scholarly journals Size-dependent allocation of biomass to ancillary versus flowers of the inflorescences of the epiphyte Tillandsia stricta Soland (Bromeliaceae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Mantovani ◽  
Ricardo Rios Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Reproductive Allocation ◽  
Heterogeneous Environment ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Size Dependent

The amount of resources invested in reproduction is closely correlated to plant size. However, the increase in reproductive investment is not always proportional to the increase in vegetative growth, as the proportion of plant resources allocated to reproduction can increase, decrease or be maintained along different plant sizes. Although comprising thousand of species, epiphytes are poorly studied in relation to reproductive allocation (RA). We describe the variation in the RA of the epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia stricta Soland with increasing plant sizes. Our goal is not only to evaluate the RA of the whole inflorescence but also quantify the contribution of ancillary structures in the final RA of this plant species. With increasing sizes of T. stricta the reproductive allocation of biomass to the whole inflorescence decreased significantly along plant sizes from 37% to 12%. Reproductive allocation to ancillary and to flowers decreased respectively from 30% to 9% and 10% to 3%. As leaves are the main source of water and nutrients absorption in atmospheric Tillandsia, the total leaf area and area per leaf were used as indicators of foraging capacity, that also increased with plant size. We discuss these results with respect to the capacity of T. stricta to reproduce in the heterogeneous environment of the canopies.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

scholarly journals Growth and Physiological Responses of Four Plant Species to Different Sources of Particulate Matter

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-468
Author(s):  
Kei-Jung Kwon ◽  
Uuriintuya Odsuren ◽  
Huong-Thi Bui ◽  
Sang-Yong Kim ◽  
Bong-Ju Park
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and objective: Particulate matter (PM) has a serious impact on health. Recently, studies are conducted to reduce PM in an environmentally friendly way using plants. This study investigated the physiological responses of plants and their ability to remove PM by continuously spraying different PM sources (loam, fly ash, carbon black) to four native plant species, such as Iris sanguinea, Pteris multifida, Vitis coignetiae, and Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki. Methods: The four plant species were randomly placed in four chambers, and 0.1 g of different PM was injected into each chamber twice a week. We measured chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), total leaf area, amount of leaf wax, PM10 (sPM10) and PM2.5 (sPM2.5) on the leaf surface, and PM10 (wPM10) and PM2.5 (wPM2.5) on the wax layer. Results: For I. sanguinea and V. coignetiae, the sources of PM did not affect the growth response. P. multifida showed high chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content in carbon black as well as high Fv/Fm and total leaf area, thereby proving that carbon black helped plant growth. By PM sources, sPM10 showed a significant difference in three plant species, sPM2.5 in two plant species, and wPM10 in one plant species, indicating that sPM10 was most affected by PM sources. Conclusion: Carbon black increased the leaf area by affecting the growth of P. multifida. This plant can be effectively used for PM reduction by increasing the adsorption area. I. sanguinea and V. coignetiae can be used as economical landscaping plants since they can grow regardless of PM sources.

A green solution for decentralised water treatment: a pilot-scale study on the performance of green walls irrigated with greywater, under a Mediterranean climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azrina Karima ◽  
Carlos Ocampo ◽  
Louise Barton ◽  
Carolyn Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Green Walls

<p>Rapid urbanisation, climate change and scarcity of freshwater leads to conservative water consumption practices, including wastewater recycling for non-potable ‘low exposure risk’ end-use, such as sub-surface landscape and selective garden irrigation. Small-scale decentralised and cost-effective water treatment technologies like green walls require low energy, and are ideal for implementation in both residential and commercial areas. Green walls have been shown to attenuate nutrients, with the treatment efficiency mostly dependent on soil characteristics and plant types. While green wall systems have long been used for thermal comfort under temperate climates, there has been less research on its optimised performance under Mediterranean climates, where long, dry periods in summer and sometimes water-logged conditions in winter, create challenges for both plant and soil health. Our pilot-scale research project used planters (2.5 m x 0.7 m x 0.75 m) to establish detached green façades irrigated by greywater, and to test the impact on façade viability and treatment performance of planter orientation, plant species,  deciduous and non-deciduous plants and the projected total leaf area. Influent and effluent volumes from the planters were carefully monitored, and water balances were established for the planters. The water requirements of green walls in east, west and north facing orientations, and using different plant species, were quantified under different seasons. We determined that annual water requirements for the deciduous plants were almost half that of the non-deciduous plants; as expected the leaves appeared on deciduous plants as air temperatures increased and then both type of plants showed similar water requirements. The evapotranspiration as estimated by the water balances, was validated by quantifying the plant water loss (transpiration) using a portable photosynthetic unit (LI-6400XT, Licor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA). The transpiration measured on a single leaf (in triplicate) was scaled up to the projected total leaf area of the façade, to estimate the total transpiration from the planter. The influents and effluents were also monitored for water quality, to determine how their treatment performance changed with vegetation maturity and season. The green walls showed up to 90% total nitrogen and 80% total phosphorus removal efficiencies throughout the two years study period. However, the pathogen count was greatly impacted by the irrigation water temperature and the effluents had higher pathogen counts than the influents, irrespective of facade orientation or plant species. The results of the leaf area analysis and water balance measurements, as well as their effect on water quality, will be presented to identify suitable orientation and plant species for improving the urban micro-climate that could thrive under greywater irrigation, and in particular under Mediterranean climates.</p>

scholarly journals Biomass allocation to vegetative and reproductive organs of Chenopodium acuminatum Willd. under soil nutrient and water stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingxin Huang ◽  
Xueyong Zhao ◽  
Daowei Zhou ◽  
Tianhui Wang ◽  
Guandi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Reproductive Allocation ◽  
Size Dependent

Biomass allocation was size-dependent. Under soil nutrient, the plasticity of the leaf and reproductive allocation was “true” plasticity, the plasticity of stem allocation was “apparent” plasticity, which is dependent on plant size, but there was no plasticity in root allocation. Under soil water stress, the plasticity of root, leaf and reproductive allocation was “true”. In response to population density, the plasticity of stem allocation is “true” plasticity, while the value of the stem allocation is consistent because of the trade off between the effects of plant size and population density. The biomass allocation strategy increases reproductive allocation but decrease leaf allocation with the decrease of soil nutrient, when compared at the same plant size. At lower soil water, the plant allocated more biomass to the root and leaf rather than to reproductive organ. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i1.15873 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(1): 113-121, 2013 (June)

scholarly journals Effects of Water Stress on Vegetative Growth and ‘Merlot’ Grapevine Yield in a Semi-Arid Mediterranean Climate

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Juan L. Chacón-Vozmediano ◽  
Jesús Martínez-Gascueña ◽  
Francisco J. García-Navarro ◽  
Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Semi Arid

Water stress is considered to be the most influential type of abiotic stress to which plants may be exposed. In grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), it is a common practice to keep plants under water stress at different stages of the season with the aim of reducing yield and improving the composition of the fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate foliar development and yield of ‘Merlot’ grapevines grown in the field when they are subjected to different levels of water stress in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate. Four treatments with different levels of water stress were applied during two phenological intervals (flowering-veraison and veraison-maturity) to 128 grapevines for a period of two consecutive years. The levels of water stress were none-light, light-moderate, moderate-intense, and intense-intense for the flowering-veraison and veraison-maturity intervals, respectively. The results revealed that the total leaf area, the exposed leaf area, and the yield all decreased as the degree of water stress increased. The weight of the berry was a decisive factor in determining yield. The least restrictive water regime treatment gave the heaviest berries and bunches and, as a result, the highest yields.

scholarly journals Effects of fertility, weed density and crop competition on biomass partitioning in Centaurea cyanus L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Chachulski ◽  
Sławomir Janakowski ◽  
Władysław Golinowski
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Centaurea Cyanus ◽  
Arable Weed

The influence of environmental factors on biomass partitioning of annual arable weed <em>Centaurea cyanus</em> was analysed. We investigated the effect of fertilisation, density and competition with the winter rye crop on the reproductive investment. Three fertiliser treatments and three density levels were applied. In <em>Centaurea cyanus</em> differences in the pattern of biomass allocation to reproduction are related to plant size. The relationship between reproductive and vegetative mass is close to linear. It is consistent with the model of linear size-dependent reproductive output. In <em>Centaurea cyanus</em> this model worked well for size differences that have been generated by interspecific competition, nutrients supply and density. Our data support the hypothesis that plastic changes in relationship between vegetative and generative biomass are environmentally-induced. Significantly different relationship between vegetative and reproductive biomass were detected among populations growing at different density and fertility levels. The fertilisation with mineral fertiliser and manure resulted in an increase of generative biomass allocated to flowerheads and a decrease of reproductive effort. Generative dry weight increased more rapidly with plant size in higher densities of population and at lower fertility levels. The experiment showed that the rate of weight allocated to reproductive structures was bigger under the pressure of competition with cereal crop. At low fertility level and high density, when the individuals were small, generative biomass increased faster with plant size. The production of seeds was not directly dependent on biomass allocated into total reproductive structures. At low level, of nutrient supply <em>C. cyanus</em> gave more offspring per gram of its biomass. We discuss the results in context of life-history theory. From the strategic point of view, size-dependent variation in reproductive effort and in efficiency of reproduction can be interpreted as good tactics to favour high reproductive investment in small individuals, thus ensuring some offspring. Such a strategy is due to developmental constraints like short vegetation, the small amount of resources available and strong competition with crop.

scholarly journals Changes in peanut canopy structure and photosynthetic characteristics induced by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in a nutrient-poor environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinli Bi ◽  
Huili Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Tiller Angle ◽  
Amf Inoculation

AbstractA well-developed canopy structure can increase the biomass accumulation and yield of crops. Peanut seeds were sown in a soil inoculated with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and uninoculated controls were also sown. Canopy structure was monitored using a 3-D laser scanner and photosynthetic characteristics with an LI-6400 XT photosynthesis system after 30, 45 and 70 days of growth to explore the effects of the AMF on growth, canopy structure and photosynthetic characteristics and yield. The AMF colonized the roots and AMF inoculation significantly increased the height, canopy width and total leaf area of the host plants and improved canopy structure. AMF reduced the tiller angle of the upper and middle canopy layers, increased that of the lower layer, reduced the leaf inclination of the upper, middle and lower layers, and increased the average leaf area and leaf area index after 45 days of growth, producing a well-developed and hierarchical canopy. Moreover, AMF inoculation increased the net photosynthetic rate in the upper, middle and lower layers. Plant height, canopy width, and total leaf area were positively correlated with net photosynthetic rate, and the inclination angle and tiller angle of the upper leaves were negatively correlated with net photosynthetic rate. Overall, the results demonstrate the effects of AMF inoculation on plant canopy structure and net photosynthetic rate.

Design and Application about System of Plant Science Popularization Based on the QR Code

2015 ◽  
Vol 738-739 ◽  
pp. 1303-1308
Author(s):  
Jing Hua Han ◽  
Ming Jia Li
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
General Public ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
Qr Code ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Science Popularization ◽  
The World

Plant is not only closely related to human beings’ life, but also an integral part of raw materials in production. Protection of nature and plant resources is an increasingly urgent needs around the world. Cognition is a prerequisite for the protection of plant. But the way of plant science popularization is old, the knowledge of plant is too obscure to the general public. The system of plant science popularization based on the QR code spreads the knowledge of plant with illustrations interactively, to facilitate ordinary users to learn, understand and identify plant species. The article will detail all aspects of development of the system, allowing more scholars to understand the digitized plant science popularization under the new media.

Dispersal of Goeppertia marantifolia clonal offspring increases with greater canopy openness and larger plant size

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Matlaga ◽  
Rachel K. Snyder ◽  
Carol C. Horvitz
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Parent Plant ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Corcovado National Park ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract:Many plants within the neotropical understorey produce both seeds and clonal offspring. Plant attributes (i.e. size) and variability in light can influence seed dispersal but it is not known if these factors influence the dispersal of clonal offspring. Our goal was to determine if canopy openness and plant size influence clonal-offspring dispersal of the herb Goeppertia marantifolia, which produces clonal bulbils on above-ground shoots. We monitored plants in permanent plots with varying levels of canopy openness in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica. We recorded canopy openness, leaf area and the distance clonal offspring travelled from their parent plant (N = 283). Our path analysis model demonstrated that canopy openness had a strong positive effect on dispersal distance, while the association between clonal-offspring dispersal distance and parent plant leaf area was only weakly positive. On average, plants experiencing high canopy openness dispersed their clonal offspring further than plants under low canopy openness (124 cm vs. 79 cm, respectively). Contrary to studies on species that utilize rhizomes and stolons for clonal reproduction, we found that in this bulbil-producing species light availability is positively associated with clonal dispersal distance. Therefore, the influence of resource availability on spatial population dynamics of clonal species may be influenced by the species’ growth-form.

Sustainable use of wild plant species: A research bibliography

Social Change ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 204-221
Author(s):  
Ghazala Shahabuddin
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Field Methods

During the last few decades, there has been a growing realisation that biodiversity conservation cannot be successful without the active involvement of the people living close to and dependent on natural ecosystems for their survival and livelihoods. Consequently, there has been a gradual broadening of the global conservation agenda from strict nature protection to include the sustainable use of natural resources, which is now reflected in governmental policy the world over. However, as conservationists strive today towards the harmonisation of people's needs with biodiversity conservation, one of the most elusive, yet critical, goals for them has been the sustainable extraction of plant resources from the wild. Hundreds of plant species continue to be extracted from natural habitats for use as food, medicine, fuel and fodder in households and for commercial sale, both legally and illegally. As a consequence of unmonitored extraction and over-exploitation, many plant species populations are reported to be declining in the wild. In the face of increasing pressure on forest resources, it has become more important than ever before to devise quantitative management policies for sustainable plant use so that both forests and the livelihoods of millions of rural people who are dependent on them, can be sustained. One of the major stumbling blocks for conservationists in developing countries, who are attempting to design and implement sustainable forest management systems, is the lack of information on the state-of-the-art in this field, especially that relating to field methods, data analysis, data recording and monitoring systems. In order to fill this lacuna, a comprehensive bibliography of studies undertaken so far in the science of sustainable use from terrestrial ecosystems is presented here. The scope of this bibliography includes sustainable

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