PRODUCTION OF PLYWOOD PANEL FOR EXTERIOR USE WITH PARICÁ AND EMBAÚBA TIMBERS

ABSTRACT This research objective was to evaluate the technical feasibility of using Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke (Paricá) and Cecropia palmata Willd (Embaúba) timbers for the production of veneers and external plywood using two types of adhesives: phenol-formaldehyde and tannin-formaldehyde, and different veneer compositions. The trees were harvested in a planted forest area from gap enrichment in the municipality of Dom Eliseu, Pará state. The Pinus elliottii timber was used as the reference and was donated by a company located in the municipality of Irati, Paraná state. The panels were produced with pure timber of the three species, and two combinations between the paricá and embaúba species, using a resin weight of 145 g m 2 in single line. The veneers yield for the paricá was 80.03% and that of the embaúba 46.37%; The panels produced with pure embaúba timber, or in combination with paricá timber, and bonded with phenol-formaldehyde, presented satisfactory technological properties for external use and were the compositions that presented better properties. The best adhesive for the panels was phenol-formaldehyde, as the tannin-formaldehyde did not present good performance in the weight used in this study.

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UTILIZAÇÃO DA MADEIRA DE Eucalyptus benthamii NA PRODUÇÃO DE PAINÉIS DE PARTÍCULAS ORIENTADAS (OSB)

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v45i4.36280 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 865

Author(s):

Luciane Gorski ◽

Alexsandro Bayestorff da Cunha ◽

Polliana D’Angelo Rios ◽

Rosilani Trianoski ◽

Morgana Cristina França ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Core Layer ◽

Pinus Elliottii ◽

Technological Properties ◽

Specific Pressure ◽

The Core ◽

Pressing Cycle ◽

Nominal Density ◽

Pinus Spp

O objetivo foi produzir painéis OSB com partículas de E. benthamii e mix de Pinus taeda e Pinus elliottii. O delineamento experimental envolveu cinco tratamentos compostos por painéis com três camadas de partículas e densidade nominal de 0,65 g/cm3. Foram aplicados 6% de resina fenol formaldeído e 1% de emulsão de parafina. O ciclo de prensagem foi de 8 minutos, temperatura de 180 ºC e pressão específica de 40 kgf/cm2. Os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com a norma ASTM D1037 (1993) e a DIN 52362 (1982), sendo os resultados avaliados por meio da Análise de Variância e Teste de Scott-Knott. Como resultados, observou-se que as melhores composições foram obtidas no tratamento composto exclusivamente por partículas de Pinus spp e no tratamento com partículas de Pinus spp na camada central e E. benthamii nas camadas externas. Foi verificado potencial do Eucalyptus benthamii para a produção de painéis OSB quando misturada com partículas de P. taeda e P. eliiottii, tendo em vista que em painéis puros apresentou resultados insatisfatórios.AbstractUse of Eucalyptus benthamii wood in the production of Oriented Strand Boards (OSB). This research aimed to produce OSB with particles of E. benthamii and mix of Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii. The experimental plan involved five treatments composed of panels with three layers of particles and nominal density of 0,65 g/cm3. The resin phenol formaldehyde and the wax sizing were applied in the amount of 6% and 1%, respectively. The pressing cycle was 8 minutes, temperature of 180 ºC and specific pressure of 40 kgf/cm2. The assays were performed according to standard ASTM D1037 (1993) and DIN 52362 (1982) and the results were evaluated by Analysis of Variance and Scott-Knott Test. As result, it was observed that the best compositions are obtained in the treatment composed exclusively of Pinus spp particles and in the treatment with particles of Pinus spp in the core layer and the E. benthamii in the outer layers. It was verified potential of Eucalyptus benthamii for the production of OSB when mixed with particles of P. taeda and P. eliiottii, considering that in pure panels it showed unsatisfactory results.Keywords: Wood panels; OSB; Eucalyptus sp and Pinus spp; Technological properties.

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Elaboración de ladrillos con merma de una empresa que fabrica espumas reticuladas

Revista de Ingeniería Civil ◽

10.35429/jce.2019.9.3.7.11 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 7-11

Author(s):

Guadalupe Martín-Del Campo ◽

Gabriela Hernández

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Technical Feasibility ◽

Reference Target ◽

Percentage Of Water Absorption ◽

A Company

A proposal was developed to make bricks based on ground shrinkage of a company that is dedicated to the manufacture of cross-linked foams, the process consisted of first establishing the dimensions according to what is currently in the market, a reference target was determined with concentrations similar to an artisanal brick, immediately replacing the white concentrations for test A were 40% of tepojal, 30% of cement, 20% of sand and 10% of shrinkage and test B of 45% of Tepojal, 35% sand, 20% depletion, to evaluate the technical feasibility in the elaboration of the specifications of NMX-C-441-ONNCCE, such as compressive strength, water absorption and dimensions, as well as The density of the elaborated bricks, which was obtained as a result of that of test B is very viable for non-structural use, that is to say dividing walls, since it supports a load of 1000 kg, they are efficient to place them at weathering since the percentage of water absorption is 4%, as well as the economic feasibility, with a cost of $ 13.1.

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Nanocellulose-reinforced phenol-formaldehyde resin for plywood panel production

Maderas Ciencia y tecnología ◽

10.4067/s0718-221x2021000100405 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

Author(s):

Elaine Cristina Lengowski ◽

Eraldo Antonio Bonfatti ◽

Rafael Dallo ◽

Silvana Nisgoski ◽

Jorge Luís Monteiro de Mattos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Plywood Panel

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Application of Energy Efficiency in A Company Through A Photovoltaic Energy System on Grid

International Journal for Innovation Education and Research ◽

10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss11.2797 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 634-645

Author(s):

Samuel Guimaraes Ferreira ◽

Livia Da Silva Oliveira ◽

David Barbosa de Alencar

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Solar Energy ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Energy System ◽

Photovoltaic System ◽

Technical Feasibility ◽

Useful Life ◽

A Company ◽

Over Time

Energy consumption is a major factor in relation to an organization's costs and expenses, determining the need to apply methods that can minimize or reduce these expenses as much as possible. Having these factors in context, the present work aims to present the technical feasibility of implementing a project that uses solar energy through the on-grid solar system to supply the energy demand of a company. The methodology used was the descriptive, in which several data were collected and documentations were analyzed that supported and justified the elaboration of a photovoltaic project and development of the budget and analysis of the costs of a solar energy system. Through the results obtained, it was possible to arrive at a solar project that would be able to establish the necessary power for the company for a cost of R $ 20,916.96 and a payback of 5 years and 5 months. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the photovoltaic system is viable in its use and application, not only because of the advantages associated with the environment, but taking into account its self-sustainability over time and with a useful life of up to 25 years.

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The Automation of Ships' Navigation Systems

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s037346330001955x ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 145-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. T. Clayton ◽

Charles G. Kurz

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Economic Advantage ◽

Significant Advance ◽

Navigation Systems ◽

Basic System ◽

Technical Feasibility ◽

System Requirements ◽

A Company ◽

Ship Operation ◽

The U.S

The United States Maritime Administration recently published the results of a study, undertaken by the Norden Division of the United Aircraft Corporation, on automation and the operation of merchant ships. Mr. Clayton, the author of this important report, described the findings of this investigation, in so far as they affect navigation, to an Institute Meeting held in London on 16 November 1962. The paper, which is presented here, was written in association with Mr. Kurz of the U.S. Maritime Administration. It describes navigation systems for partially and fully automated vessels, and discusses the basic system requirements, accuracy and reliability criteria. A command philosophy for automated ships is developed, and finally a marine course computer, which is the first component of a partially automated navigating system already manufactured, is described. This is the first of several equipments being manufactured under contract to the Maritime Administration.In early 1959 United Aircraft Corporation, led by its Norden Division as systems manager, undertook a company-sponsored study of the technical feasibility of operating merchant ships automatically. The results of this study were circulated throughout the industry. In April 1960 the Maritime Administration awarded a contract to Norden to study the economic and technical feasibility of automating merchant ships. The principal objective of the study was to develop a consistent series of planned, orderly, and reasonable steps towards completely automatic ship operation. The technical feasibility and economic advantage for each significant advance would be thoroughly established and then presented in a form suitable for selective application according to the particular requirements of individual ship operators.

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Analysis of the Compounds from the BTEX Group, Emitted During Thermal Decomposition of Alkyd Resin

Archives of Foundry Engineering ◽

10.2478/v10266-012-0084-z ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 69-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Kubecki ◽

M. Holtzer ◽

A. Bobrowski ◽

R. Dańko ◽

B. Grabowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Alkyd Resin ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Working Environment ◽

Minimal Amount ◽

Technological Properties ◽

Initial State ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Benzene Toluene ◽

Set Up

Abstract Suitability of the given binding agent for the moulding sands preparation depends on the one hand on the estimation of technological properties of the sand and the mould made of it and the obtained casting quality and on the other hand on the assessment of this sand influence on the natural and working environment. Out of moulding sands used in the foundry industry, sands with organic binders deserve a special attention. These binders are based on synthetic resins, which ensure obtaining the proper technological properties and sound castings, however, they negatively influence the environment. If in the initial state these resins are not very dangerous for people and for the environment, thus under an influence of high temperatures they generate very harmful products, being the result of their thermal decomposition. Depending on the kind of the applied resin (phenol-formaldehyde, urea, furfuryl, urea-furfuryl, alkyd) under an influence of a temperature such compounds as: furfuryl alcohol, formaldehyde, phenol, BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), and also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be formed and released. The aim of the study was the development of the method, selection of analytical methods and the determination of optimal conditions of formation compounds from the BTEX group. An emission of these components constitutes one of the basic criteria of the harmfulness assessment of binders applied for moulding and core sands. Investigations were carried out in the specially designed set up for the thermal decomposition of organic substances in a temperature range: 5000C - 13000C at the laboratory scale. The object for testing was alkyd resin applied as a binding material for moulding sands. Within investigations the minimal amount of adsorbent necessary for the adsorption of compounds released during the decomposition of the resin sample of a mass app. 15 mg was selected. Also the minimal amount of solvent needed for the desorption of compounds adsorbed in the column with adsorbent was found. The temperature range, in which the maximal amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylobenzene and xylenes are released from the resin, was defined. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of compounds from the BTEX group were performed by means of the gas chromatography combined with the mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

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Pulsating Gas Dosage in the Moulding Sands Hardening Process in the Cold-Box Technology

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials ◽

10.2478/amm-2013-0082 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 837-840 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. Zych

Keyword(s):

Water Glass ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Technological Properties ◽

Ultrasound Method ◽

Hardening Process ◽

Gas Consumption ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Cold Box

Abstract The results of investigations of the moulding sands hardening process in the cold-box technology - with an application of two ways of gas dosage - are presented in the paper. A new, ultrasound method of testing the kinetics of hardening of moulding sands with chemical binders was applied. Moulding sands with phenol-formaldehyde resin and moulding sands with water-glass hardened by CO2:, were subjected to investigations. A continuous gas dosage was substituted by the pulsating one. It was shown, that the change of the dosage mode could lead to decreasing the gas consumption (even several times). In addition, it was found that the pulsating way of dosage provides improvements of moulding sands technological properties, mainly strength. Investigations concerned the cold-box processes, in which one or two technological gases were used.

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Radial variation in bonding performance of preservative-treated wood within Pinus elliottii trees and its relationships with wood density and adhesive penetration

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.2.2204-2214 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 2204-2214

Author(s):

La Hu ◽

Lizhe Qin ◽

Dongshan Wu ◽

Huilan Xu ◽

Zhangqi Yang

Keyword(s):

Shear Strength ◽

Wood Density ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Treated Wood ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Pinus Elliottii ◽

Wood Failure ◽

Bonded Joints ◽

Bonding Performance ◽

Increasing Trends

Pinus elliottii wood from different radial locations within trees was used to prepare two-layer preservative-treated wood joints with alkaline copper quaternary preservative and emulsion polymer isocyanates (EPI) or resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde (RPF) adhesives. The radial variations in shear strength and wood failure percentage were analyzed. Radial variations in wood density and average penetration depth (AP) of adhesives were investigated to establish relationships between shear strengths and characteristics of bonded joints. The shear strengths of EPI- and RPF-bonded joints showed similar increasing trends from pith to bark, and they varied in ranges of 2.92 to 8.13 MPa and 2.03 to 7.12 MPa, respectively. The wood failure percentage of EPI joints (93% to 100%) had no significant differences in all the radial locations, but that of RPF joints (60% to 100%) showed a clear decreasing trend from pith to bark. High positive linear correlations were found between the shear strengths and wood density, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients for EPI and RPF were 0.934 (p < 0.01) and 0.931 (p < 0.01), respectively. Wood density is a very important factor influencing radial variations of bonding strengths. The correlation between the AP and shear strength was not significant at the 0.05 level.

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Characterization of properties and deterioration by termites in the Pinus elliottii Engelm. wood

Scientia Agraria Paranaensis ◽

10.18188/sap.v19i3.23682 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 252-257

Author(s):

Ezequiel Gallio ◽

Henrique Weber Dalla Costa ◽

Laíse Guerreiro ◽

Nidria Dias Cruz ◽

Rafael Beltrame ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Basic Density ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Pinus Elliottii ◽

Linear Shrinkage ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Technological Properties ◽

Anisotropy Coefficient ◽

Technological Parameters

The technological properties of wood are constituted by parameters, which after being analyzed, make it possible to define an appropriate use for this material. However, the deterioration of the wood due to the attack of termites, which find their food source in the chemical components, ends up altering these original technological characteristics, reducing their useful life and compromising their use. Thus, this study aimed to determine some technological properties of Pinus elliottii, as well as to evaluate the influence of deterioration caused by Nasutitermes termites in this wood. Specimens with dimensions of 20 x 20 x 150 mm (tangential x radial x longitudinal) were used as specimens. The physical properties evaluated were the basic density and linear shrinkage (tangential and radial contractions, and anisotropy coefficient), while the mechanical properties were represented through the Janka hardness test and compression parallel to the fibers. After 40 days of the biodeterioration test with Nasutitermes termites, changes in the equilibrium moisture content, retractability, water absorption rate and mechanical properties were evaluated. While the physical and mechanical properties evaluated showed values similar to those found in the literature, the deterioration caused by termites caused a reduction in hardness and parameters related to compression, increasing the dimensional instability of the wood, represented by the variation in the anisotropy coefficient. This made it possible to conclude that the biodeterioration resulting from the attack of termites directly affected the technological parameters of the wood, and consequently, its quality for the use in the purpose it could initially be destined.

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Properties of Oriented Strandboard Produced Using Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Synthesized with Bio-Oil of Lignocellulosic Wastes

Materials International ◽

10.33263/materials22.131138 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 131-138

Keyword(s):

Potassium Carbonate ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Raw Material ◽

Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Technological Properties ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Bending Modulus ◽

Oriented Strandboard ◽

Bio Oil

The main objective of the present study was to modify phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin by using bio-oil obtained by pyrolysis with and without alkali catalyst (potassium carbonate: K2CO3) (10 to 50 weight %) and determine technological properties oriented strandboard (OSB) panels produced using the modified PF resin formulations. The pine sawdust was used as a raw material of bio-oil. The chemical characterization of bio-oils was determined by GC-MS analysis. The OSB panels were produced with the bio-based PF resins and then their technological properties were determined. As the amount of potassium carbonate catalyst increased up to 20 wt% in the PF resin, 24-h thickness swelling of OSB panels decreased from 15.4 to 14.3%, but further increment in the potassium carbonate catalyst content increased the thickness swelling (22.8%). The IB strength of the OSB specimens with PF resin with 10 wt% bio-oil produced with catalyst or pyrolysis process was found the same (2.18 N/mm2) and it was higher than the reference value (1.97 N/mm2). As the amount of bio-oil was increased to 20 wt%, the difference in the IB values between treated OSB and reference OSB was negligible. However, above the 20 wt% bio oil, it was observed a decreasing trend in the IB values. The bending strength and bending modulus of the OSB specimens containing 20 wt% bio-oil were also found to be higher than those of the reference OSB specimens. It was concluded that the PF resin synthesized using bio-oil of (20 wt%) produced with and without alkali catalyst could be successfully used in the production of the OSB.

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