scholarly journals In vitro digestion characteristics of various combinations of elephant grass hay, gliricidia hay or silage, soybean meal and corn meal in rations for sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Juliana Caroline Santos Santana ◽  
Jucileia Aparecida da Silva Morais ◽  
Gelson Dos Santos Difante ◽  
Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Antonio Leandro Chaves Gurgel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Grass Hay

This study examined fermentation rates and kinetics of sheep rations based on combinations of elephant grass hay, gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) hay or silage, soybean meal and corn meal using in vitro techniques. Three rations were prepared, namely: Control (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal); gliricidia hay (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal + gliricidia hay); and gliricidia silage (elephant grass hay + soybean meal + corn meal + gliricidia silage). A fixed ratio of roughage:concentrate of 55:45 was maintained for all rations, which were isocaloric and designed to support sheep gains of 200 g/day. The gliricidia replaced 57.6% of the soybean meal in the rations containing gliricidia and 81.8% of the elephant grass hay. Fermentation rates and kinetics, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and degradability of the rations were evaluated. Rations containing gliricidia as both hay and silage had higher (P<0.05) IVDMD than the Control ration (67.8 and 66.2 vs. 59.8%). The degradability of the ration containing gliricidia hay was higher (P<0.05) than that of the gliricidia silage ration (57.8 vs. 50.5%), whereas the Control showed an intermediate value (54.4%). The ration containing gliricidia hay and the Control produced more gas in the first 24 h than the ration containing gliricidia silage, and the gliricidia hay ration showed the shortest colonization time. Peak gas production occurred for the ration with gliricidia silage later than for the other rations. The study showed that substituting soybean meal with preserved gliricidia can result in higher digestibility of sheep rations. Feeding studies with animals are now warranted to verify these laboratory findings.

scholarly journals Milled legume grain as urease source for the ammonization of elephant grass hay

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1268-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Fiusa de Morais ◽  
João Carlos de Carvalho Almeida ◽  
Delci de Deus Nepomuceno ◽  
Mirton José Frota Morenz ◽  
Bárbara Maria Gomes de Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Jack Bean ◽  
Grass Hay

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of soybean (Glycine max), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) as urease sources for elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hay ammoniated with urea. The experimental design was completely randomized in a double factorial arrangement with one additional treatment: 4 urease source levels x 3 urease sources + 1 control. Chemical-bromatological analyses and carbohydrate fractionation were performed in the hay, and cumulative gas production in vitro was determined. There were interactions between urease level and source for neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, in which 1 and 2% jack bean lowered acid detergent fiber values, and 2% jack bean and 3% soybean reduced lignin content. The addition of milled legume grains reduces fiber components and increases non protein nitrogen content in elephant grass hay ammoniated with urea. Adding 4% milled soybean increases gas production in the soluble fraction.

A history ofin vitrotechniques

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
D. J. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Micro Organisms

AbstractRegressions relating in vivo digestibility to chemical composition of the food have residual standard deviations that are unacceptably high. The development of the two-stage in vitro technique inoculated with rumen liquor (Tilley and Terry, 1963) allowed dry-matter digestibility to be predicted with greater accuracy. This success was followed by a series of developments which replaced rumen liquor with inoculum produced from fresh or preserved faeces collected from sheep or cattle. Other methods used inoculum from a continuous fermentation containing rumen micro-organisms and enzymes produced by fungi. Another modification was to use gas production as a measure of in vitro digestion. The range of nutritional problems that could be measured by in vitro techniques was extended to include the estimation of voluntary food intake and protein degradation. All these in vitro techniques require standardization using food samples that have previously been analysed in vitro or offered as the sole diet to animals. The relative merits of these two calibration methods are discussed. Special facilities are required for storing and distributing these standard foods.

scholarly journals Gas production and in vitro degradability of sheep diets containing propolis ethanolic extract

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cintia Mirely de Araujo ◽  
Fernanda Gomes Bezerra da Silva ◽  
Daniela Pionório Vilaronga Castro ◽  
Daniel Ribeiro Menezes ◽  
Mário Adriano Ávila Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Experimental Diet ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Colonization Time

SUMMARY This study evaluated the influence of the propolis ethanolic extract (PEE) on gas production and in vitro degradability of sheep diets. Five experimental diets (treatments) were evaluated: without addition of PEE; 6 mL PEE; 12 mL PEE; 24 mL PEE and 36 mL PEE/kg concentrate. The experimental diet consisted of 50% elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and 50% concentrate. There was a quadratic effect (P <0.05) for the volumes of total gas production (Vt), gases produced by the rapid degradation fractions (Vf1), and for in vitro degradability at 120 hours (Deg120), where the lowest values of Vt, Vf1 and Deg120, were found for the inclusion of 9.4 mL PEE/kg concentrate. Gas production by fermentation of the slow degradation fraction (Vf2) presented a mean of 25 mL/g DM (P <0.05). The colonization time of food particles (λ) significantly reduced (P<0.05) with increasing inclusion of PEE. Thus, it can be concluded that the PEE up to the inclusion of 9.4 mL/kg concentrate was efficient in inhibiting in vitro total gas production and from the fractions of rapid degradation by 9.9 and 15.3%, respectively, in addition to promoting a reduction of 5.3% in degradability after 120 h incubation in diets with a concentrate: forage ratio of 50:50. Thus, the inhibition in gas production was proportionally greater than the reduction of degradability.

scholarly journals 133 Porcine in vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of heat-pretreated and multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
Cienna J Boss ◽  
Jung Wook Lee ◽  
Rob Patterson ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Heat Pretreatment ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract A study was conducted to determine effects of pretreating and supplementing soybean hulls with multi-enzyme on porcine in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics. Treatments were untreated and heat-pretreated (160 °C and 70 psi for 20 min) soybean hulls without or with multi-enzyme in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The multi-enzyme supplied 2,800 U of cellulase, 1,800 U of pectinase, 400 U of mannanase, 1,000 U of xylanase, 600 U of glucanase, and 200 U of protease/kilogram of feedstuff. Feedstuffs were subjected to in vitro digestion with porcine pepsin and pancreatin, followed by in vitro fermentation for 72 h. Accumulated gas production was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. On DM basis, untreated and pretreated soybean hulls contained 10.4 and 10.6% CP, and 63.2 and 49.5% ADF, respectively. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation did not interact on in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM). Untreated and pretreated soybean hulls did not differ in IVDDM (24.8 vs. 25.7%). Multi-enzyme increased (P &lt; 0.05) IVDDM of soybean hulls by a mean of 45.5%. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme unaffected total gas production. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme interacted (P &lt; 0.05) on fractional rate of degradation such that the fractional rate of degradation for pretreated soybean hulls was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that of untreated soybean hulls when soybean hulls were supplemented with multi-enzyme (0.045 vs. 0.062 h-1), but not when soybean hulls were unsupplemented with multi-enzyme (0.053 vs. 0.059 h-1). In conclusion, multi-enzyme supplementation increased IVDDM, implying that the multi-enzyme used in the study can be used to enhance utilization of soybean hulls. Heat pretreatment increased the rate of fermentation of multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls, implying that the rate of fermentation of soybean hulls in the hindgut of pigs can be enhanced by a combination of heat pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation.

REDUCTION OF β-CONGLYCININ ANTIGENICITY AND RATE OF ACID-PEPSIN PROTEOLYSIS OF PROTEINS IN EXTRUDED OR RUMEN FLUID-TREATED SOYBEAN MEAL

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. MIR ◽  
J. H. BURTON ◽  
B. N. WILKIE ◽  
F. R. VAN DE VOORT
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Fermented Soybean Meal ◽  
Milk Replacers

The effect of processing commercial soybean meal (HSBM) by either extrusion (ExSBM) or fermentation with microbes in rumen fluid (FSBM) on rate of protein hydrolysis and the activity of the antigen β-conglycinin was evaluated. Ethanol-extracted soybean meal (EtSBM) and skim milk powder (SMP) were included as positive controls while HSBM was the negative control, with regard to antigen content. The rates of proteolysis were determined by acid pepsin hydrolysis and the activity of β-conglycinin in the soluble fraction of the digestion mixtures at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h of in vitro proteolysis was determined by radial immunodiffusion in agar gel containing antibody specific for the antigen. Susceptibility of FSBM and ExSBM to proteolysis by pepsin was greater than that of EtSBM. β-Conglycinin content was greatest in HSBM (1.0 ± 0.2 g dL−1) and only 0.3 ± 0.03 g dL−1 in ExSBM at the beginning of in vitro digestion. The antigen was not detected in either FSBM or EtSBM, therefore these products could be used in milk replacers for calves. Key words: In vitro pepsin proteolysis, extruded soybean meal, fermented soybean meal, antigen, β-conglycinin

scholarly journals In vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics of diets with crambe cake protein replacing soybean meal protein by gas production technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 3399-3414
Author(s):  
Angela Rocio Poveda-Parra ◽  
Odimári Pricila Prado-Calixto ◽  
Elzânia Sales Pereira ◽  
Fernando Luiz Massaro Junior ◽  
Larissa Nóbrega de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Feedlot Lambs ◽  
Gas Volume

The objective of this study was to evaluate ingredients and diets containing increasing levels of crambe cake protein replacing soybean meal protein, with in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters using a gas production technique. Diets were formulated for feedlot lambs and contained different levels of crambe cake protein (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g kg-1) replacing soybean meal protein. Corn silage was used as roughage. Carbohydrate digestion rates were estimated using the in vitro gas production technique and the cumulative gas production kinetics were analyzed using the bicompartmental logistic model. The parameters values of ruminal degradation kinetics were generated using the R statistical program with the Gauss-Newton algorithm and then subjected to analysis of variance and regression (when necessary) according to a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replications. Upon carbohydrate fractionation of ingredients and experimental diets, it was observed that corn grain and corn silage presented the highest levels of total carbohydrates (TC), with values of 128.3 and 464.8 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) in fraction B2, respectively. Lower TC content was found for soybean meal and crambe cake (CC). There was a predominance of fractions A + B1 in the ingredients and experimental diets. The B2 fraction decreased in the diets with the inclusion of the CC protein, and CC presented the highest C fraction. Protein fractionation (g kg-1 DM and g kg-1 crude protein - CP), the ingredients and diets showed a higher proportion of fractions A and B1 + B2. In in vitro degradation, the diet without CC (0 g kg-1 DM) showed the highest final cumulative gas production (365.04 mL g-1 of incubated DM), while the CC presented the lowest volume (166.68 mL g-1 of incubated DM). The gas volume of non-fibrous carbohydrate fermentation and fibrous carbohydrate degradation rate exhibited a quadratic effect according increasing levels of CC (Pmax = 265.8 g kg-1 DM and Pmin = 376.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively). The lag time and final gas volume showed a decreasing linear effect with increasing levels of CC protein. The degradation rate of non-fibrous carbohydrates and the final volume of fibrous carbohydrates did not differ. Replacing soybean meal protein with CC protein at the level of 250 g kg-1 of dry matter in diets formulated for feedlot lambs leads to good profiles of ruminal fermentation kinetics with respect to the degradation of fibrous and non-fibrous carbohydrates.

scholarly journals Comparison of three different rumen fluid as a source of inoculum to evaluate in vitro gas production and digestibility of elephant grass-concentrate mixture

2021 ◽  
Vol 888 (1) ◽  
pp. 012076
Author(s):  
H Soetanto ◽  
RM Aprilia ◽  
MS Pramita ◽  
I Banna
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

Abstract This study aimed at elucidating the use of three different rumen fluid (RF) of indigenous cattle breeds i.e. Bali, Madura and Crossbred Ongole immediately after slaughtered at abattoir to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass( EG) -concentrate mixture using a standard in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. Approximately 500 mg feed dry matter/syringe was added with 50 ml RF-buffer solution and incubated in a 39 0C water bath for 48 hours where gas production was observed at time intervals. Following termination of incubation the content was transferred into tare glass crucible to measure rumen dry matter (RDMD) and organic matter (ROMD) digestibility. The results showed that there was no significant different (P>0.05) in gas production parameters. In contrast, RDMD and ROMD differed significantly (P<0.01) among cattle breeds. RF from OCB resulted in the highest IVGP, RDMD and ROMD as compared with other RF sources. In conclusion, the use of RF from abattoir for IVGP measurement can be warranted using the same source of RF. The highest values resulted from OCB suggests that the abundance and variation in rumen microbiota may exist among cattle breeds.

scholarly journals Manipulation of In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Feed Digestibility as Influenced by Yeast Waste-Treated Cassava Pulp Substitute Soybean Meal and Different Roughage to Concentrate Ratio

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Gamonmas Dagaew ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Sawitree Wongtangtintharn ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
Chanon Suntara
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Feed Digestibility

Cassava pulp (CS) is high in fiber and low in protein; hence, improving the nutritive value of CS is required to increase its contribution to enhancing ruminant production. The present work hypothesized that CS quality could be enhanced by fermentation with yeast waste (YW), which can be used to replace soybean meal (SBM), as well as lead to improved feed utilization in ruminants. Thus, evaluation of in vitro ruminal fermentation and feed digestibility, as influenced by YW-treated CS and different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios, was elucidated. The design of the experiment was a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained three replications and three runs. The first factor was replacing SBM with CS fermented with YW (CSYW) in a concentrate ratio at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, respectively. The second factor was R:C ratios at 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70. The level of CSYW showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a + b), and cumulative gas production at 96 h than the control group (p < 0.05). There were no interactions among the CSYW and R:C ratio on the in vitro digestibility (p > 0.05). Furthermore, increasing the amount of CSYW to replace SBM up to 75% had no negative effect on in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD) (p > 0.05) while replacing CSWY at 100% could reduce IVNDFD (p > 0.05). The bacterial population in the rumen was reduced by 25.05% when CSYW completely replaced SBM (p < 0.05); however, 75% of CSWY in the diet did not change the bacterial population (p > 0.05). The concentration of propionate (C3) decreased upon an increase in the CSYW level, which was lowest with the replacement of SBM by CSYW up to 75%. However, various R:C ratios did not influence total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the proportion of VFAs (p > 0.05), except the concentration of C3, increased when the proportion of a concentrate diet increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, CSYW could be utilized as a partial replacement for SBM in concentrate diets up to 75% without affecting gas kinetics, ruminal parameters, or in vitro digestibility.

scholarly journals In vitro caecal fermentation of carbohydrate-rich feedstuffs in rabbits as affected by substrate pre-digestion and donors' diet

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ocasio-Vega ◽  
R. Abad-Guamán ◽  
R. Delgado ◽  
R. Carabaño ◽  
M.D. Carro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Soluble Fibre ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Endogenous Substrates ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Caecal Fermentation

The influence of substrate pre-digestion and donors’ diet on <em>in vitro</em> caecal fermentation of different substrates in rabbits was investigated. Eight crossbreed rabbits were fed 2 experimental diets containing either low (LSF; 84.0 g/kg dry matter [DM]) or high soluble fibre (HSF; 130 g/kg DM) levels. <em>In vitro</em> incubations were conducted using batch cultures with soft faeces as inoculum and four fibrous or fibre-derived, low-starch and low-protein substrates: D-cellobiose (CEL), sugar beet pectin (PEC), sugar beet pulp (SBP) and wheat straw (WS). Substrates in half of the cultures were subjected to a 2-step pepsin/pancreatin in vitro digestion without filtration, and the whole residue (soluble, insoluble and added enzymes) was incubated at 39°C. Gas production was measured until 144 h, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production at 24 h incubation was determined. Cultures without substrate (blanks) were included to correct gas production values for gas released from endogenous substrates and added enzymes. Pre-digestion had no influence on <em>in vitro</em> gas production kinetic of WS, and only reduced the time before gas production begins (lag time; by 31%; P=0.042) for SBP, but for both substrates the pre-digestion decreased the molar proportion of acetate (by 9%; P≤0.003) and increased those of propionate and butyrate (P≤0.014). For CEL, the pre-digestion increased the gas and total VFA production (by 30 and 114%), shortened the lag time (by 32%), and only when it was combined with LSF inoculum 38 percentage units of acetate were replaced by butyrate (P≤0.039). Treatments had a minor influence on in vitro fermentation traits of SBP pectin. The results showed that the pre-digestion process influenced the in vitro caecal fermentation in rabbits, but the effects were influenced by donors’ diet and the incubated substrate. Pre-digestion of substrate is recommended before conducting <em>in vitro</em> caecal fermentations. The level of soluble fibre in the donors’ diet also influenced the <em>in vitro</em> caecal fermentation, but its effect depended on the type of substrate.

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