scholarly journals Biological control of mycotoxin-producing molds

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Henrique Vasconcelos de Medeiros ◽  
Samuel Julio Martins ◽  
Tiago Domingues Zucchi ◽  
Itamar Soares de Melo ◽  
Luis Roberto Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Food And Feed

Mycotoxins are produced by the secondary metabolism of many fungi and can be found in almost 25% of the world's agricultural commodities. These compounds are toxic to humans, animals, and plants and therefore, efforts should be made to avoid mycotoxin contamination in food and feed. Besides, up to 25% of all harvested fruits and vegetables are lost due to storage molds and/or mycotoxin contamination and many methods have been applied to mitigate these issues, but most of them rely on the use of fungicides. Although chemicals are often the first defensive line against mycotoxigenic fungi, the indiscriminate use of fungicides are awakening the public perception due to their noxious effects on the environment and human/animal health. Thus, there is an increasing public pressure for a safer and eco-friendly alternative to control these organisms. In this background, biological control using microbial antagonists such as bacteria, fungi and yeasts have been shown to be a feasible substitute to reduce the use of chemical compounds. Despite of the positive findings using the biocontrol agents only a few products have been registered and are commercially available to control mycotoxin-producing fungi. This review brings about the up-to-date biological control strategies to prevent or reduce harvested commodity damages caused by storage fungi and the contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins.

Beyond Cost Minimisation: Farmers’ Perspectives on the Adoption of GM Fodder in Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-100
Author(s):  
Klara Fischer ◽  
Sebastian Hess
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cost Minimisation ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Free Animal

Swedish farmers were surveyed about their perceptions of genetically modified (GM) feed. Livestock in the EU are frequently given feed containing imported genetically modified (GM) crops, with GM fodder often being cheaper for farmers. However, there is also a growing market for ‘GM-free’ animal-based products. While public concerns about GMOs have been studied extensively, less is known about farmers’ views. The limited literature on farmers and GMOs tends to focus on the economic factors influencing their adoption. The present study contributes the perspective of farmers as members of the general public, thus including a broader set of factors known to be relevant for the public perception of GMOs. The results indicated that farmers were worried about: i) unforeseen consequences for the environment, ii) un­foreseen consequences for human and animal health, and iii) the dominance of multinational companies. Farmers who could expect their farm businesses to benefit from existing GMOs were more positive, whereas those who were unlikely to experience any benefits or who could expect their farm business to be adversely affected were more negative. Nevertheless, adherence to a broader set of positive or negative values suggests that Swedish farmers’ perspectives on GMOs go further than pure considerations of farm management.

Transgenic approaches for pre-harvest control of mycotoxin contamination in crop plants

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cary ◽  
K. Rajasekaran ◽  
J. Yu ◽  
R. Brown ◽  
D. Bhatnagar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Genomics And Proteomics ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Resistance To Invasion

Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that can contaminate food and feed crops worldwide and are responsible for toxic effects in animals and humans that consume contaminated commodities. Regulatory guidelines and limits for mycotoxins have been set by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and food safety agencies of other countries for both import and export of affected commodities. Mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds can also cause serious economic hardships to producers, processors, and the consumer. Therefore, there has been a concerted effort by researchers worldwide to develop strategies for the effective control of mycotoxin contamination of crops, particularly at the pre-harvest stage. Strategies currently being utilised to combat pre-harvest mycotoxin contamination include: (1) use of non-toxigenic biocontrol strains; (2) improved agricultural practices; (3) application of agrochemicals; (4) plant breeding for resistance; and (5) genetic engineering of resistance genes into crop plants. This article highlights research on the genetic engineering of plants for resistance to invasion by mycotoxigenic fungi as well as detoxification of mycotoxins. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant fungi and the mycotoxins they produce. These include aflatoxins produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, trichothecenes produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum, and to a lesser extent, fumonisins produced by F. verticillioides. Information is also presented on the use of genomics and proteomics technologies as a means of identifying genes and proteins that can be utilised in transgenic approaches to control the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and the mycotoxins that they produce in food and feed crops.

scholarly journals PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP HIDROPONIK DI KELURAHAN TELING BAWAH, KOTA MANADO

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Mercy Y. Sengkey ◽  
Welson M. Wangke ◽  
Elsje P. Manginsela
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
The Public ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
Used Goods

This study aimed to analyze and determine the public perception of hydroponic in the distict Teling Bawah Manado City. This aims was conducted over five months from November 2016 to the month of Maret 2017 from preparation to the arrangement of research reports. The location of research is in districts Teling Bawah Manado City. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from 30 respondents using questionnaires, while secondary data obtained from the office district Teling Bawah Manado City. The sampling method in this study was used purposive sampling method. Result of this research show that the public percepstion of Hydroponic are very good with the index of perceptions 84,16% and are classified to category of strongly agree. The society are strongly agree with the existance of agriculture technique using Hydroponic. People think that Hydroponic is very useful for the society, because with Hydroponic, people could consume healthy fruits and vegetables without using chemis chemical products; no need to try very hard to find a land to cultivate; could take advantages of used goods at home; no need a long time to use hydroponic; and use soil as conventional agriculture, so that the actors of Hydroponic do not have to be in contact with worms.

scholarly journals PSII-22 Trends in Mycotoxin Contamination in United States Corn

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 172-173
Author(s):  
Erika Hendel ◽  
Shelby Ramirez ◽  
Paige Gott ◽  
G Raj Murugesan ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
New Crop

Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites and are of key concern to food and feed safety globally. These toxins are detrimental to animal health and can compromise animal performance even at low levels. Classic signs such as decreased feed intake and vomiting used as indicators for exposure overlook other costs of mycotoxicosis, including increasing the frequency and severity of disease via immune suppression, inciting inflammation, and modulating the gastrointestinal environment. This survey examines initial samples of the 2019 crop with previous year trends. New crop corn samples were submitted from September 2019 and consisted of corn (46%), corn silage (50%), and corn byproduct (4%). Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin-A (OTA). Data are presented for major mycotoxin classes in Table 1. Fewer samples are available thus far compared to the fall of 2018 (50 samples in 2019 vs. 135 samples in 2018), thus risk profile of this crop year is likely to change as the sample pool expands. Co-occurrence (≥ 2 mycotoxins) has decreased compared to 2018. The prevalence of B-Trich decreased compared with previous years, but levels are similar to 2018. Prevalence and levels of ZEN decreased from 2018, and are similar to 2017, while FUM is similar in prevalence to 2018, but average ppb numerically increased. As of yet, no Alfa has been detected; however, corn stored with higher moisture content has increased the risk for storage toxins. Mycotoxin risk of this harvest season is still coming into focus as harvest delays have affected sample submission. Due to continued risk of multi-mycotoxin contamination, multiple mitigation strategies are needed beyond just adsorption, including biotransformation, support of the immune system and liver function.

scholarly journals Fungal Contamination and Aflatoxin B1 Detected in Hay for Dairy Cows in South Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta Ceniti ◽  
Nicola Costanzo ◽  
Anna Antonella Spina ◽  
Marinella Rodolfi ◽  
Bruno Tilocca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Fungal Deterioration

The growth of filamentous fungi on fodder is recognized as responsible for fungal deterioration and mycotoxin contamination of the plant mass leads to economic losses in the dairy cow production system. Mycotoxin contamination has significant implications for human and animal health and is one of the major concerns in the food and feed chain. This research provides an insight into the variety of viable molds (i.e., filamentous microfungi) that can be isolated from hay produced in South Italy and destined to dairy cows. On different lots of hay (n = 55) collected from 20 dairy farms, a total of 33 different fungal species were identified. The most representative was Cladosporium cladosporioides (n = 46, 84%) followed by Alternaria alternata (n = 25, 45%), and Rhizopus stolonifer (n = 24, 44%). The species most closely related to aflatoxin (AF) contamination, Aspergillus flavus, was often isolated (n = 11, 20%). Regarding AF detection, all the hay samples were found to be scarcely contaminated by AFB1 and showed values from 0.0020 to 0.0077 mg/kg, below the limits established by European Union (EU legislation) (0.02 mg/kg). None of the samples were positive for Aspergillia and tested for AFB1 showed results exceeding established limits. Additionally, hay with moisture between 15.0 and 19.2% or crude ash on dry matter content ranging from 14.0 to 15.5% reported an increased presence of AFB1 (p < 0.05) compared to the other samples. All the analyzed hay samples, besides the presence of molds, can be considered safe for the presence of AFB1. Prevention of mold spoilage is mandatory to reduce the exposure of humans and animals to mycotoxins.

A Canadian national survey on the public perception of biological control

BioControl ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. McNeil ◽  
P.-A. Cotnoir ◽  
T. Leroux ◽  
R. Laprade ◽  
J.-L. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
The Public

scholarly journals Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 and Zearalenone by Bacterial and Fungal Laccases in Presence of Structurally Defined Chemicals and Complex Natural Mediators

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolu Wang ◽  
Yingguo Bai ◽  
Huoqing Huang ◽  
Tao Tu ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Fungal Laccases ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Cota Laccase ◽  
Mediator Systems ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Methyl Syringate ◽  
Shed Light

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) exert deleterious effects to human and animal health. In this study, the ability of a CotA laccase from Bacillus subtilis (BsCotA) to degrade these two mycotoxins was first investigated. Among the nine structurally defined chemical compounds, methyl syringate was the most efficient mediator assisting BsCotA to degrade AFB1 (98.0%) and ZEN (100.0%). BsCotA could also use plant extracts, including the Epimedium brevicornu, Cucumis sativus L., Lavandula angustifolia, and Schizonepeta tenuifolia extracts to degrade AFB1 and ZEN. Using hydra and BLYES as indicators, it was demonstrated that the degraded products of AFB1 and ZEN using the laccase/mediator systems were detoxified. Finally, a laccase of fungal origin was also able to degrade AFB1 and ZEN in the presence of the discovered mediators. The findings shed light on the possibility of using laccases and a mediator, particularly a natural plant-derived complex mediator, to simultaneously degrade AFB1 and ZEN contaminants in food and feed.

Management of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.W. Zhang ◽  
Z.M. Ye ◽  
Y. Jin ◽  
S.Y. Wang ◽  
L.S. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Management ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
Food And Feed

Mycotoxins have a significant impact on human and animal health as well as economy and international trade. A number of steps have been taken to minimise mycotoxin contamination worldwide. China, one of the largest importers and exporters of food and animal feed, has implemented management strategies to protect consumers from mycotoxins and ensure safe trading of food and feed. The development and status of these management strategies are of interest to many stakeholders, however, no comprehensive review of these strategies has been published to date. The objective of this article is to review these strategies, including associated regulations, risk assessments, contamination monitoring practices, and processes for the supervision and management of associated production, distribution and consumption chains. There are 49 mycotoxin-related regulations in China; these include maximum levels for seven mycotoxins, standard methods for detecting 17 mycotoxins, and a code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals. Twelve mycotoxins found in daily food are covered by the Chinese contamination monitoring network. A new risk assessment organisation is required to systematically implement and manage food safety risk assessments in China. In addition, self-control by companies and daily supervisions and inspections by government departments are quite effective in preventing the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed. This article provides information to all those who wish to understand more about the current safety management systems for combating mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in China.

scholarly journals Advances in Control Strategies against Spodoptera frugiperda. A Review

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 5587
Author(s):  
Francisco A. Paredes-Sánchez ◽  
Gildardo Rivera ◽  
Virgilio Bocanegra-García ◽  
Hadassa Y. Martínez-Padrón ◽  
Martín Berrones-Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
The Past

The strategies for controlling the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda have been developing over the past four decades; however, the insecticide resistance and the remarkable adaptability of this insect have hindered its success. This review first analyzes the different chemical compounds currently available and the most promising options to control S. frugiperda. Then, we analyze the metabolites obtained from plant extracts with antifeedant, repellent, insecticide, or ovicide effects that could be environmentally friendly options for developing botanical S. frugiperda insecticides. Subsequently, we analyze the biological control based on the use of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasitoids against this pest. Finally, the use of sex pheromones to monitor this pest is analyzed. The advances reviewed could provide a wide panorama to guide the search for new pesticidal strategies but focused on environmental sustainability against S. frugiperda.

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