scholarly journals Inequalities in the access to healthy urban structure and housing: an analysis of the Brazilian census data

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Fernando Boing ◽  
Alexandra Crispim Boing ◽  
S. V. Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Garbage Collection ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
The North ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Government Planning

Abstract: This study aims (1) to test the association between access to basic sanitation/hygiene services in Brazilian households with their householders’ socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; (2) to analyze the distribution of urban health-relevant elements in the census tracts according to their income, education and race/color composition. The information come from the 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census, which collected data regarding both household conditions and urban structure of the census tracts. Prevalence ratios were calculated using crude and adjusted Poisson regression models. The proportional distribution of the census-tract urban structure was performed, according to the deciles of the exploratory variables, and the ratios and the absolute differences between the extreme deciles were calculated. Around 4.8% of the households had no piped water, 34.7% had no sewage collection system, 9.8% had no garbage collection and 39% were considered inadequate. Families whose householders were black, indigenous or brown had lower income and educational level, and lived in the North, Northeast, and Central West regions. They were more likely to be considered inappropriate for not having piped water, sewage collection system, and garbage collection. Moreover, sectors where the majority of the population was black, had lower educational levels and lower income had significantly poor paving, street lighting, afforestation, storm drain, sidewalk and wheelchair ramp. This study analyzed national data from 2010 and provides a baseline for future studies and government planning. The relevant social inequalities reported in this study need to be addressed by effective public policies.

scholarly journals Social inequalities in the surrounding areas of food deserts and food swamps in a Brazilian metropolis

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Souza Honório ◽  
Milene Cristine Pessoa ◽  
Lucia Helena Almeida Gratão ◽  
Luana Lara Rocha ◽  
Inês Rugani Ribeiro de Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Food Deserts ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Belo Horizonte

Abstract Background Food deserts are neighborhoods with little or no access to healthy food, whereas food swamps are neighborhoods where unhealthy food options prevail over healthy ones. The main aims of the current study are to feature and compare the neighborhoods of food deserts and food swamps based on social inequality. Methods Ecological study carried out in Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Information about commercial food establishments derived from two different databases. It was measured by secondary governmental databases, which were virtually conferred in the present study. Census tracts were considered as analysis units and classified as food deserts and food swamps, based on the Brazilian methodology. Take into consideration the density of establishments classified as selling fresh or minimally-processed food, mixed establishments, and establishments selling ultra-processed food. The Brazilian methodology evaluates food deserts by the density of healthy establishments (establishments classified as mostly selling fresh or minimally-processed food and mixed establishments) per 10 thousand inhabitants. And the metric to evaluate food swamps considers the density of unhealthy establishments (establishments mostly selling ultra-processed food) per 10 thousand inhabitants. Information about social inequalities comprised aspects such as income, population count, number of households, number of literate individuals, race, water and energy supply, and garbage collection. The Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) was used as a synthetic social vulnerability indicator. Results Neighborhoods of food deserts presented worse essential service availability, lower income per capita, and smaller mean number of literate individuals. Census tracts classified as food swamps presented better socio-demographic conditions than those areas food deserts. Neighborhoods simultaneously classified as food deserts and food swamps presented lower income per capita and were more often observed in census sectors presenting medium and high HVI. Conclusion The food environment in Belo Horizonte was featured by the strong presence of food deserts and food swamps. However, the potential influence of these areas on food intake has changed depending on social inequalities.

Victor S. D'Souza. Development Planning and Structural Inequalities: The Response of the Underprivileged. New Delhi: Sage Publications 1990. Pages 206 + Index. Price: Rs 180 (Hardbound).

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-317
Author(s):  
Ziaul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
The Social

Deveiopment planning in India, as in other developing countries, has generally been aimed at fostering an industrially-oriented policy as the engine of economic growth. This one-sided economic development, which results in capital formation, creation of urban elites, and underprivileged social classes of a modern society, has led to distortions in the social structure as a whole. On the contrary, as a result of this uneven economic development, which is narrowly measured in terms of economic growth and capital formation, the fruits of development have gone to the people according to their economic power and position in the social structure: those occupying higher positions benefiting much more than those occupying the lower ones. Thus, development planning has tended to increase inequalities and has sharpened divisive tendencies. Victor S. D'Souza, an eminent Indian sociologist, utilizing the Indian census data of 1961, 1971, and 1981, examines the problem of structural inequality with particular reference to the Indian Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes - the two most underprivileged sections of the present Indian society which, according to the census of 1981, comprised 15.75 percent and 7.76 percent of India's population respectively. Theoretically, he takes the concept of development in a broad sense as related to the self-fulfIlment of the individual. The transformation of the unjust social structure, the levelling down of glaring economic and social inequalities, and the concern for the development of the underprivileged are for the author the basic elements of a planned development. This is the theoretical perspective of the first chapter, "Development Planning and Social Transformation".

COMBINING FUNCTIONAL AND COMPOSITIONAL ASPECTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF URBAN STRUCTURE: A CASE STUDY OF LOCAL CENTRES IN VILNIUS / FUNKCINIŲ IR KOMPOZICINIŲ URBANISTINĖS STRUKTŪROS ANALIZĖS ASPEKTŲ SUJUNGIMAS: VILNIAUS MIESTO LOKALIŲ CENTRŲ TYRIMAS

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-159
Author(s):  
Justinas Bučys
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
The North ◽  
Critical Measure ◽  
Functional Patterns ◽  
Visual Potential ◽  
Compositional Structures ◽  
Linear Elements

A possibility from every location in an urban grid to easily access a range of shops and local services that meet the everyday needs, as well as workplaces, educational institutions and places for recreation is one of the biggest advantages of living in a city. This paper considers that combining tasks of encouraging the growth of local centres and developing street network in a way to promote walking and to provide conditions for using different modes of transport is one of the most appropriate ways to achieve urban sustainability. The problem addressed in this paper is the “separate” (i.e. “non-combined”) approach to functional and compositional aspects of the analysis of urban structure. The main proposal presented in this paper is to combine the two methods for analysing spatial and functional patterns. The first method deals with spatial configuration and how it is used by people, the second is aimed at investigating the role of urban composition at a macro and a micro scale in ensuring coherence of the elements of urban structure. The aim of the paper is to introduce the method for analysing the spatial structure of local centres in Vilnius and present the results which were obtained using the proposed model for investigating the interdependence of functional and compositional structures of the city. The scope of the study is to reveal some inconsistencies in the spatial patterns of three local centres in the north-western part of Vilnius where the distribution of the pre-determined functions and urban composition are in non-corresponding relation. Using the spatial accessibility model of Vilnius city, the study focuses on spatial structure at the level of urban blocks, which constitute local centres. The linear elements of the model are overlaid on a ground plan where convex spaces are highlighted considering their artistic and visual potential. Choice (betweenness, a measure of centrality) as a critical measure for analysing local centres is used to identify movement related structural patterns. Santrauka Galimybė iš bet kurios miesto vietos patogiai pasiekti kasdienius gyventojų poreikius tenkinančias prekybos ir paslaugų įmones, darbo ir mokymo įstaigas bei laisvalaikio leidimo vietas yra neabejotinas gyvenimo mieste privalumas. Lokalių centrų stiprinimo ir gatvių tinklo plėtros, sudarant sąlygas susisiekti pėsčiomis bei naudotis įvairių rūšių transportu, uždavinių derinimas sprendžiant veiksmingos, efektyvios urbanistinės struktūros formavimo klausimus yra viena iš pagrindinių darnios plėtros užtikrinimo priemonių. Straipsnyje keliama funkcinių ir kompozicinių urbanistinės struktūros analizės aspektų sujungimo problema. Siekiant išplėsti urbanistinės struktūros analizės galimybes, šiame straipsnyje siūloma kartu taikyti space syntax – viešųjų erdvių tyrimo – metodiką ir urbanistinės kompozicijos vaidmens lokaliu ir globaliu lygmeniu, užtikrinant urbanistinės struktūros elementų funkcinį ir erdvinį sąryšį, nustatymo būdą. Straipsnio tikslas yra pristatyti remiantis sudarytu miesto funkcinės ir kompozicinės struktūrų sąveikos tyrimo modeliu atliktą Vilniaus miesto lokalių centrų urbanistinės struktūros tyrimą, atskleisti taikytą metodiką ir gautus rezultatus. Tyrimo metu siekta nustatyti struktūrų prieštaringumus, kurie pasireiškia suplanuotų funkcijų išsidėstymo ir urbanistinės kompozicijos neatitikimu. Nagrinėti trys lokalūs centrai, esantys Vilniaus miesto šiaurės vakarų dalyje. Naudojant Vilniaus miesto viešųjų erdvių pasiekiamumo modelį, plane išryškinti lokalius centrus sudarantys kvartalai ir jų urbanistinės erdvės struktūra – linijiniai modelio elementai ir juos dengiančios vizualiai atskiros urbanistinės erdvės dalys, kurių meninio ir vizualinio potencialo įvertinimai išreikšti sutartiniais žymenimis. Apskaičiuotos prognozuojamą žmonių srautų pasiskirstymą gatvių tinkle atspindinčios pasirinkimo arba matematinio pereinamumo vertės.

Racial Democracy and Black Victimization in Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 104398622110384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Truzzi ◽  
Viviani S. Lirio ◽  
Daniel R. C. Cerqueira ◽  
Danilo S. C. Coelho ◽  
Leonardo C. B. Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
The North ◽  
Racial Democracy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Socioeconomic Data

The main objective of this study is to quantify racial victimization differential between Blacks and Whites in Brazil, focusing on homicides and physical assaults. Combining socioeconomic data from the Brazilian Household Survey with data from the Mortality Information System, we apply the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition to isolate the racial discrimination component from the social indicators correlated with homicides and physical assaults. Findings indicate that only part of the victimization differential between Blacks and Whites is explained by structural attributes. A significant portion of this differential (at least 40%) for both homicides and physical assaults persists as evidence of racial discrimination. In addition, both for homicides and physical assaults, a more discriminatory scenario is observed in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, regions historically characterized by higher social inequalities and violent mortality.

Abstract 17048: The Association of Neighborhood Deprivation With Racial Disparities in 30-day Heart Failure Readmissions in Middle Aged Adults

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivani A Patel ◽  
Aditi Nayak ◽  
Theresa Shirey ◽  
Kaitlyn Long ◽  
Neal W Dickert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Neighborhood Deprivation ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

Introduction: Neighborhood socioeconomic status (N-SES) is associated with incident heart failure (HF) and HF readmissions. N-SES may have a greater impact on young and middle-aged adults with heart failure (HF) due to fewer resources. Hypothesis: N-SES modifies the disparity in 30-d HF readmissions between Blacks and Whites in the Southeastern US. Methods: We created a geo-coded retrospective cohort of patients aged <65 years (N=11,469, mean age 52.1 yrs, 48% female, 46.5% Black) with at least one HF hospitalization at any Emory Healthcare facility from 2010-2018. Quartiles of the Social Deprivation Index (SDI), derived from US Census data, characterized neighborhood deprivation at the census tract level. Linear probability models estimated the “excess 30-d HF readmissions” between Blacks and Whites (referent) within each quartile of neighborhood deprivation. A base model accounted for geographical clustering, age, gender, and insurance type; a fully adjusted multivariable model further adjusted for clinical variables (composite Charlson Comorbidity Index, HbA1c, BP, SaO2, and HR). Results: Compared with Whites, Blacks were more likely to reside in deprived census tracts, be female, have public insurance, and higher comorbidity scores (Table 1). Between 2010-2018, 20.5% of Black and 12.5% of White patients experienced a 30-d HF readmission (p<.001). Black excess in HF readmissions ranged from 6.7% (95%CI: 3.6%-9.7%) to 8.4% (95%CI: 4.9%-12.0%) within the 2 nd and 4 th deprivation quartiles, respectively (Figure 1), with no excess readmissions in the least deprived quartile. Accounting for comorbidities and clinical presentation eliminated the Black excess in 30-d HF readmissions in the 2 nd quartile but not within higher levels of area deprivation. Conclusions: Excess 30-d HF readmissions in middle aged Blacks increases with neighborhood deprivation and was not explained by patient sociodemographics or comorbidities in the most deprived Census tracts.

Social and Environmental Influences on Child Mortality in Brazil: Logistic Regression Analysis of Data from Census Files

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar G. Victora ◽  
Peter G. Smith ◽  
J. Patrick Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
The Family

SummaryCensus data were used to investigate the influences of socioeconomic and environmental variables on child mortality rates in southern Brazil. By multivariate logistic regression analysis the effects of correlated factors were distinguished, after adjustment for maternal age and parity. Low family income and, to a lesser degree, low employment status of the head of the family were associated with high child mortality levels. Place of residence, education of the mother and of the head of the family, availability of piped water in the home, access to a toilet and type of housing were all associated with childhood mortality variation, even after allowing for the effects of income and employment. The contributions of the source of the water supply and type of sanitation facilities, however, were less clear and tended to become unimportant after controlling for the socioeconomic variables. There was also no apparent advantage in being covered by government health insurance.

scholarly journals Early Medieval Central Asian Population Estimates

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-817
Author(s):  
Étienne de la Vaissière
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Census data from 8th-century Eastern Central Asian oases, combined with the measurements of the oases and data from archives discovered there, allow us to calculate estimates both of the individual oases’ populations and of their respective feeding capacities, which is to say the number of people who could be fed from the output of one hectare of agricultural land. These numbers in turn have parallels in Western Central Asia, where oasis sizes can also be calculated by examination of preserved archaeological landscapes and oasis walls. It is therefore possible to reach a rough idea of the populations dwelling in the main oases and valleys of sedentary Central Asia. As regards nomadic regions, the data are far more hypothetical, but references in certain sources to the sizes of nomad armies and rates of nomadic military levying can allow us to calculate at least the possible scales of magnitude for populations living to the north of the Tianshan.

scholarly journals Practices and perceptions of riverside families about household and/or commercial waste produced on Tem-Tem, Caciri, Ilha Grande, and Juaba Islands: The need for riverine collection and transportation

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-38
Author(s):  
Maria de Fátima Miranda Lopes De Carvalho ◽  
Maria de Valdivia Costa Norat
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Garbage Collection ◽  
Water System ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Collection Point

The general objective of this paper is to verify how the collection and final disposal of solid domestic and/or commercial waste produced by the riverside population of the Ilha Grande, Caciri, Tem-Tem, and Vila do Juaba, in the municipality of Cametá - PA is done, geographically situated in the extend in the River Tocantins extension. This is bibliographical research, complemented by quantitative and qualitative research with data collected through a questionnaire with closed-ended questions (quantitative approach) and semi-structured survey script (qualitative approach) applied in September 2015 to forty subjects (ten for each location) residing in the four municipalities. The qualitative collection results show that 52,5% of the subjects are woman; 70% work; 62,5% work in autonomous activities; 42,5% has incomplete middle school; 92,5% reside in an unpaved place; 92,5% do not have piped water system; 100% has access to electricity; 97,5% do not have sewage system 62,5% live in a wood build house, and 65% already had the opportunity to witness acts against the preservation of the environment. In this qualitative research, the results of the four questions utilizing a semi-structured script place that a sanitary landfill should be built; selective garbage collection at least once a week; an end to disposable bags and the use of cloth bags; the environment should be protected from solid waste; and the research subjects do not agree with taking returnable waste to a collection point. In final considerations, every offender of the environment should be fined.

scholarly journals Prioriority actions maps of municipal public services with geospace application

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e44426
Author(s):  
Bruno Fernandes Scaramelli ◽  
Edivando Vitor Couto ◽  
Paulo Agenor Alves Bueno ◽  
Débora Cristina de Souza ◽  
Luciane Maria Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Services ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Outlier Analysis ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
The Public ◽  
General Network ◽  
Absence Rate

Public services management is a fundamental role to public institutions, providing society with proper resources for a better quality of life. Local characteristics should be considered during public policies planning; however, generalizations are adopted to elaborate studies, overlooking these characteristics. Our objective was to apply a geostatistical analysis into the public services of Campo Mourão, Paraná State. The number of residents per census tracts lacking in water supply, sewage collection, waste collection, street lighting, electricity, and paving was found based on 2010 Census data. The spatial distribution of these data with the software ArcGIS 9.3 enabled the examination of these characteristics via the Cluster and Outlier method, through the Anselin Local Moran's I spatial analysis module, that identified hotspots and coldspots. As a result, it was found that Campo Mourão is satisfactorily supplied with electricity distribution services and waste collection with only 0.5% of absence in the census tracts. The sewage collection by the general network was the most absent service with 37% absence rate. Parque Industrial I and Jardim Isabel neighborhoods stood out as the most devoid of public services. The Cluster and Outlier Analysis is a subsidy tool for policy-making, which can increase efficiency when providing these services.

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