scholarly journals Estimation of the traction power of agricultural tractors from dynamometric tests

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Russini ◽  
José Fernando Schlosser ◽  
Marcelo Silveira de Farias
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Eddy Currents ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Dynamic Field ◽  
Agricultural Tractors ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Agricultural Tractor ◽  
Traction Power

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to predict, from dynamometric tests, the traction performance of agricultural tractors, without the need to employ the standard official tests carried out on concrete tracks. The evaluations were conducted at the experimental area of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, where an instrumented agricultural tractor was subjected to dynamic field traction tests and static tests in the laboratory, using an eddy currents dynamometer. It can be verified through the correlation analysis between the values obtained and the estimated values that, based on the prediction equations, a high correlation (r² = 0.99) was obtained between the power observed in the field and the estimated power obtained using dynamometric tests. Based on the analysis of the results obtained in this study, it can be stated that the traction performance of an agricultural tractor can be estimated from dynamometric tests. We concluded that the dynamic field tests can be replaced by static tests carried out in laboratories, which are generally less expensive.

Development of Prediction Model for Axle Torque of Agricultural Tractors

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1773-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Soo Kim ◽  
Yeon-Soo Kim ◽  
Yong-Joo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
List Type ◽  
Slip Ratio ◽  
Agricultural Tractors ◽  
Torque Values ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

HighlightsA prediction model was developed for estimating the axle torque of an agricultural tractor.The model was developed by complementing and modifying a previously proposed traction equation.Compared to the actual axle torque, the proposed model attained MAPE of 2.1%, RMSE of 29 Nm, and RD of 2.7%.The model predicted axle torque more accurately than the traction force-based prediction model.Abstract. The tractor driving axle torque is an important factor in optimal transmission design and service life evaluation. Axle torque measurement sensor systems are very expensive, and traction force-based axle torque prediction models cannot accurately estimate the axle torque because they do not consider both the conditions of the tractor and the attached implement. Therefore, in this study, a prediction model was developed to estimate the axle torque of an agricultural tractor based on the traction force equation and motion resistance. A load measurement system was established to verify the developed prediction model, and actual field torque data were collected through field tests. The developed prediction model was verified by comparing the results of five reference prediction methods, including weight, engine-rated torque, and three traction equations (Wismer-Luth, ASABE Standard D497.4, and Brixius), using the measured axle torque. Performance evaluation was conducted based on the main variables, including travel speed, tillage depth, and slip ratio. The proposed prediction model was found to be closest to the 1:1 line at all travel speeds, tillage depths, and slip ratios, implying that it can best explain the measured torque values among all prediction models. Compared to the other prediction models, the proposed prediction model’s results under all variable conditions had an R2 of 0.65, MAPE of 2.1%, RMSE of 29 Nm, and RD of 2.7%, indicating excellent prediction of the measured torque. The results show that the developed prediction model can be applied to axle torque prediction by explaining the actual measured axle torque. Keywords: Agricultural tractor, Axle torque, Prediction model, Torque estimation, Traction force.

scholarly journals Reducing the soil structure destruction along the rut and increasing the traction properties of the tractor by using the rear grouser of the track link

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 07009
Author(s):  
V.N. Kozhanov ◽  
M.A. Rusanov ◽  
M.G. Shtyka ◽  
V.S. Kukhar
Keyword(s):  
Traction Force ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Horizontal Deformation ◽  
Tangential Traction ◽  
Soil Destruction ◽  
Agricultural Tractors ◽  
Agricultural Tractor ◽  
Traction Power

The traditionally used mixed grouser of the metal track link causes a decrease in the traction qualities of the agricultural tractor. The use of a rear grouser on the track link, in our opinion, will significantly improve the traction properties of an agricultural tractor with a metal track and reduce the soil destruction. When the rear grouser is immersed in the soil, an additional horizontal deformation of the soil occurs, which changes the law of horizontal deformation distribution along the support surface of the trackdrive, which ensures the alignment of the link shares in the implementation of the tangential traction force. This leads not only to a reduction in the trackdrive skidding, but also to a reduction in tractor rolling losses. Comparative tests of the T-4A tractor with a serial track, and a track on which links the front grousers were removed showed that the maximum traction power increases from 59 to 65 kW, the skidding with a hook load of 40 kN decreases from 14.6 to 9.4%, the rolling resistance coefficient decreases from 0.093 to 0.072, eliminates the “scissors” effect, which will reduce the number of erosive-dangerous particles in the track trace to 30...40%, which is 5.6...4.25 times less than in agricultural tractors with a mixed grouser, which confirms the effectiveness of their use.

scholarly journals Estimation of Outdoor PM2.5 Infiltration into Multifamily Homes Depending on Building Characteristics Using Regression Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5708
Author(s):  
Bo-Ram Park ◽  
Ye-Seul Eom ◽  
Dong-Hee Choi ◽  
Dong-Hwa Kang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Building Characteristics ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

The purpose of this study was to evaluate outdoor PM2.5 infiltration into multifamily homes according to the building characteristics using regression models. Field test results from 23 multifamily homes were analyzed to investigate the infiltration factor and building characteristics including floor area, volume, outer surface area, building age, and airtightness. Correlation and regression analysis were then conducted to identify the building factor that is most strongly associated with the infiltration of outdoor PM2.5. The field tests revealed that the average PM2.5 infiltration factor was 0.71 (±0.19). The correlation analysis of the building characteristics and PM2.5 infiltration factor revealed that building airtightness metrics (ACH50, ELA/FA, and NL) had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation (r = 0.70, 0.69, and 0.68, respectively) with the infiltration factor. Following the correlation analysis, a regression model for predicting PM2.5 infiltration based on the ACH50 airtightness index was proposed. The study confirmed that the outdoor-origin PM2.5 concentration in highly leaky units could be up to 1.59 times higher than that in airtight units.

Field tests of an experimental helicopter time‐domain electromagnetic system for unexploded ordnance detection

Geophysics ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 664-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Les P. Beard ◽  
William E. Doll ◽  
J. Scott Holladay ◽  
T. Jeffrey Gamey ◽  
James L.C. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Eddy Currents ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Unexploded Ordnance ◽  
Signal Attenuation ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Electromagnetic System ◽  
Time Domain Electromagnetic ◽  
Unexploded Ordnance Detection

Field trials of a low‐flying time‐domain helicopter electromagnetic system designed for detection of unexploded ordnance have yielded positive and encouraging results. The system is able to detect ordnance as small as 60‐mm rounds at 1‐m sensor height. We examined several transmitter and receiver configurations. Small loop receivers gave superior signal‐to‐noise ratios in comparison to larger receiver loops at low heights. Base frequencies of 90 Hz and 270 Hz were less affected than other base frequencies by noise produced by proximity to the helicopter and by vibration of the support structure. For small ordnance, a two‐lobed, antisymmetric transmitter loop geometry produced a modest signal‐to‐noise enhancement compared with a large single rectangular loop, presumably because the antisymmetric transmitter produces smaller eddy currents in the helicopter body, thereby reducing this source of noise. In most cases, differencing of vertically offset receivers did not substantially improve signal‐to‐noise ratios at very low sensor altitudes. Signal attenuation from transmitter to target and from target to receiver causes signals from smaller ordnance to quickly become indistinguishable from geological background variations, so that above a sensor height of about 3 m only large ordnance items (e.g., bombs and large caliber artillery rounds) were consistently detected.

scholarly journals Algorithm of adaptation results tractors tractive tests based on systems OECD and ISO

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 00035
Author(s):  
Alexander Lavrov ◽  
Vladimir Shevtsov ◽  
Maksim Sidorov
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Control Block ◽  
Agricultural Tractors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Information Requests ◽  
Traction Power ◽  
Made In

In this paper authors described the algorithm for matching and harmonization the results of traction tests of domestic and foreign tractors according to the OECD and ISO systems. The results of the calculations are entered into the designed database, which contained 5 information blocks and control block. The control unit allows to implement a number of information requests (in terms of operating mass, maximum traction power, etc.). Information of agricultural tractors tests is contained in this database, test were made in Germany (11 models), France (8 models), Italy (8 models), and Austria, India, South Korea (over 37 models) according to OECD standards, each model tested on 2 type of covering: concrete and stubble.

scholarly journals Development of Control System for Automated Manual Transmission of 45-kW Agricultural Tractor

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Soo Kim ◽  
Yong-Joo Kim ◽  
Yeon-Soo Kim ◽  
Seung-Yun Baek ◽  
Seung-Min Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Manual Transmission ◽  
Reduction Gear ◽  
Shift Control ◽  
Automated Manual Transmission ◽  
Agricultural Tractors ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

This study aims to develop and evaluate an automated manual transmission (AMT) for agricultural tractors with high efficiency and high convenience by using electric actuators. An AMT system to control manual-type shuttle gearboxes and transmissions for tractors is developed by adding a shuttle shifting actuator, a clutch actuator, and a control system to a conventional manual transmission (MT). The clutch actuator is designed using an electric motor and a reduction gear. The AMT control system is developed and experimental tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the AMT. The results of the performance of the actuator position control demonstrate that the shuttle shifting actuator and clutch actuator are controlled appropriately, achieving a maximum overshoot of less than 5% and 0%, a settling time of less than 0.500 s and 1.50 s, and a steady-state error of less than 1% and 1%, respectively. The performance of the automatic forward and reverse control demonstrates a shift control time of less than 2.50 s and target revolutions per minute (RPM) reaching time of less than 3.00 s. Thus, AMT systems for tractors can be easily developed by applying shuttle shifting actuators, clutch actuators, and a control system to conventional manual transmissions.

scholarly journals EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY OF BORED PILES AND DEEP-LAID PILE-BARRETTE FOR A HIGH-RISE BUILDING ON LOOSE GROUNDS BASED ON CALCULATIONS AND FIELD TESTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid A. Mangushev ◽  
Nadezda S. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Rectangular Cross Section ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
High Rise ◽  
High Rise Building

The study describes the standard procedure of the assessment of the bearing capacity of piles by field methods used in the Russian Federation. Basing on the example of an experimental deep-laid foundation pile (length L = 65 m, diameter D = 1.2 m) intended for a high-rise building designed for a thick layer of loose ground the study demonstrates the structure of a loading system on site and the results of static tests of piles in comparison with the results of analytical and numerical calculations. On the same construction site an experimental barrette-pile of rectangular cross-section measuring 3.3 x 1.1 with a length of 65 m was installed with the base in solid Protero­zoic clays. The pile test was carried out using Osterberg cells. For this purpose in the process of the installation of the pile strain gauges were mounted in its reinforcing cage at 9 levels. The test barrette-pile was carried out in two stages. On the first stage a standard test of the whole pile in the top-down direction was performed (Top - Down). On the second stage, after reaching the maximum possible load, the “O - cell” element test was performed trans­mitting the load in two directions (up and down). “O - cell” was located at a depth of 50 m in the layer of blue- stone. The article contains the graphs of the movements of pile from under the load applied on the first and second stages of the tests and the general assessment of the load-bearing capacity of the barrette-piles by different methods

scholarly journals Influence of Geometry in the Behavior of Disc-Shaped Mechanical Energy Absorbers for Agricultural Tractors

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2594
Author(s):  
Juan-Ignacio Latorre-Biel ◽  
Amaya Pérez-Ezcurdia ◽  
Marta Benito-Amurrio ◽  
José Ramón Alfaro-López
Keyword(s):  
Strain Energy ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Safety Zone ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Energy Absorbers ◽  
Agricultural Tractors ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

Disc-shaped mechanical energy absorbers (MEAs), in combination with rollover protection structures (ROPSs), may contribute to the prevention of the infringement of the safety zone and the collapse of the ROPS in case of the overturn of an agricultural tractor. An MEA can absorb a significant amount of potential energy of an overturning tractor and its deformation produces a rotation of the ROPS around the safety zone. In this research, MEAs with two different geometries have been developed. Both geometries present common features, such as disc dimensions, number of rings, and number of arms, but the distribution of the arms differs. Additionally, these MEA were manufactured in steel discs of four different thicknesses, ranging from 2 to 6 mm. The manufactured MEAs were tested in a universal testing machine, and their behavior characterized. From this data, linear models of the MEAs were developed. As a consequence, a number of characteristic parameters were selected and calculated, such as the activation load and the strain energy absorbed in a safe range of applied loads. Some patterns and trends were analyzed from the tested MEAs, which enables a better description of their behavior and the extrapolation of this behavior to other non-tested thicknesses and geometries.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Using Biogas to Supply the Dual Fuel Diesel Engine of an Agricultural Tractor

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena Owczuk ◽  
Anna Matuszewska ◽  
Stanisław Kruczyński ◽  
Wojciech Kamela
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Biochemical Methane Potential ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Vegetable Wastes ◽  
Methane Potential ◽  
Agriculture Wastes ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

It is known that biogas without prior purification to biomethane is a commonly used fuel only for the stationary internal combustion engines but not for vehicle engines. The current study evaluates the use of biogas without its prior upgrading to biomethane as fuel for tractor engines. The following tests were carried out: biochemical methane potential tests, dynamometer engine tests, and field tests with the use of a tractor. The average methane content in biogas obtained from vegetable wastes exceeded 60%. The tests performed on the engine dynamometer showed that the engine powered by dual fuel worked stably when diesel was replaced by 40% biogas (containing 50% of CO2) or 30% methane. Dual fuel supplying of the engine caused an increase in the concentration of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases and a decrease or no effect in the concentration of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. It did not significantly affect the dynamics of the vehicle and its useful properties. Biogas that contains a maximum of 50% CO2 and from which H2S, moisture, and siloxanes have been largely removed, is suitable as a fuel for tractors. Such biogas can be obtained in biogas plants from different substrates, e.g., vegetable or agriculture wastes as well as biodegradable municipal wastes.

Role of accuracy and quantity of field tests in engineering-geotechnical researches for construction

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-434
Author(s):  
Damir Kutliyarov ◽  
Ayrat Khafizov ◽  
Amar Kutliyarov ◽  
Igor Ryzhkov ◽  
Ruslan Zubairov
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Exact Tests ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Average Value ◽  
True Value ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Informative Content

The aim of this work is to summarize previously conducted studies on the optimization of the unequal geotechnical testing program and on the selection of the desired calculation indicator based on the results of such tests. The approximate, but quick and cheap tests (“express methods”) are recommended to be performed on a large scale and considered as a means of assessing the geotechnical structure of the site as a whole. It is proposed to carry out expensive “accurate” tests in a reduced volume and to use them as a means of correcting approximate tests. In the article, these issues are considered by the example of determining the bearing capacity of piles according to the data of static sounding (cone penetration testing – CPT), dynamic and static tests of full-scale piles. We propose the mathematical model for evaluating the informative content of the test complex, based on the concepts of information theory. The site is mentally divided into several sections, each of which is characterized by one of the possible values of the ultimate resistance of piles of a certain length. All variants of “placement in the plan” of possible values of pile resistances (“site images”) are considered. Initially, when nothing is known about the true value of the pile resistances in each section, all possible values of the pile resistances are assumed to be equally probable, i.e. the uncertainty of the situation is maximum. In the theory of information, such uncertainty is quantified by the value called entropy. When any test is performed at the site, the uncertainty decreases, and the more accurate the test the more significant is the decrease. The difference in entropy before and after the test represents the amount of information (in bits) that these tests carry. The calculations using this model showed that the information content of a large number of approximate tests can (due to heterogeneity of the soil) exceed the information content of small exact tests. Only one approximate test method can lead to the systematic error (overestimation or underestimation of the average value of the desired indicator). It is necessary to carry out control “exact” tests and approximate tests to eliminate such a danger. A technique is proposed for adjusting approximate estimates based on data from “accurate” tests, which ensures optimal “safety margins” in decisions being made.

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