scholarly journals Construction Materials: From Innovation to Conservation

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 308-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Scrivener ◽  
Henri Van Damme
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Microstructure Development ◽  
Complex Materials ◽  
The Past ◽  
Colloid Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
Made In

AbstractThis article serves to introduce the May 2004 issue of MRS Bulletin on Construction Materials: From Innovation to Conservation. By volume, building materials are by far the most widely used type of materials. The most common construction materials—concrete and wood—are paradigms of complex and hierarchical materials, with a microstructure extending quasi-continuously down to the nanoscale. In the past, most improvements have been obtained by modifying the microstructure at the largest scales, for instance, by reducing the macroporosity. Recent advances in our understanding of the interactions and microstructure development show that the major levers for improvement from now on will rely on surface and colloid science and the science of complex materials, often at the nanoscale. This can lead to remarkable properties, such as self-compaction and ultrahigh strength, and even new functionality, such as self-cleaning through photocatalysis. Construction materials face a wide range of challenges today, many of which are linked to the need for more sustainable development: reducing the consumption of raw materials, reducing the energy used in processing, and increasing service life. In many parts of the world, there is also an increasing need to repair, rehabilitate, and conserve old buildings. The articles in this issue touch on these challenges as well as the advances being made in construction materials through materials research.

scholarly journals Bio-based construction materials for a sustainable future

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rijk Block ◽  
Barbara Kuit ◽  
Torsten Schröder ◽  
Patrick Teuffel
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Flax Fibres ◽  
The Past ◽  
Natural Building ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
Primary Materials

<p>The structural engineering community has a strong responsibility to contribute to a more efficient use of natural resources. Nowadays the construction industry is by far the most resource intense industry sector, approximately 40-50% of all primary raw materials are used, which raises the question about the architects and engineer’s accountability. In this context and as a result of the Paris Climate agreement the Dutch government defined the program “Nederland Circulair in 2050”, which states the ambition to use 50% less primary materials in 2030 and to have a full circular economy in 2050.</p><p>One possible approach to achieve these ambitious goals is the application of renewable, bio-based materials in the built environment and to replace traditional, typically cement-based, materials. Already in the past natural building materials, such as timber and bamboo have been used widely, but in recent years new materials came up and provide new opportunities to be used in the construction industry. The authors explored various alternatives, such as hemp and flax fibres, mycelium and lignin-based fibres for composite materials, which will be described with various experimental and realised case studies.</p>

scholarly journals Effective building materials using technogenic waste and mineral raw materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Liliya Berdnikova ◽  
Fedor Gorbunov ◽  
Andrey Lapin
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Slip Casting ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Technogenic Waste ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dry Pressing

The results of research on the development of compositions of construction materials for structural purposes based on technogenic waste and mineral raw materials are presented. The possibility of obtaining materials with a wide range of operational properties by the methods of slip casting (compressive strength of the samples based on chamotte and sand is 53.0–95.9 and 50.0-69.5 MPa, bending strength is 8.1–16.5 and 8.5–15.3 MPa, abrasion is 0.2–0.36 and 0.15–0.39 g/cm2, respectively) and semi-dry pressing (compressive strength of the samples based on chamotte and sand are 19.1–43.5 and 18.3–32.6 MParespectively) isdemonstrated.

scholarly journals Foams based on industrial waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Manakova
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Foam Glass ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Substantial volumes of tailings and waste rocks placed in dumps create serious environmental and economic damage in mining areas and adjacent territories. The development of technologies for processing waste into heat-insulating building materials (foam glass) will make it possible to reduce the burden on the environment, as well as reduce the cost of finished building products. The article substantiates the possibility of obtaining block foamed materials for the production of heat-insulating materials based on man-made waste using low-temperature technology. The author investigated the ways of improving the operational properties of foam silicates by introducing modifying additives (apatite-nepheline waste, fly ash). To obtain foam silicates based on silica-containing waste, a liquid glass composition was prepared, into which additives were introduced. After molding and drying, the samples were swollen. Physical, chemical and thermal properties of foamed silicate materials made of silica-containing raw materials were determined taking into account the requirements of GOST for thermal insulation construction materials. To determine the thermal conductivity coefficient, an ITP-MG 4 electronic thermal conductivity meter was used. Microscopic studies were carried out using a SEM LEO 420 scanning microscope. The author of the article proposes the optimal compositions and conditions for obtaining foam materials that meet the regulatory requirements for materials and products for building insulation. Foamed materials with density up to 0.55 g/cm3, strength 5.5 MPa, water absorption 15–22 %, thermal conductivity 0.09–0.104 W•m/K were obtained. Foam glass materials have a wide range of properties: non-flammable, environmentally friendly, have a long service life, and are not subject to mold deterioration. The obtained materials can be recommended for use as thermal insulation in the construction and reconstruction of industrial and civil buildings and structures.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals THE CURRENT STATE AND TRENDS OF PROCESSING SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS OF WINEMAKING IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Osipova ◽  
A. Khodakov ◽  
O. Radionova ◽  
L. Tkachenko ◽  
T. Abramova
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Administrative Authority ◽  
Secondary Raw Materials ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
Business Structures

The current state of processing secondary raw materials of winemaking in Ukraine has been analysed. It has been shown that these materials are a rich source of bioactive compounds. This allows using them to manufacture a wide range of products (oenological tannin, food oenocolourant, polyphenolic extracts, tartaric acid, beverages, grape oil, vitamin D, protein, animal feed, food powder, fertilisers, abrasive materials, etc.) with high consumer value for various industries: food, pharmaceutical, perfume and cosmetics, chemical, compound feed, etc. In the light of modern views, phenolic compounds contained in large quantities in grape stems and pomace have been shown to be indispensable factors in nutrition and treatment. It has been noted that in today’s Ukraine, there are no specialised enterprises for complex processing of secondary raw materials of winemaking. In particular, unprocessed grape stalks and pomace are in most cases uncontrollably carried away to farmlands. This leads to acid erosion of the soil and to polluting the environment by micromycete metabolites, which but exacerbates one of mankind’s global problems, the environmental one. It has been concluded that traditional domestic technologies of processing secondary raw materials of winemaking are technologically, economically, and environmentally ineffective. There is no comparative analysis of innovative domestic and foreign technologies and equipment for processing secondary raw materials of winemaking. Modern innovations to obtain bioactive additives and other products cannot be introduced, since there is no necessary home-manufactured equipment, and imported machines are too expensive. Besides, there is but weak interaction among wineries, research institutions, business structures, and administrative authority. Cluster ideology has been suggested as a basis to organise comprehensive processing of secondary raw materials of winemaking in Ukraine. This will unite the interests of wineries (producers of secondary raw materials), processing enterprises (manufacturers of products from secondary raw materials), research institutions, and potential consumers of innovative products

Ceramic Composition Material with Mullite Crystals Obtained from the Clayy Raw Material of Yakutia

2020 ◽  
Vol 992 ◽  
pp. 253-258
Author(s):  
M.P. Lebedev ◽  
V.N. Tagrov ◽  
E.S. Lukin
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Composition Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Wide Range

The article deals with the manufacture of modern structural ceramic materials from clay and loam deposits of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The importance and relevance of the development of the production of building materials from local raw materials is emphasized, since this will certainly affect the effectiveness of the construction complex as a whole. The successful development of the construction complex is capable of not only stimulating growth in all sectors of the economy, but also contributes to solving the most pressing social problems. Today, Yakutia has huge reserves of mineral raw materials for the production of a wide range of building materials and products. Of practical interest are wall materials made from clay soils. Given the features of the region’s raw material base, this work focuses on additional processing of traditional material. Controlling the complex physicochemical and structural-mechanical transformations that occur during heat treatment, a methodology has been developed for creating a composite material that will allow competitive innovative materials with enhanced strength properties to be produced with a reinforcing element with a glassy phase matrix of mullite crystals. The fabricated samples have a wide range of physical and mechanical properties and allow using it as a high-quality structural building ceramics, as well as industrial floor technical tile.

The UK Government’s Global Partnership Programme: Its Achievements Over the Past Five Years and Challenges Ahead

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Heyes
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Partnership ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nuclear Security ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Made In

Through the Global Partnership the UK continues to make a significant contribution to improve national and global security. Over the past year the UK has continued to implement a wide range of projects across the breadth of its Global Partnership Programme. As well as ensuring the Programme is robust and capable of dealing with new challenges, the UK has cooperated with other donor countries to help them progress projects associated with submarine dismantling, scientist redirection, enhancing nuclear security and Chemical Weapons Destruction. The Global Partnership, although only five years old, has already achieved a great deal. Some 23 states, plus the European Union, are now working closer together under the Global Partnership, and collectively have enhanced global regional and national security by reducing the availability of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) materials and expertise to both states of concern and terrorists. Considerable progress has already been made in, for example: • Improving the security of fissile materials, dangerous biological agents and chemical weapons stocks; • Reducing the number of sites containing radioactive materials; • Working towards closure of reactors still producing weapon-grade plutonium; • Improving nuclear safety to reduce the risks of further, Chernobyl style accidents; • Constructing facilities for destroying Chemical Weapons stocks, and starting actual destruction; • Providing sustainable employment for former WMD scientists to reduce the risk that their expertise will be misused by states or terrorists. By contributing to many of these activities, the UK has helped to make the world safer. This paper reports on the UK’s practical and sustainable contribution to the Global Partnership and identifies a number of challenges that remain if it is to have a wider impact on reducing the threats from WMD material.

scholarly journals Embodied Energy and CO2 Emissions of Widely Used Building Materials: The Ethiopian Context

Buildings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woubishet Zewdu Taffese ◽  
Kassahun Admassu Abegaz
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Coarse Aggregates ◽  
Human Habitat ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Concrete Blocks

Buildings use a wide range of construction materials, and the manufacturing of each material consumes energy and emits CO2. Several studies have already been conducted to evaluate the embodied energy and the related CO2 emissions of building materials, which are mainly based on case studies from developed countries. There is a considerable gap in cases of developing countries regarding assessment of embodied energy and CO2 emissions of these building materials. This study identified the top five most used construction materials (cement, sand, coarse aggregates, hollow concrete blocks, and reinforcement bars), which are also prime sources of waste generation during construction in the Ethiopian building construction sector. Then, what followed was the evaluation of the embodied energies and CO2 emissions of these materials by examining five commercial and public buildings within the cradle-to-site lifecycle boundary. The evaluation results demonstrated that cement, hollow concrete blocks (HCB), and reinforcement bars (rebars) are the major consumers of energy and major CO2 emitters. Cumulatively, they were responsible for 94% of the embodied energy and 98% of the CO2 emissions. The waste part of the construction materials has inflated the embodied energy and the subsequent CO2 emissions considerably. The study also recommended several strategies for the reduction of embodied energy and the related CO2 emissions. The research delivers critical insights into embodied energy and CO2 emissions of the five most used building materials in the Ethiopian construction industry, as there are no prior studies on this theme. This might be a cause to arouse awareness and interest among the policy makers and the wider public to clearly understand the importance of research on this crucial issue to develop national energy and CO2 descriptors for construction materials, in order to take care of our naturally endowed, but yet fragile, human habitat.

THE SELECTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS TO IMPROVE THE COMFORT AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF CITY HOUSING

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Yur'evna ZHIGULINA ◽  
Natalya Genrikhovna CHUMACHENKO
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Selection Of

The article is devoted to problems of creation of comfortable microclimate. Identifi es sources of pollution, completed their evaluation. Special att ention is paid to the selection of environmentally friendly building materials. In the production of building materials where toxic components can be industrial waste, replacing natural raw materials and chemical additives regulating the properties. In the operation of many building materials, especially those based on polymers, it is necessary to control the release of toxic substances resulting from degradation. For the assessment of comfort and environmental safety of housing is offered to create «Passports of residential buildings», which should be provided with information about construction materials used to evaluate this parameter, environmental home safety, including chemical safety as its component.

Green gold of Africa – Can growing native bamboo in Ethiopia become a commercially viable business?

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (05) ◽  
pp. 628-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Böck
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Subtropical Zone ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Increasing Demand

With concerns about climate change and the search for sustainable construction materials, significant attention is now being paid to Africa's natural resources. Ethiopia, known as Africa's political capital, has a rapidly expanding economy with increasing demand for new construction materials. Through public private partnerships projects the country is developing a sustainable business model to promote bamboo as a raw material. The subtropical zone of Ethiopia is home to approximately 65% of Africa's bamboo resources, an area of over 1 million hectares. Bamboo is potentially an ideal source of local, sustainable purpose-engineered building materials for growing cities not only in Ethiopia but across Africa. Production of conventional construction materials such as steel and concrete is expensive, highly energy intensive and unsustainable, requiring large quantities of water and is strongly dependent on imported raw materials. Bamboo is a renewable building material widely cultivated in Ethiopia but not yet utilized in modern construction. Structural Bamboo Products (SBP), similar to engineered wood products, have excellent potential to partially replace the use of more energy-intensive materials. Projects such as African Bamboo are taking steps in managing, cultivating and using Ethiopian bamboo species to help mitigate rapid deforestation in East Africa by creating alternative “wood” sources and sustainable business opportunities.

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