scholarly journals Pathological effects of acetone cyanohydrin in swiss rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-584
Author(s):  
Marcos Natal Rufino ◽  
Marney Pascoli Cereda ◽  
Wanessa Teixeira Gomes Barreto ◽  
Alanderson Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Gisele Braziliano de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acetone Cyanohydrin ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Water Ph

ABSTRACT Cassava has been widely used for animal and human nutrition. It has also been demonstrated to have antineoplastic and anthelmintic properties. Toxicity due to cassava consumption has been reported in ruminants and laboratory animals; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of acetone cyanohydrin, a metabolite of linamarin that is present in cassava, in Wistar rats. Six groups of five animals each were used to evaluate the toxic effects of acetone cyanohydrin administered at 25 (G1), 50 (G2), 75 (G3), 100 (G4) and 125 (G5) µmol/kg as a single oral dose. The control group received acidified water (pH 3.5). The animals were monitored after administration of acetone cyanohydrin, and clinical symptoms were recorded. Serum enzyme levels were measured to assess the kidney and liver function. During necropsy, tissue samples were collected for histopathological examination. After administration, some animals in the G2, G4, and G5 groups presented neurological symptoms such as convulsions, involuntary muscle contraction, staggering gait, motor coordination disability, prostration, and mydriasis. All of the animals in the G5 and four animals in the G4 group died seven minutes after the administration of acetone cyanohydrin. Animals in the other groups, particularly in G2, recovered from the acute phase. Biochemical analysis revealed hepatic lesions and liver dysfunction. Histopathology revealed severe lesions in both the liver and brain. In conclusion, acetone cyanohydrin has toxic effects in the liver, lung, and central nervous system in rats; however, at concentrations up to 25 µmol/kg, the animals could survive the acute phase.

scholarly journals The safety of tea agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) from tree induction through test of toxicity subchronic oral 90 days

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
RIDWANTI BATUBARA ◽  
SURJANTO SURJANTO ◽  
TAHAN MANGARANAP SIHOMBING ◽  
HERAWATY GINTING
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Aquilaria Malaccensis ◽  
Repeated Doses ◽  
Histopathological Results

Batubara R, Surjanto, Sihombing TM, Ginting H. 2016. The safety of tea agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) from tree induction throuht test of toxicity subcronic oral 90 days. Biofarmasi 14: 69-76. Subchronic toxicity test is a test to detect the toxic effect that arises after the administration of the test reparation with repeated doses were given orally to the tested animal for 28 or 90 days. Leaves agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) is a tree from a tribe Thymeleaceae, already started popular used the farmer agarwood in Langkat as a drink that in pour. The result of an interview with the farmer agarwood explained that consume tea from the leaves agarwood of this kind of have many benefits include improve canal. To that was done the research security against the tea leaves agarwood induction taken from agriculture agarwood in Langkat, Sumatera North through test toxic subchronic oral. This study aims to determine the symptoms of toxic posed by product tea agarwood induction. This study used laboratory animals that male mice and female mice were divided into 5 groups, namely the 130, 260, 390, 520 mg/kgBW and the control group. The observation of clinical symptoms indicate the presence of toxic symptoms of weakness, changes in fur and agitated at doses of 390 and 520 mg/kgBW in male mice and female mice, the observation macropathology organs alloxan still normal the red-brown, the surface of slippery and consistency chewy. Histopathological results showed hemoglia and dilation of the blood vessels in all groups. Results showed that mice were given tea steeping agarwood induction doses ranging from 130, 260,390 and 520 mg/kgBW there are no mice died, so it can be concluded that the administration of agarwood tea steeping in mice does not cause toxic symptoms and safe for consumption.

scholarly journals Paraoxonase activity assessment in dogs suffering from Parvovirus infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 2399
Author(s):  
R. SALARPOUR ◽  
M. ZAMANI AHMADMAHMUDI ◽  
M. REZAEI ◽  
N. ESKANDARZADE
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Protein ◽  
Lipid Peroxides ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Paraoxonase Activity ◽  
Activity Assessment ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Complete Cell

Canine Parvovirus enteritis is one of the most common causes of diarrhea and death in dogs younger than 6 months of age. Clinical gastroenteritis in parvo-positive dogs is associated with increased levels of lipid peroxides and alteration in antioxidant enzymes. Paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 is considered as an antioxidant enzyme and acute phase protein in laboratory animals and human. The present study evaluated paraoxonase activity in 27 dogs suffering from Parvovirus infection and compared with 9 normal dogs. Blood samples were taken from all of the dogs and were sent to the laboratory for complete cell blood count and also biochemical factors assessment (paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 activity, liver, kidney and metabolic profiles). Infected dogs significantly showed decrease in paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 enzyme activity, an increase number of neutrophils and lymphopenia compared with parvo-negative dogs. Significant decrease in the enzyme activity was also observed in dogs with neutropenia or leukocytosis when compared to control group. It seems that in dogs paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 enzyme activity is decreased as a part of acute phase response in Parvovirus infection.

Evaluation of intra-testicular injections of calcium chloride and 4-vinylcyclohexene 1,2 monoepoxide for chemical sterilization in guinea pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C. Sen ◽  
N. Yumusak ◽  
R. Faundez ◽  
F. Temamogullari ◽  
A. Taskin
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Group V

Abstract This study was aimed at investigating the use of intra-testicular calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 4-vinylcyclohexene 1,2-monoepoxide (VCM) injections as a side effect-free alternative method for the control of reproduction in guinea pigs. Fifty male guinea pigs were randomly assigned to five groups. In all groups, the chemical agents were injected into both testes in 1% lidocaine hydrochloride. While Groups I, II and III were administered with a single dose (0.25 mL) of sterile physiological saline, 15 mg/100 g CaCl2, and 240 mg/kg VCM, respectively, Group IV and V received a daily dose of 15 mg/100 g CaCl2, and 240 mg/kg VCM for 3 days, respectively. On day 90 post-administration, all animals were weighed and later decapitated under ether anaesthesia. Blood and tissue (testis, liver, hypophysis and adrenal gland) samples were taken. Sperm samples from the cauda epididymis were examined for spermatological parameters. Blood was used for hormone analyses and tissue samples were examined histopathologically (haematoxylin-eosin) and immunohistochemically (Tunel staining). The epididymal sperm count decreased in all treatment groups. Excluding 2 animals, Group V displayed azoospermia. When compared to the control group, Group V displayed the highest prolactin and lowest testosterone levels, and Group III showed the highest testosterone level. Histopathological examination revealed no intoxication finding. Chemical castration with VCM may be a good alternative to surgical castration as it enables mass sterilization without postoperative risks in guinea pig.

scholarly journals Olanzapine induced reproductive toxicity in male rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cankız Mina Ardıç ◽  
Sinem Ilgın ◽  
Merve Baysal ◽  
A. Burak Karaduman ◽  
Volkan Kılıç ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
Testis Tissue

AbstractAlthough it is reported that olanzapine (OLZ), which is an atypical antipsychotic drug, causes sexual dysfunction in men, it is noteworthy that there is not any study evaluating the toxic effects of OLZ on the male reproductive system. In the scope of this research, it was aimed to assess the reproductive toxic effects of OLZ by oral administration of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg of it to male rats for 28 days. For this purpose, sperm concentration, motility and morphology, and DNA damage were determined, and histopathological examination of testis tissue was carried out in rats. Also, the levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone, which play roles in the regulation of reproductive functions, and the levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) which play roles in reproductive pathologies as oxidative stress biomarkers, were determined. According to the results, normal sperm morphology was decreased in 5 ve 10 mg/kg OLZ-administered groups, and pathological findings were evident in the testicular structure of the OLZ-administered group when compared with the control group. It was determined that serum LH, FSH, and testosterone levels were decreased in the OLZ-administered group. Also, decreases of GSH levels in testis tissue were determined and evaluated as the markers of the oxidative stress induced by OLZ in the testis. In conclusion, it was determined that reproductive toxic effects were induced in rats by OLZ administration. This pathology was accompanied by alterations of the hormone levels and testicular oxidative stress.

scholarly journals The morphological changes in bitches endometrium affected by Cystic Endometrail Hyperplasia - Pyometra complex – the value of histopathological examination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Woźna-Wysocka ◽  
Marta Rybska ◽  
Beata Błaszak ◽  
Bartłomiej Maria Jaśkowski ◽  
Magdalena Kulus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Uterine Diseases

Abstract Background: The cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex (CEH-P) is one of the most common uteropathies in bitches. In diseases with mild or obscure clinical signs and normal uterine size, a diagnosis based on a clinical assessment might be incorrect. The main aim of the research was to determine the morphological variables accompanying uterine diseases in bitches in microscopic evaluation. Consequently, the obtained results can be used to create a new classification system for uterine pathological changes during the development of the CEH-P, diagnosed by microscopic examination in bitches. Material for the study consisted of the uteri of 120 female dogs, aged 1-16 years, obtained during routine ovariohysterectomies. Macroscopic observation after a longitudinal incision of the uterine horns, allowed a preliminary classification of the uteri into research groups: control group (physiological uteri), and groups GI-III uteri collected form bitches with varying degrees of endometrial pathology. These preliminary classifications were then verified by histological analysis (H&E stain).Results: The obtained results made it possible to determine and describe the prevalence (%) of pathological changes characteristic of the analyzed uterine diseases in the examined bitches. Histopathological analyses that were conducted have confirmed preliminary macroscopic evaluation for the control group, group GII (CEH), and group GIII (pyometra). In the uteri of the GI group, a severe congestion of endometrium has been observed – this is typical of inflammation – which was not confirmed during histopathological examinations. However, these examinations revealed acute endometrial haemorrhage of varying severity.Conclusions: Early reproduction disorders in bitches are, in general, not confirmed by clinical signs in the examined animals. The results show that during classification of typical morphological changes in endometrium over the development of the CEH-P complex in bitches microscopic examinations are required. The obtained results indicate a frequent lack of consistency in the macroscopic assessment and histological analysis of the endometrium, observed in the analyzed uterine diseases, which in most cases is not followed by clinical symptoms. The presented classification of uterine diseases may be useful as a diagnostic tool in reproductive disorders in bitches and in examination in the field of basic research.

Some aspects of application glucocorticoid drugs in the complex treatment of new coronaviral infection

MedAlliance ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Duration Of Treatment

The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and lab- oratory parameters of the effectiveness of low-dose glu- cocorticoid therapy in the complex treatment of patients with lung disease caused by a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Methods. The study included 40 hospitalized patients aged 37 to 68 years (mean age 52.2 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of medium severe to severe COVID- 19 pneumonia and CT-2 or CT-3 lung tissue involvement. All patients received standard therapy. Patients were randomized into two groups: the main group (n=20) and the control group (n=20). The main group additionally received MPS, according to the protocol: 4 mg tablets, 7 tablets per day, divided into 2 doses (4 tablets in the morning and 3 at lunchtime) in the course of 10 days. On admission to hospital, all patients demonstrated clinical symptoms of the disease, fever and decline in oxygen saturation. Based on the dynamics of clinical, radiological, and la boratory parameters, the additional effectiveness of oral glucocorticoids in the pathogenetic therapy of COVID-19 in comparison with control group was assessed. Results. According to laboratory test re- sults, the screened patients on hospital admission had an increased level of acute phase indicators and proin- flammatory cytokines. Correlation analysis revealed the credible link between the vo lume of lung involvement (based on CT-scans), oxygen sa turation, body mass index (BMI), and interleukin-10 levels (anti-inflammatory cy- tokine activation marker). Credible correlation between concentration of acute-phase parameters and proinflam- matory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6) in blood was detected. The use of methylprednisolone in the comprehensive treat- ment of patients with severe pneumonia associated with COVID-19 has been accompanied by reliable increase in ferritin, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-1, interleu- kin-6, interleukin-10. Less time was needed for symptom resolution and recovery of oxygen saturation in patients who took methylprednisolone. Meanwhile, a timeframe for reaching positive CT dynamics and the total duration of treatment hadn’t changed significantly. Conclusion. Prescribing cycles of oral glucocorticoid therapy helps to reduce proinflammatory cytokines in blood and accel- erate oxygen saturation recovery, however, it does not influence the duration of hospitalization and the time frame of resolution of inflammatory changes in lungs du ring the period of hospitalization.

scholarly journals Possible Protective Effect of Onion Supplementation on Hepatic Functional and Structural Alterations Induced by Cholestasis

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Mohamed ◽  
D A Saad ◽  
M M Francis ◽  
F A Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Common Bile Duct ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Common

Abstract Background Cholestasis is the obstruction or the reduction in bile flow that results in intrahepatic accumulation of bile constituents, which progresses to develop liver pathology. Common bile duct ligation (BDL) in rodents is an experimental model of cholestasis that has been carried out in research for many years. BDL model of cholestatic liver injury involves other mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory or antiapoptotic properties gained much interest for the amelioration of liver dysfunction. Aim the aim of this study is to assess the possible protective effects of onion supplementation on hepatic structural and functional alterations induced by BDL in rats, which reflect the effects of cholestasis resulting from intrahepatic accumulation of bile. Methods Thirty adult female Wistar rats were randomly and equally allocated into three groups: (1) control group, (2) BDL group; subjected to ligation of the common bile duct and (3) Onion-supplemented BDL groups (O-BDL). Both control and BDL groups received distilled water (solvent for onion powder) daily by gavage for 4 weeks. Onion-supplemented BDL group (O-BDL); subjected to ligation of the common bile duct and then received 500 mg/kg of onion powder dissolved in distilled water, daily by gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, total proteins, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and hepatic tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were measured for all groups. In addition, histopathological examination of liver tissue samples was performed for the three groups. Results Plasma levels of ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, TNF-α and hepatic tissue levels of MDA and TGF-β were significantly increased and TAC was significantly decreased in the BDL group compared to the control group. In addition, altered architecture was detected in hepatic tissue samples of BDL group. Onion supplementation significantly decreased the plasma levels of ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, TNF-α and hepatic tissue levels of MDA and TGF-β in the O-BDL group when compared to the BDL group. Total proteins level was not significantly different among all the studied groups. In addition in O-BDL group, histopathological examination of liver revealed near normal structure of hepatic tissue. Conclusion BDL induces hepatic structural alterations and functional disturbances. Onion supplementation inhibits inflammation and oxidative insults that associate BDL, and subsequently protects against BDL-induced liver injury.

scholarly journals Exposure of 4-Nonylphenol: Effect on Physiology and Reproductivity of Male Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusum Kusum ◽  
Ashish Ashish ◽  
Royana Singh ◽  
Radha Chaube
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Hormonal Imbalance ◽  
Study Results

Introduction: The number and accumulation of hazardous chemicals are increasing gradually in the environment. These chemicals directly or indirectly affect the human health, and now-a-day’s these mostly include Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). These EDC’s interfere with the normal hormonal signaling, leading to reproductive or physiological imbalance causing different diseases. Studies suggest that in these EDCs, 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is most commonly used after industrialisation and it is hazardous for all of us. But the complete or detailed studies regarding its effects on reproduction and physiology, mode of action, pathway followed and other related causative factors are yet to be studied. Aim: To examine the multigenerational effects of environmental EDC 4-NP on reproductive, histological and hormonal fitness of male mice exposed for 21 days. Materials and Methods: Male mice were given oral doses 21.25 and 85.0 mg/kg Body Weight (BW) of 4-NP for 21 days. After 21 days BW, organ weight, sperm viability tests were done to analyse the difference with respect to control group. Further histopathological [via Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques]and stress parameters (Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Lipid Peroxidation (LPO)) examinations were done in different organ tissue samples for detailed study. Results: The results showed that in male mice, 4-NP had a significant negative effect on the weight of its body organs. It further has an adverse effect on spermatogenesis and sperm quality with a resultant impact on male mice fertility with hormonal imbalance. Histopathological examination of the liver and testes biopsy samples illustrates that exposure to 4-NP at high doses induces occurrence of anomalies. 4-NP also causes decrease in SOD and increase in LPO, a parameter for increasing toxicity in the organs. Conclusion: Exposure to 4-NP induces reproductive and physiological toxic effects on male mice by causing hormonal imbalance.

scholarly journals THE STUDY OF PATHOGENIC PROPERTIES OF ENTEROCOCCI ISOLATED FROM THE CARPATHIAN CHEESE

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
I. I. Kushnir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anaerobic Microorganisms ◽  
Observation Period

The article present the results of the studies pathogenic properties of enterococci isolated from the Carpathian brynza. Due to the high enzymatic activity enterococci give food unique taste properties. However, scientists have an ambiguous attitude to them, primarily due to the acquisition of resistance to antimicrobials by these microorganisms, and the ability of certain species to cause various diseases in humans and animals. In the determining of infectivity was found that the intra-gastric administration of live enterococci at a dose of 108 CFU per animal, and in the study of toxicity - inactivated microorganisms, white mice remained alive. During the 14-day of observation period, the laboratory animals were active, had a satisfactory appetite, and maintained reflex excitability for sound and light stimulus. Therefore, the studied strains of enterococci E. durans SB6, E. faecium SB 12, E. durans SB18, E. durans SB20 are not infectious and non-toxic, as they did not cause any clinical symptoms and abnormalities in the overall condition of white mice. The tested strains of enterococci don’t have enzymes which are related to the factors of pathogenicity, in particular, they did not have the catalase activity, which have pathogenic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, did not produce lecithinase, which causes the de-polymerization of cell membranes of the microorganisms. In addition, the tested microorganisms did not produce plasma-coagulase and fibrinolysin that indicate on the apatogenic properties of the studied microorganisms. The tested strains of enterococci did not cause an irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the eye. In the determination of acute toxicity, it was found out that intra-gastric administration of the tested strains did not cause signs of acute poisoning, death and diseases of laboratory animals. At the same time, during the 14-day of observation period, no changes in the clinical condition were detected in the animals. In long-term use of enterococci, for 28 days, no changes in the clinical condition of laboratory animals were detected, but observed an increase in body weight of the animals. In particular, on the 28th day of the experiment was noted an increase in body weight of the animals which were administered strains of E. durans SB6, E. faecium SB 12, E. durans SB18, E. durans SB20, respectively, on 7.7, 7.5, 7, 32 and 10.2 %, compared to the values of animals of the control group.

Possibilities of correction of menopausal disorders in women with the use of medicine Menopace

2016 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
G.I. Reznichenko ◽  
◽  
N.Yu. Reznichenko ◽  
V.Yu. Potebnya ◽  
K.I. Kovalenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Condition ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Climacteric Syndrome ◽  
Basic Subgroup ◽  
Menopausal Syndrome ◽  
Natural Menopause ◽  
Surgical Menopause ◽  
Observation Period

The objective: to determine the efficacy of medicine «Menopace» in treatment of women with natural and surgical menopause. Patients and methods. 20 women (I group) with a natural menopause were examined (basic subgroup consisted of 10 patients who used Menopace for 3 months; control subgroup consisted of 10 patients). 20 women (II group) with surgical menopause were examined (basic subgroup consisted of 10 patients who received Menopace for 3 months; control subgroup consisted of 10 patients). Results. The average score of neurovegetative and emotional manifestations of climacteric syndrome during the observation period decreased in women with natural and surgical menopause who used Menopace, compared with subgroups of patients who had not used the medicine. Conclusions. 1. The use of the medicine Menopace in women with natural menopause after 3 months showed the disappearance of clinical symptoms of climacteric syndrome in 70% of the cases, and significant improvement in general condition in 30% of cases. 2. During surgical menopause after 1 month of treatment with Menopace manifestations of sweating were observed 4.5 times less often than in control group, tides were observed 7 times less often than in control group. Neurovegetative and psychoemotional symptoms of menopause were absent in 80% of women after 3 months of treatment and in 20% of cases significant improvement was shown. 3. The obtained results give grounds to recommend wide use of Menopace in practical work for the treatment of menopausal syndrome during natural and surgical menopause. Key words: menopause, therapy, Menopace.

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