Li Ion Migration at the Interfaces

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 942-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janko Jamnik ◽  
Miran Gaberscek
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Ion Migration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Solid State Ionics ◽  
Heterogeneous Doping ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Power Capability ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDuring the past decade, the electrochemical properties (energy density, power capability, and cycling stability) of practical lithium (Li) batteries have been enormously improved. Surprisingly, although the knowledge exists of how to prepare excellent batteries, a detailed understanding of how they actually work is still lacking. In particular, the impact of interfaces in electrode composites is poorly understood. Here, we collect the most advanced mechanistic studies performed in our laboratory or published in recent literature and try to embed this knowledge into the well-established concepts used in solid-state ionics for many decades. In particular, we focus on the so-called perpendicular and parallel interfacial effects. We show that much of the old wisdom can be applied to batteries, although there are several important differences. We discuss, in some detail, the effects of charge incorporation, electronic interphase contacting, electrode porosity, and heterogeneous doping in selected advanced electrode materials and emphasize the future perspectives.

The impact of institutionalization on child development

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIM MACLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Canadian Study ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Early Deprivation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Conceptual Difficulties

During the past 10 years researchers studying children adopted from Romanian orphanages have had the opportunity to revisit developmental questions regarding the impact of early deprivation on child development. In the present paper the effects of deprivation are examined by reviewing both the early and more recent literature on studies of children who spent the first few years of life in institutions. Special attention is given to the Canadian study of Romanian adoptees in which the author has been involved. Findings across time and studies are consistent in showing the negative impact of institutionalization on all aspects of children's development (intellectual, physical, behavioral, and social–emotional). Results of studies show, however, that institutionalization, although a risk factor for less optimal development, does not doom a child to psychopathology. However, the impact of institutionalization is greater when coupled with risk factors in the postinstitutional environment. Methodological and conceptual difficulties in research with institutionalized samples of children are discussed and future directions for research are considered.

scholarly journals Social Isolation and Sleep: Manifestation During COVID-19 Quarantines

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
June J. Pilcher ◽  
Logan L. Dorsey ◽  
Samantha M. Galloway ◽  
Dylan N. Erikson
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Organizations ◽  
Sleep Habits ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health And Well Being

Although researchers have investigated the impact of social isolation on well-being, the recent quarantines due to COVID-19 resulted in a social isolation environment that was unique to any examined in the past. Because sleep is one of the endogenous drives that impacts short and long-term health and well-being, it is important to consider how social isolation during the COVID-19 government-mandated quarantines affected sleep and sleep habits. A number of researchers have addressed this question during the last 2 years by examining several concepts related to possible changes in sleep during the quarantines. To best understand these recent results, the current mini review provides a background on the pre-pandemic literature on the effects of social isolation and loneliness with a focus on sleep and then summarizes the recent literature on sleep and sleep habits. In general, sleep was negatively impacted for many people during the pandemics but not all. One group that seemed to benefit from the pandemic in terms of sleep patterns, were younger people who could more easily adapt their sleep times to match their internal chronobiology. Given the potential broad impact of sleep on health and well-being, better understanding how social isolation impacts sleep is an important consideration for individuals, work organizations, and governments.

scholarly journals Extending Battery Lifetime by Avoiding High SOC

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelina Wikner ◽  
Torbjörn Thiringer
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Small Depth ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ageing Model ◽  
Extensive Test ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Result

The impact of ageing when using various State of Charge (SOC) levels for an electrified vehicle is investigated in this article. An extensive test series is conducted on Li-ion cells, based on graphite and NMC/LMO electrode materials. Lifetime cycling tests are conducted during a period of three years in various 10% SOC intervals, during which the degradation as function of number of cycles is established. An empirical battery model is designed from the degradation trajectories of the test result. An electric vehicle model is used to derive the load profiles for the ageing model. The result showed that, when only considering ageing from different types of driving in small Depth of Discharges (DODs), using a reduced charge level of 50% SOC increased the lifetime expectancy of the vehicle battery by 44–130%. When accounting for the calendar ageing as well, this proved to be a large part of the total ageing. By keeping the battery at 15% SOC during parking and limiting the time at high SOC, the contribution from the calendar ageing could be substantially reduced.

scholarly journals Laboratory X-ray Microscopy Study of Microcrack Evolution in a Novel Sodium Iron Titanate-Based Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Viktor Shapovalov ◽  
Kristina Kutukova ◽  
Sebastian Maletti ◽  
Christian Heubner ◽  
Vera Butova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cathode Material ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
X Ray ◽  
3D Morphology ◽  
Iron Titanate ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
The Impact

The long-term performance of batteries depends strongly on the 3D morphology of electrode materials. Morphological changes, i.e., particle fracture and surface deterioration, are among the most prominent sources of electrode degradation. A profound understanding of the fracture mechanics of electrode materials in micro- and nanoscale dimensions requires the use of advanced in situ and operando techniques. In this paper, we demonstrate the capabilities of laboratory X-ray microscopy and nano X-ray computed tomography (nano-XCT) for the non-destructive study of the electrode material’s 3D morphology and defects, such as microcracks, at sub-micron resolution. We investigate the morphology of Na0.9Fe0.45Ti1.55O4 sodium iron titanate (NFTO) cathode material in Li-ion batteries using laboratory-based in situ and operando X-ray microscopy. The impact of the morphology on the degradation of battery materials, particularly the size- and density-dependence of the fracture behavior of the particles, is revealed based on a semi-quantitative analysis of the formation and propagation of microcracks in particles. Finally, we discuss design concepts of the operando cells for the study of electrochemical processes.

scholarly journals The mechanism of translation

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Frank
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Binding Modes ◽  
Recording Medium ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Work Cycle ◽  
The Impact

Translation of the genetic code on the ribosome into protein is a process of extraordinary complexity, and understanding its mechanism has remained one of the major challenges even though x-ray structures have been available since 2000. In the past two decades, single-particle cryo-electron microscopy has contributed a major share of information on structure, binding modes, and conformational changes of the ribosome during its work cycle, but the contributions of this technique in the translation field have recently skyrocketed after the introduction of a new recording medium capable of detecting individual electrons. As many examples in the recent literature over the past three years show, the impact of this development on the advancement of knowledge in this field has been transformative and promises to be lasting.

Fluorescent potentiometric dyes for membrane-potential imaging

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Loew
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Optical Recording ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Excitable Systems ◽  
Major Application ◽  
The Impact

A major application of potentiometric dyes has been the multisite optical recording of electrical activity in excitable systems. After being championed by L.B. Cohen and his colleagues for the past 20 years, the impact of this technology is rapidly being felt and is spreading to an increasing number of neuroscience laboratories. A second class of experiments involves using dyes to image membrane potential distributions in single cells by digital imaging microscopy - a major focus of this lab. These studies usually do not require the temporal resolution of multisite optical recording, being primarily focussed on slow cell biological processes, and therefore can achieve much higher spatial resolution. We have developed 2 methods for quantitative imaging of membrane potential. One method uses dual wavelength imaging of membrane-staining dyes and the other uses quantitative 3D imaging of a fluorescent lipophilic cation; the dyes used in each case were synthesized for this purpose in this laboratory.

Perceived Burden of Informal Caregivers of a Chronically Ill Older Family Member

GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmar Gräßel ◽  
Raffaela Adabbo
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Informal Caregiver ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Stress Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Perceived Burden ◽  
Hypothetical Construct ◽  
Care Situation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

The burden of caregivers has been intensively researched for the past 30 years and has resulted in a multitude of individual findings. This review illustrates the significance of the hypothetical construct of perceived burden for the further development and design of the homecare situation. Following explanations regarding the term informal caregiver, we derive the construct burden from its conceptual association with the transactional stress model of Lazarus and Folkman. Once the extent and characteristics of burden have been set forth, we then present the impact of perceived burden as the care situation. The question of predictors of burden will lead into the last section from which implications can be derived for homecare and relief of caregivers.

Soziale Disziplinierung im flexiblen Kapitalismus

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (136) ◽  
pp. 339-356
Author(s):  
Tobias Wölfle ◽  
Oliver Schöller
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Municipal Level

Under the term “Hilfe zur Arbeit” (aid for work) the federal law of social welfare subsumes all kinds of labour disciplining instruments. First, the paper shows the historical connection of welfare and labour disciplining mechanisms in the context of different periods within capitalist development. In a second step, against the background of historical experiences, we will analyse the trends of “Hilfe zur Arbeit” during the past two decades. It will be shown that by the rise of unemployment, the impact of labour disciplining aspects of “Hilfe zur Arbeit” has increased both on the federal and on the municipal level. For this reason the leverage of the liberal paradigm would take place even in the core of social rights.

Regulatory and sustainability initiatives lead to improved polyaminopolyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet-strength resins and paper products

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 519-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Crisp ◽  
Richard Riehle
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Sustainability Initiatives ◽  
The Impact

Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document