artiklis käsitletakse probleemi, kuidas Vene Geograafiaseltsi vaated, mis põhinesid Karl Ernst von Baeri etnograafilisel programmil, realiseerusid populaarses ja teaduslikus diskursuses, ning millist osa etendab etnograafilistes kirjeldustes poliitiline faktor. Mitmeköitelise teose „Maaliline Venemaa“ Baltikumi käsitleva teise köite teise osa näitel analüüsitakse impeeriumi ideoloogia peamiste postulaatide mõju piirkonna ajaloo ning põlisrahvaste kuvandi konstrueerimisele. Näidatakse, et autorid püüavad tõestada, nagu oleks piirkonna põhiprobleem Balti erikord, et kohalik elanikkond vihkab sakslasi ja vaatab lootusega Vene võimu poole. Selline tendents sobis täiesti vene 1860.−1870. aastate hoiakutega Balti küsimuses. Põhijäreldus on, et populaarne diskursus tingib etnograafilise käsitluse lihtsustamise ning ideologiseerimise.   The article views, in as great detail as possible, the history of creating the popular scientific ethnographic publication North-Eastern Borderlands of Russia. The Baltic Region (Северо-Западные Окраины России. Прибалтийский край, 1883) from the ethnographic series Picturesque Russia (Живописная Россия). Differently from Karsten Brüggemann (2018) who placed it in the broad context of 19th-century ethnographic publications, this article is less interested in the context and the general paradigm it blends with than in immanent text analysis, its pragmatics and sources. The author has set herself the task to examine how the book’s anonymous authors cope with the dilemma of academic and popular discourses; to which extent they manage to overcome the ideological and political setting of the era straddling the boundary between the epochs of Alexander II and Alexander III; how they implement the conditions of official imperial ideology – the loyalty of the subjects, the need for the acculturation of borderlands, the consolidation of a unified imperial nation. Therefore, a brief digression is made into the general features of imperial ideology. The beginning of the article describes how the publication reflected the general views of the Russian Geographical Society that should have become the patron of the publication. It is shown that Karl Ernst v. Baer’s article “On ethnographical studies in general and in Russia in particular” (“Об этнографических исследованиях вообще и в России в особенности”, 1846), which makes a clear distinction between the scientific and political tasks of ethnography, played a role in the formation of the concept of Picturesque Russia. The authors met the scholarly criteria in their selection of reliable information about the history of the Baltic provinces and their peoples and the new stage in the formation of the national mentality of Estonians and Latvians in the period of modernisation. The authors underscored how education influenced the gradual breakaway from the traditional lifestyle, creation of national cultural societies and periodicals, development of new literature in the local languages. They tried to present to the readers interesting digressions into the history of the region and its peoples, thus meeting the criterion of popularity. Simultaneously, the authors adhered to clear ideological principles: the territory of the Baltic provinces is a primordial “Russian” territory and must forever remain a part of the Russian Empire (the authors, naturally, could not imagine that the empire was not eternal). The indigenous peoples suffered greatly because of the German invasion in the 13th century and the long-time German rule that would follow; they hated Germans, strove for liberation from German domination and wanted to integrate into the Russian context. This attitude fully met the ideology and policy of the Russian authorities concerning the Russian acculturation of the region and gradual cancellation of the Baltic special order. One of the principles of the authors of the publication was to show the indigenous peoples’ support to such policy. The book about the Baltic provinces was published anonymously, and, until now, archive searches have not revealed the authors’ names. Analysis shows that the book is a compilation; the authors relied on many sources, which are listed in the current article. However, the lack of a single editor, heterogeneity of different parts of the book, and ideological engagement had a negative effect on the quality of the book. Picturesque Russia, which was planned as an extensive and very expensive project covering the history, geography and ethnography of the all regions of the Russian Empire did not prove as successful as its initiator, the renowned Russian published Maurycy Wolff, had expected. The bulky and heavy tomes did not sell well and did not get a serious response from Russian readers. Still, the books of this series, and The Baltic Region in particular, became sources for many popular publications of the time, including guidebooks on Russia not only in Russian, but also in German.

scholarly journals Lithuanian Synagogues: From the First Descriptions to Systematic Research

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Vilma Gradinskaite
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Heritage Conservation ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Descriptive Method

The article presents an analysis of the development stages of synagogue research methodology in Lithuania during the four major historical periods of the country—Lithuania in the Russian Empire (1795–1918), Vilnius Region in the interwar period and the independent Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940), the Soviet period (1940–1990), and the independent Republic of Lithuania restored in 1990. Each chapter of the article deals with the issues of synagogue research, heritage conservation and management, while the part about the restored independent Republic of Lithuania and modern days includes topical issues related to synagogue restoration, commemoration and putting them into operation. The study uses two different sources: archival materials and publications. Written sources and publications are reviewed in chronological order and start from the end of the 18th century. The study employs several research methods—the historical descriptive method, the comparative method and the analysis method.

Pedagogical Principles of Child Custody in European Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-190
Author(s):  
Marija Czepil ◽  
Oresta Karpenko
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Custody Of Children ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Innovative Idea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The article describes the forms of orphans’ care, custody of children deprived of parental care, their emergence and development in European countries of the 18th century – the first half of the 19th century. Attention is focused on the theory and practice of custodial education, socio-pedagogical concepts, which are based on the principle of family and living together, where you care for the child and love him. The concept of upbringing in Children’s homes, which for the first time in the history of upbringing was implemented in Switzerland, was highlighted. A significant contribution to the theory and practice of upbringing was the adoption to Rescue houses kids of both sexes. At that time that was an innovative idea.

The ministry of Saint Theophan (Govorov) on the Tambov Land: Tambov diocese in 1859–1863

Neophilology ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 413-418
Author(s):  
Theodosius Vasnev
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
Spiritual Education ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Church Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Monastic Communities ◽  
The Russian Empire

Tambov Governorate in the Russian Empire until the beginning of the XX century was the largest region of the country. The borders of the Tambov diocese and the Tambov Governorate coincided with the end of the 18th century. There were 16 monasteries and monastic communities. Bishop Theophan paid special attention to the development of spiritual life in the Tambov Governorate. He fed seminars and schools for girls (the diocesan women's school). Saint Theophan founded the first periodical journal in the diocese, the Tambov Eparchial Journal. For a short period of stay in Tambov, he proved himself to be an active organizer of various areas of church life, including missionary and educational significance. Bishop Theophan was keenly interested in all questions that were connected with the activities of the clergy, their behavior and relations among themselves. The Saint always showed love and compassion for his flock, and especially in the days of severe trials. Bishop Theophan left a bright mark in the history of the Tambov diocese as a trustee of the theological seminary and diocesan schools, the founder of temples and the organizer of decency in the cloisters, a writer and a teacher of morality, caring for the spiritual education, education and perfection of the inhabitants of the Tambov territory.

scholarly journals Military Orientologist Schools in the Context of the Foreign and Military Policy of the Russian State in the Late 19th ‒ early 20th Centuries. [Review on:] Baskhanov M. K. A History of the Study of Eastern Languages in the Russian Imperial Army. Saint-Petersburg: Nestor-istoria, 2018. 632 p.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1189-1201
Author(s):  
M. D. Bukharin
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Military Schools ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

The territorial expansion of the Russian Empire in the 18th–19th cent. resulted in urgent need to study both the peoples of the newly acquired Eastern territories, which becameRussiaas well as and their neighbours. A special role in this process was played by the military servicemen who stationed on the borders. Since the second half of the 18th century in the Russian military schools was developed a system of teaching Oriental languages. In his recent monograph “The History of the Study of Oriental Languages in the Russian Imperial Army” (St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria; 2018) the author M. K. Baskhanov provides a detailed description of the history and teaching process in 24 Russian military schools where the cadettes were taught Oriental languages. M. K. Baskhanov outlines strengths and weaknesses of the teaching curricula, as well as the results gained by the Russian servicemen subject to this training. The author pays special attention to prospected plans in Orientalist training, which have never been implemented. The summary of M. K. Baskhanov’s research is that in spite of significant intellectual potential of the military specialists in Eastern countries their knowledge and experience were not used in full ‒ either in Imperial Russia or during the Soviet time. The monograph by M. K. Baskhanov is a remarkable piece of modern historical studies, which will be a reference book for many years to come for those who studyRussia’s foreign policy in 18th–20th cent.

scholarly journals Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in the Days of Great Trials: 1941-1942

2020 ◽  
pp. 719-735
Author(s):  
Simon S. Ilizarov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ussr Academy ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
Soviet Academy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

This paper reviews the work of the Archive of the Soviet Academy of Sciences during the blockade of Leningrad in 1941–42. It is based on the archive series that contains a report detailing the work of the 22 Academy’s institutions in Leningrad (11 scientific research institutes, 3 museums, the Archive, the Library, the Geographical Society, etc.) over 7 months of 1942 and prepared for the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It lists Archive’s staff members who died or were evacuated during this period. It shows that, even in the hardest days under the blockade, the work in the Archive never stopped. An important part of this work was associated with the activities of the Commission for the History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (KIAN). The paper reviews the history of the KIAN creation under the auspices of the Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad in 1938, soon after forcible liquidation of the Institute for the History of Science and Technology and tragic death of its first director, Academician N.I. Bukharin. A number of outstanding historians-archivists and historians of science – A.I. Andreyev, I.I. Lyubimenko, L.B. Modzalevskii, and others – participated in the work of the KIAN headed by Academician S. I. Vavilov and his deputy, Director of the Archive, G.A. Knyazev. The research and archaeographic work of the Archive’s staff was associated with preparation of publications for the “Scientific Heritage” series (it was established in 1940 upon initiative of the President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences V. L. Komarov with active participation of the eminent historian of science T. I. Rainov). During that period, the editorial work on the second volume of the “Reviews of Archive Materials” (Obozreniya arkhivnykh materialov) was completed and V.F. Gnucheva completed her unique history-of-science book “The Geographical Department of the 18th century Academy of Sciences.” Both books were published after the war, in 1946. The main result of the work of the few Archive’s staff members was safeguarding the precious historical materials and searching for, concentrating, and preserving documentation of evacuated institutions and individual scientists, some of whom were killed by the cold, famine, and diseases. The paper contains data from official reports: quantitative data concerning documents taken into the Archive’s custody in 1941 and in 1942 and processed and described series; it names institutions and scholars, whose documents ended up in the Archive of the Academy of Sciences. By July 31, 1942, the number of fonds in the Archive reached 740. Reports of such Academy institutions as the Institute of Oriental Studies, the N.Ya. Marr Institute for the History of Material Culture, the Institute of Literature, the All-Union Geographical Society, and others allow the scholars to analyze their work associated with the preservation of books and archival fonds and collections. The paper is based on documentary sources that are being introduced into scientific use for the first time.

scholarly journals IMPERIAL AND SOVIET DIMENSIONS OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ISSUE IN O. LOTOTSKY’S JOURNALISM

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Galina Mykhailenko
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Independent State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
National Issue

This paper aims at studying O. Lototsky’s journalistic works during the revolutions of 1905-1907, 1917-1921 and the emigration of 1920-1930. The main focus is on the analysis of the position of Ukrainian lands in the imperial era and the Soviet period, as well as the vision of key problems and political prospects proposed in the articles of O. Lototsky. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Both general scientific and special-historical methods are used in the study, namely: historical and comparative, problematic, research tools of the history of ideas (intellectual history) and biographistics. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by its focus on the analysis of the content of Lototsky’s journalistic works in the context of opportunities to solve the Ukrainian national issue in the conditions of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Conclusions. O. Lototsky’s creative legacy contains a significant amount of journalistic material. Their topics are diverse: from reviews of the economic situation of Ukrainian lands to the analysis of the state of educational institutions in the Russian Empire and the problems of the clergy. Considerable attention in these materials is devoted to the Ukrainian national issue. Due to O. Lototsky’s active social activity from 1906 to 1917, the topics of his essays frequently intertwined with the problems in which he was directly involved (for example, the status of the Ukrainian language and the abolition of bans on its use). The position of the Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire and other states in the specified period was of his particular concern. During the emigrant era, the publicist continued to express his vision of the situation of Ukrainian territories within the USSR. The leading idea expressed in most of O. Lototsky’s materials of that period was that the state policy of both the Russian Empire and the USSR did not provide for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state, let alone support for Ukrainian culture. Given the historical experiences of the Ukrainian lands, O. Lototsky in the 1920s and 1930s was an active supporter of the creation of an independent state. O. Lototsky’s diverse creative legacy, his active social and political activities leave many more aspects for further elaboration, analysis, and determination of the significance of his heritage in the intellectual history of Ukraine and the Ukrainian movement.

Kyiv

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Betlii
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Time Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Near Future

Urban studies is still an undeveloped field in Ukraine, partly as a result of a lack of field institutionalization at Ukrainian universities. On the other hand, only in the early 21st century, urban challenges became a subject of interest of urban activists who started raising questions regarding strategic developments of Ukrainian cities. Thanks to that, the urban agenda has become visible and discussible on some independent research institutions or media platforms. Scholarship on Kyiv is a good illustration of this situation. There are not that many scholarly works dedicated exclusively to Kyiv. Ukrainian historians quite often address Kyiv issues in their research on a more general Ukrainian context. Western historians, focusing on the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, mention Kyiv in their work but rarely choose this city as a main subject of examination. This article will introduce the reader to themes examined by scholars who have studied the history or current development of Kyiv. The majority of these studies are written in Ukrainian and have never been translated into English. Considering the emerging status of Kyiv studies, this article attempts to strike a balance between being inclusive and, at the same time, selective. A number of the sources cited here are the only existing examinations of a certain topic. Most of the citations refer to books, with just a handful of articles listed in this article. Papers written by Ukrainian historians are typically very short and do not analyze their topics deeply enough to be mentioned in a citation. Western scholars usually finalize their research in book-length publications, and their research on Kyiv is cited in this article. This article is divided into several topical sections, within which citations are organized chronologically, covering the time period from the medieval history of Kyiv to the present day. This article demonstrates that the late imperial history of Kyiv has been researched the best. There will likely be even more scholarship on this period due to the fact that Kyiv archives are rich and open to researchers, and their records have even been published online. In contrast, the Soviet period is barely touched by urban scholars. It is still uncertain to what degree the current challenges of Kyiv’s development will be reflected in scholarship in the near future. In order to get any further updates on the topic, one might consult the publisher Varto, which specializes in Kyiv literature.

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