scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance: review

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-404
Author(s):  
R. Moutafchieva ◽  
D. Mladenov
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Rational Therapy ◽  
Global Increase

The global increase in antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge in the fields of medicine and microbial ecology. Increasing clinical incidents are a threat to animal and human health, as well as for the protection of the environment. Nowadays the antibiotic resistance grows. The increasing prevalence of it is a serious challenge for both human and animal health. Antibiotic resistance can impose serious constraints on the treatment of many bacterial infections. To avoid its development is necessary to identify the causes and eliminate them. On the first place, the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials should be avoided. That means to know and follow the principles of rational therapy. To prevent the spread of resistance it is necessary to keep strong monitor for the use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals An In Vitro Chicken Gut Model Demonstrates Transfer of a Multidrug Resistance Plasmid from Salmonella to Commensal Escherichia coli

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick M. Card ◽  
Shaun A. Cawthraw ◽  
Javier Nunez-Garcia ◽  
Richard J. Ellis ◽  
Gemma Kay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Plasmid Transfer ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Antibiotic Administration

ABSTRACT The chicken gastrointestinal tract is richly populated by commensal bacteria that fulfill various beneficial roles for the host, including helping to resist colonization by pathogens. It can also facilitate the conjugative transfer of multidrug resistance (MDR) plasmids between commensal and pathogenic bacteria which is a significant public and animal health concern as it may affect our ability to treat bacterial infections. We used an in vitro chemostat system to approximate the chicken cecal microbiota, simulate colonization by an MDR Salmonella pathogen, and examine the dynamics of transfer of its MDR plasmid harboring several genes, including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase bla CTX-M1. We also evaluated the impact of cefotaxime administration on plasmid transfer and microbial diversity. Bacterial community profiles obtained by culture-independent methods showed that Salmonella inoculation resulted in no significant changes to bacterial community alpha diversity and beta diversity, whereas administration of cefotaxime caused significant alterations to both measures of diversity, which largely recovered. MDR plasmid transfer from Salmonella to commensal Escherichia coli was demonstrated by PCR and whole-genome sequencing of isolates purified from agar plates containing cefotaxime. Transfer occurred to seven E. coli sequence types at high rates, even in the absence of cefotaxime, with resistant strains isolated within 3 days. Our chemostat system provides a good representation of bacterial interactions, including antibiotic resistance transfer in vivo. It can be used as an ethical and relatively inexpensive approach to model dissemination of antibiotic resistance within the gut of any animal or human and refine interventions that mitigate its spread before employing in vivo studies. IMPORTANCE The spread of antimicrobial resistance presents a grave threat to public health and animal health and is affecting our ability to respond to bacterial infections. Transfer of antimicrobial resistance via plasmid exchange is of particular concern as it enables unrelated bacteria to acquire resistance. The gastrointestinal tract is replete with bacteria and provides an environment for plasmid transfer between commensals and pathogens. Here we use the chicken gut microbiota as an exemplar to model the effects of bacterial infection, antibiotic administration, and plasmid transfer. We show that transfer of a multidrug-resistant plasmid from the zoonotic pathogen Salmonella to commensal Escherichia coli occurs at a high rate, even in the absence of antibiotic administration. Our work demonstrates that the in vitro gut model provides a powerful screening tool that can be used to assess and refine interventions that mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance in the gut before undertaking animal studies. IMPORTANCE The spread of antimicrobial resistance presents a grave threat to public health and animal health and is affecting our ability to respond to bacterial infections. Transfer of antimicrobial resistance via plasmid exchange is of particular concern as it enables unrelated bacteria to acquire resistance. The gastrointestinal tract is replete with bacteria and provides an environment for plasmid transfer between commensals and pathogens. Here we use the chicken gut microbiota as an exemplar to model the effects of bacterial infection, antibiotic administration, and plasmid transfer. We show that transfer of a multidrug-resistant plasmid from the zoonotic pathogen Salmonella to commensal Escherichia coli occurs at a high rate, even in the absence of antibiotic administration. Our work demonstrates that the in vitro gut model provides a powerful screening tool that can be used to assess and refine interventions that mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance in the gut before undertaking animal studies.

scholarly journals Effects of In-Feed Chlortetracycline Prophylaxis in Beef Cattle on Animal Health and Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (24) ◽  
pp. 7197-7204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getahun E. Agga ◽  
John W. Schmidt ◽  
Terrance M. Arthur
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTConcerns have been raised that in-feed chlortetracycline (CTC) may increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR), specifically tetracycline-resistant (TETr)Escherichia coliand third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr)E. coli. We evaluated the impact of a 5-day in-feed CTC prophylaxis on animal health, TETrE. coli, and 3GCrE. coli. A control group of cattle (n= 150) received no CTC, while a CTC group (n= 150) received in-feed CTC (10 mg/lb of body weight/day) from the 5th to the 9th day after feedlot arrival. Over 25% (38/150) of the animals in the control group developed illnesses requiring therapeutic treatment with antimicrobials critically important to human medicine. Only two animals (1.3%) in the CTC group required such treatments. Fecal swab and pen surface occurrences of genericE. coli(isolated on media that did not contain antimicrobials of interest and were not isolated based on any specific resistance), TETrE. coli, and 3GCrE. coliwere determined on five sampling occasions: arrival at the feedlot, 5 days posttreatment (5 dpt), 27 dpt, 75 dpt, and 117 dpt. On 5 dpt, TETrE. coliconcentrations were higher for the CTC group than the control group (P< 0.01). On 27 dpt, 75 dpt, and 117 dpt, TETrE. coliconcentrations did not differ between groups. 3GCrE. colioccurrences did not differ between control and CTC groups on any sampling occasion. For both groups, generic, TETr, and 3GCrE. colioccurrences were highest on 75 dpt and 117 dpt, suggesting that factors other than in-feed CTC contributed more significantly to antimicrobial-resistantE. colioccurrence.IMPORTANCEThe occurrence of human bacterial infections resistant to antimicrobial therapy has been increasing. It has been postulated that antimicrobial resistance was inevitable, but the life span of the antimicrobial era has been prematurely compromised due to the misuse of antimicrobials in clinical and agricultural practices. Direct evidence relating the use of antimicrobials in livestock production to diminished human health outcomes due to antimicrobial resistance is lacking, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has taken an approach to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize the selection of resistant microorganisms through judicious use of antimicrobials. This study demonstrated that prophylactic in-feed treatment of chlortetracycline administered for 5 days to calves entering feedlots is judicious, as this therapy reduced animal morbidity, reduced the use of antimicrobials more critical to human health, and had no long-term impact on the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistantE. coli.

Recent Review on Subclass B1 Metallo-β-lactamases Inhibitors: Sword for Antimicrobial Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 756-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Kaushik ◽  
Manish Kaushik ◽  
Viney Lather ◽  
J.S. Dua
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Powerful Strategy

An emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance for microbial pathogens is alarming all the nations, posing a global threat to human health. The production of the metallo-&#946;-lactamase enzyme is the most powerful strategy of bacteria to produce resistance. An efficient way to combat this global health threat is the development of broad/non-specific type of metallo-&#946;-lactamase inhibitors, which can inhibit the different isoforms of the enzyme. Till date, there are no clinically active drugs against metallo- &#946;-lactamase. The lack of efficient drug molecules against MBLs carrying bacteria requires continuous research efforts to overcome the problem of multidrug-resistance bacteria. The present review will discuss the clinically potent molecules against different variants of B1 metallo-&#946;-lactamase.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of quinolone resistance and implications for human and animal health

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 277-285
Author(s):  
Maja Velhner ◽  
Gordana Kozoderovic ◽  
Zora Jelesic ◽  
Igor Stojanov ◽  
Radomir Ratajac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Target Enzyme

Quinolone antibiotics have been widely used in human and veterinary medicine. This has caused the development of resistance and difficulties in the treatment of complicated bacterial infections in humans. The resistance to quinolones develops due to chromosome mutations and it can also be transferred by plasmids. The target enzyme for quinolones in Gram-negative bacteria is Gyrasa A, while the target enzyme in Grampositive bacteria is mostly topoisomerase IV. Gyrase A consists of two subunits encoded by genes gyrA and gyrB. The function of the enzyme is to introduce negative super coiling in DNA and therefore is essential for the replication of bacteria. Quinolone resistance develops if point mutations at 83 and/or 87 codon are introduced on gyrA. Establishing a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to this group of antimicrobials will reveal possible mutations. Recently it was discovered that quinolone resistance is transmittable by plasmid termed PMQR (plasmid mediated quinolone resistance). The target gene marked qnr encodes a pentapeptide repeat family protein. Pentapeptide repeats form sheets, involved in protein-protein interactions. Qnr protein binds to GyrA protecting the enzyme from the inhibitory effect of ciprofloxacin. The distribution of qnr related resistance is higher in humans than in animals. In poultry, however, this type of resistance is present more than in other animals. Plasmid mediated resistance contributes to the faster spread of quinolone resistance. Proper food handling will significantly contribute to decreasing the risk from infection to which people are exposed. In medical and veterinary laboratories antimicrobial resistance monitoring in clinical and environmental isolates is advised. Since correlation between antibiotics application and antimicrobial resistance is often suggested, antimicrobial use must be under strict control of the authorities both in human and in veterinary medicine. .

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

10.3823/846 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelraouf A Elmanama ◽  
Suhaila Al-Sheboul ◽  
Renad I Abu-Dan
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Bacterial Adhesion ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Infection Site ◽  
Major Virulence Factor

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa threatens patient’s care. It is considered as the most complicated health care associated pathogen to be eliminated from infection site. The biofilm forming ability of P. aeruginosa, being a major virulence factor for most pathogenic microorganism, protects it from host immunity and contribute to antibiotic resistance of this organism. It is estimated that about 80% of infectious diseases are due to biofilm mode of growth. Biofilm forming ability of bacteria imparts antimicrobial resistance that leads to many persistent and chronic bacterial infections. The world is becoming increasingly under the threat of entering the “post-antibiotic era”, an era in which the rate of death from bacterial infections is higher than from cancer. This review focus on P. aeruginosa biofilm forming ability; definition, developmental stages, and significance. In addition, the quorum sensing and the antibiotic resistance of this pathogen is discussed. Keywords: Biofilm; bacterial adhesion; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; antimicrobial resistance; quorum sensing.

Antimicrobial carbon-dot-stabilized silver nanoparticles

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Liang Ma ◽  
Kexin Li ◽  
Shaobin Gu ◽  
Ying Wu ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Carbon Dot ◽  
Excellent Candidate

Bacterial infections have posed an emerging threaten to human health. The overuse of various antibiotics is unavoidable to cause antibiotic resistance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) provide an excellent candidate for combating...

Antimicrobials: Modes of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick F. Mc Dermott ◽  
Robert D. Walker ◽  
David G. White
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Mobile Dna ◽  
Genetic Event ◽  
Active Efflux ◽  
Dna Elements

After six decades of widespread antibiotic use, bacterial pathogens of human and animal origin are becoming increasingly resistant to many antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial resistance develops through a limited number of mechanisms: (a) permeability changes in the bacterial cell wall/membrane, which restrict antimicrobial access to target sites; (b) active efflux of the antimicrobial from the cell; (c) mutation in the target site; (d) enzymatic modification or degradation of the antimicrobial; and (e) acquisition of alternative metabolic pathways to those inhibited by the drug. Numerous bacterial antimicrobial resistance phenotypes result from the acquisition of external genes that may provide resistance to an entire class of antimicrobials. These genes are frequently associated with large transferable extrachromosomal DNA elements called plasmids, on which may be other mobile DNA elements such as transposons and integrons. An array of different resistance genes may accumulate on a single mobile element, presenting a situation in which multiple antibiotic resistance can be acquired via a single genetic event. The versatility of bacterial populations in adapting to toxic environments, along with their facility in exchanging DNA, signifies that antibiotic resistance is an inevitable biological phenomenon that will likely continue to be a chronic medical problem. Successful management of current antimicrobials, and the continued development of new ones, is vital to protecting human and animal health against bacterial pathogens.

scholarly journals Critically important antimicrobial preparations for veterinary medicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (87) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.I. Stetsko ◽  
V.P. Muzyka ◽  
V.M. Hunchak
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances

The resistance of microorganisms, bacterial pathogens, to antimicrobials is a global problem in both healthcare and veterinary medicine. It is believed that the main reason for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in humans is the transfer of antibiotic resistant strains of microorganisms or genes, determinants of resistance, through products of animal origin from productive animals to humans. Thus, the main way of antimicrobial resistance containment is to restrain and minimize it through the prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, especially those that are critically important for productive animals. In addition, some classes of antibacterial substances and antibiotics, that are widely used in humane medicine, are used in veterinary medicine. The need to use and preserve these important therapeutic agents is relevant from the point of view of the concept «One Health». The article provides a list of all antibacterial substances used by productive animals for their importance in veterinary medicine, developed by a special group of experts of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Any antimicrobial agent authorized for use in veterinary medicine for productive animals, in accordance with the criteria for quality, safety and efficacy as defined in Section 6.9 of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code, is considered to be important for veterinary medicine. All the antimicrobial substances used for productive animals are divided in this list on critical, very important and important for veterinary medicine. Attention was also drawn to the peculiarities of the use of critical antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine, especially those recognized as critical in humane medicine. These include aminoglycosides, cephalosporins of the 3rd and 4th generation, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides, macrolides, some penicillins and polymyxins. The article also describes the classification of critical antimicrobials by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Panel of Experts on Antimicrobials (AMEG) of the WHO based on the risk profile for humans through the development of antimicrobial resistance after application to productive animals. Such an assessment will give veterinary practitioners an important justification when they make decisions about the clinical treatment of bacterial infections and the responsible appointment of antimicrobial therapy. This will help to reach the balance among the achievement of the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy of productive animals, reducing of the selective pressure on the development of antibiotic resistance and ensuring of a high level of human health.

scholarly journals Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Era of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 633-642
Author(s):  
Aditi Deepak Gupta ◽  
Praful S. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Resistance Tests

Antimicrobial resistance is a slow-growing phenomenon that could even be a reason for a future pandemic. Due to inappropriate diagnosis and consumption of antibiotics, the bacteria have become resistant to the antibiotics used. In the era of COVID-19, this blind consumption of antibiotics has rapidly increased due to the period of quarantine and fear of the disease. Ligue to the fear of the pandemic, especially in ru, rural areas, many patients avoid going to the hospital and consuming antibiotics without any prescription. Various retrospective studies have shown a relationship between bacterial co-infection and AMR, which is increased in the era of COVID-19. Also, the secondary bacterial infections associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 have added to the risk of antimicrobial resistance. The viral effect on the respiratory system is favorable for bacterial infection, as in the case of COVID-19 affecting the respiratory tract followed by co-bacterial infection in some cases. COVID-19 has affected AMR in many aspects. Proper antibiotic resistance tests should be performed before prescribing any antibiotics to the patient to reduce the chances of AMR, especially in such an obnoxious situation of COVID-19. This crucially calls for a brand new and effective plan of action to attenuate the influence of the pandemic on antimicrobial resistance. Statistics of various countries in matters of antimicrobial resistance have shown an increase in AMR due to the concentration of health workers, researchers, and population on the pandemic associated with COVID-19. This calls for the necessity to aware the population worldwide about antimicrobial resistance and how it could be a hidden menace in the future and could probably prove to be a matter of concern as it would worsen the condition of the patients in a particular disease and would decrease the various possible aspects of the treatment especially in case of treatment based on antibiotics.

Antimicrobial Resistance is a Global Problem

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
A.G. Salmanov ◽  
V.V. Trokhymchuk ◽  
O.M. Verner ◽  
O.O. Lugach
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
The Public ◽  
Treatment Action

Infectious agents resistance to antimicrobials remains a challenging open problem of health care around the world. As a result, treatment-induced infections pose a serious threat to public health in general. This problem has become so important that the overwhelming majority of countries consider it a threat to the national security. Resistance to antimicrobials threatens to offset the very fundamentals of modern medicine and the sustainability of the public health system effective global response to a permanent infectious diseases threat. Today, antimicrobial resistance issues can be tackled provided that one implements an effective One Health approach (the principle of human and animal health interrelation), assuming that there is a coordination between different sectors and subjects, including experts in medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, ecology, and well-informed consumers. To ensure effectiveness of treatment, action is urgently needed to counteract the further development and spread of antibiotic resistance, which is driven by antibiotic use in all sectors. Since this resistance has no ecological, sectoral or geographical borders, its appearance in one sector affects resistance in other sectors. National authorities, veterinarians, physicians, patients and farmers all have key roles in preserving the power of antibiotics. The prevention and containment of antibiotic resistance therefore requires addressing all risk factors for the development and spread of antibiotic resistance across the full spectrum of conditions, sectors, settings (from health care to use in food-animal production) and countries. This article explores the options for prevention and containment of antibiotic resistance in the food-chain through national coordination, including the regulation and reduction of antibiotic use in food animals, training and capacity building, surveillance of resistance trends and antibiotic usage, promotion of knowledge and research, and advocacy and communication to raise awareness of the issues. The article suggests possible ways for adopting a holistic, intersectoral, multifaceted approach to this growing problem.

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