Семантика абсолютивной конструкции В русском языке и антипассив

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam Hye Hyun

Данная работа рассматривает абсолютивную конструкцию переходных глаголов в русском языке в соотношении с антипассивом. Переходные глаголы определяются как глаголы, имеющие возмож-ность сочетаться с прямым объектом, т. е. обладают пациентной валентностью. Однако по разным причинам они могут не реализовывать пациентную валентность.Поскольку безобъектное употребление глагола – это результат синтаксической невыразимости пациентного аргумента, логично подходить к нему как к результату сокращения валентностных потенций. С этой точки зрения можно предположить, что безобъектная конструкция переходных глаголов имеет определенные диатетические характеристики. Мы постулируем, что невербализа-ция пациентной валентности сигнализирует о переносе пациентного аргумента на семантическую, коммуникативную периферию, и, следовательно, о его синтаксическом понижении.Выделяются три типа невербализации пациентного аргумента: контекстный эллипсис, семанти-ческая инкорпорация объекта в значение глагола и генерализованная презентация ситуации. Нас интересует прежде всего третий тип, и именно относительно этого типа традиционно применяется термин «абсолютивная конструкция». В отличие от первого и второго типов, в которых невыражен-ный объект восстанавливается через контекст или семантику глагола, в абсолютивной конструкции объект действия не может быть специфицирован, или это делается с трудом. Поэтому абсолютивная конструкция не является неполной конструкцией.Aбсолютивное употребление переходных глаголов – это результат сокращения валентности ком-муникативно нерелевантного объекта, что порождает определенные семантические сдвиги; глагол обозначает не акциональное действие, направленное на какой-то объект, а нечто более стативное, постоянное свойство субъекта, что переносит глагол в иные семантические классы и обусловливает его употребление в определенных контекстах.Абсолютивная конструкция и антипассив имеют общее функциональное сходство, а именно низ-кую дискурсивную выделенность объекта действия и генерализованную репрезентацию ситуации как постоянного свойства субъекта. В русском языке типичным показателем антипассива являет-ся возвратная частица -ся. Поэтому в случаях несущественности, очевидности, неопределенности объекта действия абсолютивная конструкция и антипассивный возвратный глагол могут функцио-нировать синонимично. Ср.: Горчичник сильно жжет Ø / сильно жжется. Следовательно, в данной статье абсолютивная конструкция сравнивается с антипассивными рефлексивными глаголами типа Собака кусается. В русском языке семантический круг антипассивных рефлексивных глаголов от-носительно узок, и это объясняется тем, что их функцию вполне могут заменить невозвратные гла-голы в абсолютивном употреблении.Кроме того, остальные типы опущения пациентной валентности также имеют соотношение с возвратными глаголами других разрядов, но детальное обсуждение этого вопроса станет темой наших дальнейших исследований.This work examines the absolute construction of transitive verbs in Russian in relation to the antipassive. Transitive verbs are defined as verbs that can be combined with a direct object, i.e. they exhibit patient valency. However, for various reasons, this patient valency is not always realized.Since the objectless use of the verb is the result of the syntactic inexpressibility of the patient argument, it is logical to approach it as the result of valency-reducing derivation. From this point of view, it can be assumed that the objectless transitive construction has certain diathetic properties. We postulate that the non-verbalization of patient valency signals the transfer of the patient argument to the semantic, communicative periphery and, consequently, to its syntactic demotion.Three types of non-verbalization of the patient argument are distinguished: context ellipsis, semantic incorporation of an object into the meaning of a verb, and generalized presentation of the situation. We are primarily interested in the third type, for which the term absolute construction is traditionally used. Unlike the first and second types, in which the unexpressed object is reconstructed through the context or semantics of the verb, in the absolute construction, the object of action cannot be specified, or it is diffi cult to do so. Therefore, an absolute construction is not an incomplete construction.The absolute use of transitive verbs is the result of reducing the valency of a communicatively irrelevant object, which generates certain semantic shift s; a verb does not denote an action directed at a concrete object but instead denotes something more stative, a constant property of the subject, which transfers the verb to other semantic classes and determines its use in certain contexts.The absolute construction and the antipassive function similarly in that both rely on the low discursive saliency of the object of action and the generalized representation of the situation as a constant property of the subject. In Russian, a typical indicator of an antipassive is the reflexive -ся. Therefore, when the object of action is insignificant, obvious or ambiguous, the absolute construction and the antipassive reflexive verb can function synonymously (e.g. Горчичник сильно жжет Ø / сильно жжется). Therefore, in this paper, the absolute construction is compared with antipassive reflexive verbs such as Собака кусается. In Russian, the semantic circle of antipassive reflexive verbs is relatively narrow, and this is due to the fact that their function may be replaced by irreflexive verbs in absolute use.In addition, the remaining types of omission of patient valency also have a correlation with reflexive verbs of other categories but a detailed discussion of this issue will be reserved for future research.

Author(s):  
Ksenia G. Kostina

Introduction. Any language’s verb system has many resources for denoting various actions of people. The relations of the action or state of the subject to its object are determined by the grammatical category of the voice, represented in the Udmurt language by the pairs of causative – non-causative, reflexive – non-reflexive forms of voices. The article considers the functioning of the verb’s reflexive voice in the modern Udmurt language, including the etymology of the voice’s affix, the grammatical meanings of reflexive verbs. Materials and Methods. The main material of the research is based on the Udmurt-Russian Dictionary (2008) and the texts of Udmurt writers included into the National Corpus of the Udmurt Language. The article used a set of such research methods as descriptive, continuous sampling, contextual analysis, taking into account the situational conditioning of the verb voice. On specific examples, the use of these methods makes it possible to consider the structure, dynamics and features of the functioning of the reflexive voice of the verb in the Udmurt language. Results and Discussion. As a result of the research, for the first time, among the reflexive voice’s groups we include verbs of passive voice. The reason of it is the low probability of using passive constructions in colloquial speech. The frequent cases of using passive meanings of verbs in the literature and in the press are defined by the calcified translation of foreign-language constructions. Conclusion. The grammatical structure of the Udmurt language is represented by two binary voice’s forms: reflexive/non-reflexive voice and causative/non-causative voice. Specific indicators of reflexive voice are affixes -ськ(ы)-/-ск(ы), -иськ(ы)-/-üськ(ы)-. From the point of view of semantic content, five semantic groups of returnable pledges are distinguished: reflexive, medial, reciprocal, impersonal, passive. The proposed classification is determined by the specifics of the relations between the subject and the object of action.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
A. V. Vorokhobov

Introduction. The relevance of the study of the concept of subjectivity in the work of I.A. Ilyin is connected with the fact that the center of the philosophical reflection of the Russian thinker is anthropological problems of a worldview nature, which is consonant with the developments of both domestic researchers and foreign thinkers in connection with permanent attempts to overcome the current crisis of understanding the human phenomenon in modern humanitarian knowledge.Materials and Methods. The research material is the work of I.A. Ilyin, related to subjectivist themes. The principle of historicism, concreteness, the method of reconstruction, the comparative method and the phenomenological approach are the methodological basis that makes it possible to optimally explicate the developments of I.A. Ilyin in the field of subjectivity.Results. It was established that the problem of subjectivity is a backbone for the philosophical system of I.A. Ilyin. Models of German classical philosophy from the point of view of I.A. Ilyin reveal their inconsistency, while the phenomenological approach requires supplementation from the standpoint of ontological realism. From the point of view of I.A. Ilyin, personality gains its concreteness through connection with the initiating personality of the Absolute.Discussions and Conclusions. The study allowed to carry out an explication, a constitution and an analysis of the concept of human subjectivity in the work of I.A. Ilyin. The originality of the understanding of subjectivity in the personalistic philosophy of I.A. Ilyin is made in the context of the thinker's creative reflection on the views of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and Husserl. I.A. Ilyin believes that a consistent model of the subject can be built only taking into account all anthropological constants, including both the rational and the spiritual components in their orientation towards the absolute Subject.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 160940692110521
Author(s):  
Alba Viana-Lora ◽  
Marta Gemma Nel-lo-Andreu

The article carries out a systematic literature review on the social impact of research in all fields of study. To this end, this study has compiled the publications on the subject using the Web of Science database, and the most relevant terms have been mapped using the VOSviewer tool. The aim of the article is to advance and provide knowledge on the key aspects to be taken into account for research to generate social benefits and to analyse the main methods and instruments used to assess the social impact of research. At the same time, this article serves as a point of reflection to raise awareness, on a recent topic, of the limitations that arise in evaluation and research gaps that can be addressed in future research. This line of research has been in existence for just over 10 years. International programmes, such as Horizon Europe, highlight the impact channels and, in the field of social sciences, specific methodologies such as communicative communication are being developed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to analyse the subject from a global point of view, without specifying the field of study, providing a conceptual map of the subject.


PMLA ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stempel

In his speech on “vertue” (I.iii) Iago defends the absolute power of the individual to will freely. This doctrine of the autonomous will was commonly attributed to the Jesuit theologian, Molina, whose writings were then the subject of bitter controversy. Iago's subtle twisting of moral values also falls into the pattern of malign casuistry and cynical self-aggrandizement associated with the Jesuit image in England. Iago, then, is not the usual Machiavel who spurns both religion and morality; he is the Jesuitical Machiavel who employs the language of piety to “enmesh them all.” Convinced that he is the master of his will, Iago usually finds no difficulty in supplying motives for his actions; yet, after he is unmasked, he doggedly remains silent. From the Augustinian (and Shakespearean) point of view this is simply the ultimate mute evidence that, contrary to his belief, Iago has been mastered by a radically evil will for which he has merely supplied both motive and opportunity. Like the Pardoner and the Ancient Mariner, he knows what he has done, but does not (in the fullest sense of the word) know why he has done it.


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
Jerko Glavaš ◽  
Veljko Kondić ◽  
Iva Balić

Conflicts between different interests are inevitable in every business organization. Therefore, it is not surprising that the number and intensity of conflicts is sometimes very high. Conflict resolution is a skill without which managers can hardly succeed in their business. The subject of research in this paper is conflict management from a technical and economic point of view. The paper defines and analyzes the notion of leadership, that is, elements and dimensions of leadership, the notion of leader, and theoretical approaches to leadership. In addition to the above, the concept of conflict, more specifically its type, levels of conflict, consequences and causes, and techniques of conflict resolution have been defined and analyzed. An online survey (based on the LinkedIn Business Social Network) was conducted to determine how individuals in a production organization respond and resolve conflicts as well as the results of the same. Based on theoretical scientific approach, the conducted research and the analysis of the results, conclusions and recommendations are given, as well as key questions for future research.


Author(s):  
Igor D. Nevvazhay

In this paper, the inevitability of the metaphysics of a subject for the philosophical understanding of a person’s being in the world is established, and the apophatic character of this type of metaphysics is discussed. Analysis of the categories of being and non-being which allow the interpretation of a subject as transcendent and as transcendental being that is characterized by uniformity, spontaneity and irreversibility is also mentioned. The suggested interpretation of a subject discloses both the rational sense of the classical points of view on the absolute, unconditional, timeless and spaceless character of the subject of knowledge, and the compatibility of the notions of the absolute character of a subject and the ontological condition of a human being in society and culture. The main idea of the suggested conception of a subject is the fact that the subject’s being cannot be "housed" into the world, nor can it be characterized as impossible existence for the world. The world can be understood only from the point of view of being impossible (symbolic) existence. The discussion of the problem of identification of a subject shows that the presumption of a subject as one of the existing structures of the world leads to paradoxes and contradictions in the interpretation of the processes taking place in the world. To understand the process of education, it is necessary to bear in mind that it is not only cognitive, but also moral: education is the process of the formation of a subject of knowledge through identification with transcendental symbolic existence, which fact demands making efforts to be on the part of the thinking person.


2021 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Susan L. Slocum

Abstract This chapter presents an ethnographic study of female vendors at a Texas Renaissance festival. Ethnography provides a lens through which the systematic study of the people and cultures is undertaken from the point of view of the subject of the study. The author lived and worked with these women for 8 weeks and conducted 12 interviews during that time frame. While not all interviews included women, this chapter presents the subset of data related to gender identities, business responsibilities, and diverse cultural norms of the women operating within the Renaissance festival community. The goal of this chapter is to deconstruct the complex relationship between women as modern agents and the perceptions of historical narratives of a woman's place in community and business. As a first step in understanding female vendors, negotiated identity, and the social constructions that fuel event participation, this chapter encourages future research into the relationship between event success and vendor relationships, as well as the role of women as entrepreneurs and actors on the event stage.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Sukma Luh Putu Ratnayanti ◽  
Setiawan Luh Gde Intan Purnama Sari

This study aims at (1) describing the rules of the passive voice in Indonesian and Japanese languages, (2) finding the markers of passive sentences in Indonesian and Japanese languages, (3) describing the similarities and differences of passive sentences in Indonesian and Japanese. The data is collected by the descriptive method. The method of data analysis is a contrastive analysis. The result of data analysis is presented by method Indonesian passivization explained by the change of morphology on the verb, for example, Indonesian language passive using markers di-, ter- and ke-an. Meanwhile, Japanese language passivization is described by verbs and nouns functioning as objects in passive sentences. Japanese verbs consist of consonant verbs, vowel verbs, and irregular verbs. Passive sentences in the Japanese language are marked by marker ni + V-areru for consonant verbs, markers ni + V-areru for vocal verbs, ni + V-areru for irregular verbs, and ni + yotte V-areru/V-rareru for verbs that are followed as object inanimate nouns. Similarly, there are two passivizations in Japanese: passivization using the direct object and the indirect object. However, the indirect passivization of the Japanese can use transitive verbs or intransitive verbs. Japanese passive sentences express the completion of an action and an unpleasant meaning. In comparison, the Japanese passive sentence is not used as regularly as Indonesian passive because Japanese passive tends to express a point of view first person. In addition, another difference between passive sentences in Indonesian and Japanese is that in Japanese it is important to know the subject.


1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 246-247
Author(s):  
S. C. Jain ◽  
G. C. Bhola ◽  
A. Nagaratnam ◽  
M. M. Gupta

SummaryIn the Marinelli chair, a geometry widely used in whole body counting, the lower part of the leg is seen quite inefficiently by the detector. The present paper describes an attempt to modify the standard chair geometry to minimise this limitation. The subject sits crossed-legged in the “Buddha Posture” in the standard chair. Studies with humanoid phantoms and a volunteer sitting in the Buddha posture show that this modification brings marked improvement over the Marinelli chair both from the point of view of sensitivity and uniformity of spatial response.


Author(s):  
Muhammad Yousaf ◽  
Petr Bris

A systematic literature review (SLR) from 1991 to 2019 is carried out about EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management) excellence model in this paper. The aim of the paper is to present state of the art in quantitative research on the EFQM excellence model that will guide future research lines in this field. The articles were searched with the help of six strings and these six strings were executed in three popular databases i.e. Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Around 584 peer-reviewed articles examined, which are directly linked with the subject of quantitative research on the EFQM excellence model. About 108 papers were chosen finally, then the purpose, data collection, conclusion, contributions, and type of quantitative of the selected papers are discussed and analyzed briefly in this study. Thus, this study identifies the focus areas of the researchers and knowledge gaps in empirical quantitative literature on the EFQM excellence model. This article also presents the lines of future research.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document