scholarly journals A review of events that expose children to elemental mercury in the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 585-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Lee ◽  
Dan Middleton ◽  
Kathleen Caldwell ◽  
Steve Dearwent ◽  
Steven Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Dental Amalgams ◽  
Waste Incinerators

Concern for children exposed to elemental mercury prompted the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to review the sources of elemental mercury exposures in children, describe the location and proportion of children affected, and make recommendations on how to prevent these exposures. In this review, we excluded mercury exposures from coal-burning facilities, dental amalgams, fish consumption, medical waste incinerators, or thimerosal-containing vaccines. We reviewed federal, state, and regional programs with data on mercury releases along with published reports of children exposed to elemental mercury in the United States. We selected all mercury-related events that were documented to expose (or potentially expose) children. Primary exposure locations were at home, at school, and at others such as industrial property not adequately remediated or medical facilities. Exposure to small spills from broken thermometers was the most common scenario; however, reports of such exposures are declining. The information reviewed suggests that most releases do not lead to demonstrable harm if the exposure period is short and the mercury is properly cleaned up. Primary prevention should include health education and policy initiatives.

scholarly journals 2765. Pediatric Mumps during the 2015–2017 Mumps Resurgence in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S975-S975
Author(s):  
Mariel Marlow ◽  
John Zhang ◽  
Nakia S Clemmons ◽  
Mona Marin ◽  
Manisha Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Low Rate

Abstract Background Numerous mumps outbreaks occurred in the United States over the last decade, with outbreaks affecting young adults on college campuses being among the largest and most widely publicized. However, at least half of mumps cases and outbreaks occurred in other age-groups and settings. We describe reported mumps cases among children and adolescents during 2015 through 2017. Methods The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) analyzed reports of confirmed and probable mumps cases in persons aged ≤18 years (defined here as pediatric mumps) transmitted electronically through the Nationally Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) by the 52 reporting jurisdictions. Results Between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2017, 49 jurisdictions reported 4,886 pediatric mumps cases (35% of all US reported cases, 13,807); 8 jurisdictions reported >100 cases each, representing 82% of all pediatric cases. Overall, 29 (1%) cases were in infants <1 yr, 406 (8%) were in children aged 1–4 years, 1,408 (29%) in children aged 5–10 years, 1,365 (28%) in adolescents aged 11–14 years, and 1,678 (34%) in adolescents aged 15–18 years. Most (3,548, 73%) cases did not travel outside the state during their exposure period; only 37 (1%) traveled outside the country. Cases in patients aged 1–4 years were more frequently non-outbreak associated (38%) than those in patients <1 years and 5–18 years (24% and 9%, respectively). Among 3,309 (68%) patients with known number of MMR doses received, 81% of those 5–18 years had ≥2 MMR doses, while 67% of those 1–4 years had ≥1 dose. Median time since last MMR dose for patients with 2 doses was 8 years (IQR: 4, 11 years). Four patients had meningitis and 1 had encephalitis; all were ≥10 years old and previously received 2 MMR doses. Of male mumps patients older than 10 years of age (2,113), 46 (2%) reported having orchitis; of these, 33 (72%) had 2 MMR doses. Sixty-four patients were hospitalized and there were no deaths. Conclusion About one-third of cases reported during the recent US mumps resurgence were in children and adolescents. The low rate of mumps complications compared with previous studies suggests mumps complications may not be adequately captured in national surveillance or identified by providers. Providers should remain vigilant that mumps can still occur among fully vaccinated pediatric patients, even those recently vaccinated. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Is This the Care We Need?: An Examination of Childcare Policy in Pennsylvania

Commonwealth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie Sweet-Cushman ◽  
Ashley Harden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Child Care ◽  
Current System ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Women And Politics ◽  
Richard Nixon ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Childcare Policy

For many families across Pennsylvania, child care is an ever-present concern. Since the 1970s, when Richard Nixon vetoed a national childcare program, child care has received little time in the policy spotlight. Instead, funding for child care in the United States now comes from a mixture of federal, state, and local programs that do not help all families. This article explores childcare options available to families in the state of Pennsylvania and highlights gaps in the current system. Specifically, we examine the state of child care available to families in the Commonwealth in terms of quality, accessibility, flexibility, and affordability. We also incorporate survey data from a nonrepresentative sample of registered Pennsylvania voters conducted by the Pennsylvania Center for Women and Politics. As these results support the need for improvements in the current childcare system, we discuss recommendations for the future.

The Under-Enrollment of HIV-infected Foster Children in Clinical Trials and Protocols and the Need for Corrective State Action

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-249
Author(s):  
Briar McNutt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
State Action ◽  
Pediatric Aids ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Year 2000

The incidence of HIV infection and AIDS in children has grown at an alarming rate. Approximately one million children worldwide have HIV infection. By the year 2000, an estimated ten million children will suffer from the disease. Currently, the United States has a population of an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 HIV-infected children. As of June 30, 1993, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 4,710 known AIDS cases in children twelve years-old and younger. At that point, New York City reported 1,124 pediatric AIDS cases which represented twenty-four percent of all cases in the United States.With the rising number of HIV-infected children, the medical community in the United States has begun to search for HIV-and AIDS-related treatments particularized for children. In addition to establishing guidelines for HIV-infected children's frequent check-ups and timely immunizations, the medical community has initiated research studies involving HIV-infected children.

Abstract P636: Social Determinants of Stroke Hospitalization and Mortality in the United States

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Randhir Sagar Yadav ◽  
Durgesh Chaudhary ◽  
Shima Shahjouei ◽  
Jiang Li ◽  
Vida Abedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Physician ◽  
County Level ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Control And Prevention

Introduction: Stroke hospitalization and mortality are influenced by various social determinants. This ecological study aimed to determine the associations between social determinants and stroke hospitalization and outcome at county-level in the United States. Methods: County-level data were recorded from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as of January 7, 2020. We considered four outcomes: all-age (1) Ischemic and (2) Hemorrhagic stroke Death rates per 100,000 individuals (ID and HD respectively), and (3) Ischemic and (4) Hemorrhagic stroke Hospitalization rate per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries (IH and HH respectively). Results: Data of 3,225 counties showed IH (12.5 ± 3.4) and ID (22.2 ± 5.1) were more frequent than HH (2.0 ± 0.4) and HD (9.8 ± 2.1). Income inequality as expressed by Gini Index was found to be 44.6% ± 3.6% and unemployment rate was 4.3% ± 1.5%. Only 29.8% of the counties had at least one hospital with neurological services. The uninsured rate was 11.0% ± 4.7% and people living within half a mile of a park was only 18.7% ± 17.6%. Age-adjusted obesity rate was 32.0% ± 4.5%. In regression models, age-adjusted obesity (OR for IH: 1.11; HH: 1.04) and number of hospitals with neurological services (IH: 1.40; HH: 1.50) showed an association with IH and HH. Age-adjusted obesity (ID: 1.16; HD: 1.11), unemployment (ID: 1.21; HD: 1.18) and income inequality (ID: 1.09; HD: 1.11) showed an association with ID and HD. Park access showed inverse associations with all four outcomes. Additionally, population per primary-care physician was associated with HH while number of pharmacy and uninsured rate were associated with ID. All associations and OR had p ≤0.04. Conclusion: Unemployment and income inequality are significantly associated with increased stroke mortality rates.

scholarly journals Levofloxacin-Resistant Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: Evidence for Clonal Spread and the Impact of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 3491-3497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias W. R. Pletz ◽  
Lesley McGee ◽  
James Jorgensen ◽  
Bernard Beall ◽  
Richard R. Facklam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Active Efflux ◽  
Vaccine Serotypes ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Clonal Spread ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT The emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in sterile-site isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae is documented in this study characterizing all invasive levofloxacin-resistant (MIC, ≥8 mg/liter) S. pneumoniae isolates (n = 50) obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Active Bacterial Core Surveillance from 1998 to 2002. Resistance among all isolates increased from 0.1% in 1998 to 0.6% in 2001 (P = 0.008) but decreased to 0.4% in 2002, while resistance among vaccine serotypes continued to increase from 0.3% in 1998 to 1.0% in 2002, suggesting that fluoroquinolones continue to exert selective pressure on these vaccine serotypes. Only 22% of resistant isolates were not covered by the conjugate vaccine serogroups. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that 58% of resistant strains were related to five international clones identified by the Pneumococcal Molecular Epidemiology Network, with the Spain23F-1 clone being most frequent (16% of all isolates). Thirty-six percent of the isolates were coresistant to penicillin, 44% were coresistant to macrolides, and 28% were multiresistant to penicillin, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. Fifty percent of the isolates were resistant to any three drug classes. Ninety-four percent of the isolates had multiple mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes. In 16% of the isolates, there was evidence of an active efflux mechanism. An unusual isolate was found that showed only a single parE mutation and for which the ciprofloxacin MIC was lower (2 mg/liter) than that of levofloxacin (8 mg/liter). Our results suggest that invasive pneumococcal isolates resistant to levofloxacin in the United States show considerable evidence of multiple resistance and of clonal spread.

scholarly journals Covid-19 pandemic: What is the truth?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
Russell L. Blaylock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Young People ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
History Of ◽  
Irreparable Damage

The ongoing “pandemic” involving the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) has several characteristics that make it unique in the history of pandemics. This entails not only the draconian measures that some countries and individual states within the United States and initiated and made policy, most of which are without precedent or scientific support, but also the completely unscientific way the infection has been handled. For the 1st time in medical history, major experts in virology, epidemiology, infectious diseases, and vaccinology have not only been ignored, but are also demonized, marginalized and in some instances, become the victim of legal measures that can only be characterized as totalitarian. Discussions involving various scientific opinions have been eliminated, top scientists have been frightened into silence by threats to their careers, physicians have lost their licenses, and the concept of early treatment has been virtually eliminated. Hundreds of thousands of people have died needlessly as a result of, in my opinion and the opinion of others, poorly designed treatment protocols, mostly stemming from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, which have been rigidly enforced among all hospitals. The economic, psychological, and institutional damage caused by these unscientific policies is virtually unmeasurable. Whole generations of young people will suffer irreparable damage, both physical and psychological, possibly forever. The truth must be told.

scholarly journals Teori Hukum Pidana Minimalis dari Douglas Husak: Urgensi dan Relevansi

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-279
Author(s):  
Mahrus Ali ◽  
M. Arif Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Risk Prevention ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Minimalist Theory ◽  
Severity Of Punishment ◽  
Douglas Husak

Douglas Husak has been widely known, especially in the United States and Europe, as a leading theorist who combines the disciplines of legal philosophy and criminal law. Most of his writings were directed at the use of the coercive means of the state through criminal law as minimum as possible. The minimalist theory of criminal law that he coined was motivated by the phenomenon of the increasing number of acts criminalized in the United States Federal State Law in which the majority related to offenses of risk prevention causing overcriminalization. To prevent this, criminal law must be placed as a last resort. The state’s decision to criminalize an act must pay attention to internal and external constraints. The first includes the nontrivial harm or evil constraint, the culpability of the actor, and the proportionality of punishment, while the second is related to the substantiality of the state’s authority to punish. The thought is relevant to be adopted in the criminalization policy in Indonesia, especially regarding the principle of the blameworthiness of conduct, the severity of punishment must weigh the dangerousness of the (actor) offenses, and criminalization should not be taken if other means are equally effective or even more effective to achieve the goal. Abstrak Douglas Husak dikenal luas terutama di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa sebagai teoretisi terkemuka yang menggabungkan antara disiplin filsafat hukum dan hukum pidana. Tulisan-tulisan Husak kebanyakan diarahkan pada penggunaan sarana koersif negara melalui hukum pidana seminimal mungkin. Teori hukum pidana minimalis yang dicetuskannya dilatarbelakangi fenomena semakin banyaknya perbuatan-perbuatan yang dikriminalisasi dalam undang-undang Negara Federal Amerika dan mayoritas terkait offenses of risk prevention sehingga menimbulkan kelebihan kriminalisasi. Untuk mencegahnya, hukum pidana harus ditempatkan sebagai sarana terakhir. Keputusan negara untuk mengkriminalisasi suatu perbuatan harus memperhatikan pembatas internal dan pembatas eksternal. Yang pertama meliputi sifat jahat dan dampak kerugian/kerusakan yang begitu serius dari dilakukannya suatu tindak pidana, kesalahan pembuat, dan proporsionalitas pidana; sedangkan yang kedua terkait substansialitas kewenangan negara untuk memidana. Pemikiran Husak relevan untuk diadopsi dalam kebijakan kriminalisasi di Indonesia terutama menyangkut prinsip ketercelaan suatu perbuatan, penetapan beratnya ancaman pidana mengacu pada seriusitas delik dan kesalahan pembuat, dan kriminalisasi tidak boleh ditempuh jika cara-cara lain sama efektif atau bahkan lebih efektif untuk mencapai tujuan.

In vitro susceptibility of ceftolozane/tazobactam against typhoidal, non-typhoidal and extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Salmonella

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jade L. L. Teng ◽  
Elaine Chan ◽  
Asher C. H. Dai ◽  
Gillian Ng ◽  
Tsz Tuen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Esbl Producers

Both typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae are included in the top 15 drug-resistant threats described by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States. There is an urgent need to look for alternative antibiotics for the treatment of Salmonella infections. We examined the in vitro susceptibilities of ceftolozane/tazobactam and six other antibiotics on typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae, including isolates that are extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive, using the broth microdilution test. Of the 313 (52 typhoidal and 261 non-typhoidal) Salmonella isolates tested, 98.7% were susceptible to ceftolozane/tazobactam. Based on the overall MIC 50/90 values, Salmonella isolates were more susceptible to ceftolozane/tazobactam (0.25/0.5 mg/L) compared to all other comparator agents: ampicillin (≥64/≥64 mg/L), levofloxacin (0.25/1 mg/L), azithromycin (4/16 mg/L), ceftriaxone (≤0.25/4 mg/L), chloramphenicol (8/≥64 mg/L) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1/≥8 mg/L). When comparing the activity of the antimicrobial agents against non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates according to their serogroup, ceftolozane/tazobactam had the highest activity (100%) against Salmonella serogroups D, G, I and Q isolates, whereas the lowest activity (85.7%) was observed against serogroup E isolates. All the 10 ESBL-producing Salmonella (all non-typhoidal) isolates, of which 8 were CTX-M-55-producers and 2 were CTX-M-65-producers, were sensitive to ceftolozane/tazobactam albeit with a higher MIC 50/90 value (1/2 mg/L) than non-ESBL-producers (0.25/0.5 mg/L). In summary, our data indicate that ceftolozane/tazobactam is active against most strains of both typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae and also active against ESBL-producing salmonellae.

The Contours of Repression

2019 ◽  
pp. 184-208
Author(s):  
David M. Struthers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
World War One ◽  
International Borders ◽  
The World ◽  
Sedition Act ◽  
State And Local

This chapter examines the World War One period in which the federal, state, and local governments in the United States, in addition to non-state actors, created one of the most severe eras of political repression in United States history. The Espionage Act, the Sedition Act, changes to immigration law at the federal level, and state criminal syndicalism laws served as the legal basis for repression. The Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM), Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and other anarchists took different paths in this era. Some faced lengthy prison sentences, some went underground, while others crossed international borders to flee repression and continue organizing. This chapter examines the repression of radical movements and organizing continuities that sustained the movement into the 1920s.

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