scholarly journals The Organization of Hacking Community: Criminological and Criminal Law Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-105
Author(s):  
Ildar Begishev ◽  
Zarina Khisamova ◽  
Sergey Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Telecommunications Network ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Criminal Groups

Digital technology is an integral part of our daily lives. Regardless of whether we have a computer at home, whether we use the possibilities of obtaining state and municipal services in digital form or simply operate electronic gadgets, society's dependence on technology is increasing. A secure digital environment enhances trust and contributes to the creation of a stable and prosperous nation. Government and the business community are also taking advantage of the technological revolution through greater adoption and use of digital technologies. Traditional forms of crime have also evolved, as criminal associations increasingly use the information and telecommunications network - the Internet - to commit cybercrimes and increase their profits. Digital crime is developing at an incredibly fast pace, and new types of criminal acts are constantly emerging. So we need to keep up with digital technologies, understand the opportunities they create for cybercriminals, and how they can be used as a tool to combat cybercrime. The active use of digital technologies in all spheres of social life in the last three decades formed a background for the emergence of a special type of criminals - the so-called hackers. Criminal groups of hackers pose a public danger because, if they unite, they are capable of planning a large-scale computer attack which could target, among other things, critically important information infrastructure objects. Besides, hacker groups have become a real danger for both governments, large corporations, the military, and for private persons. The trend for blurring the boundaries between hacker groups and organized crime, that the experts predicted a few years ago, has now become a reality. In fact, it is possible to say that a new independent type of organized crime has emerged - the hacking community. These circumstances make it necessary to develop a special norm that provides for the liability for organizing hacking community or participating in it. Such a norm will allow for a complex approach to the criminal law counteraction against such criminal groups by ensuring an adequate criminal law assessment of the actions of the organizers and coordinators of hackers organizations.

scholarly journals Brief analysis of Russian legislation on the activities of criminal groups formed on ethnic grounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Andrey Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Subsequent Evolution ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Criminal Groups

The article provides a systematic historical and legal analysis of normative legal acts, starting with the first written references dated to the 15th – 16th centuries, as well as the subsequent stages, providing for responsibility for a criminal formation organized on an ethnic basis. The study in retrospect allowed the author to trace the dynamics of the development of the legislative position on the considered legal phenomenon, which was reflected in the adoption of certain legal norms of anti-criminal orientation. The crime indicators in the territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region for five years are examined, the structure of crimes committed by organized ethnic criminal groups, which has undergone significant changes, is studied. Special attention is paid to the issue of the emergence and subsequent evolution of criminal formations created on an ethnic basis, which occurred under the influence of various social processes. An attempt was made to give an objective assessment of the degree of effectiveness of the criminal law measures aimed at combating organized crime. The author offers to improve the current legislation on combating crime.

scholarly journals Transformation of Information and Communication Strategies of Commercial Structures in Period of Post Pandemia and Economic Turbulence

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-365
Author(s):  
Vladimir Filippov
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Scale Transformation ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Basic Parameters

The article discusses a large scale transformation of information and communication strategies of for-profit business organizations under the influence of the 4-th industrial revolution, global pandemia of coronavirus, instability in the economic system, rapid transition of business community to online communications, aimed at restoring dialogue with target audiences. The research analyzed basic parameters of the updated business communications model used in PR, advertising, social and event marketing to promote new ideas, products and services at the turn of 2019–2021. The subject of a separate study was the sharply increased influence of marketing on the determination of the basic parameters of the complex of modern communications, caused by the swift adaptation of business plans to new economic realities and social life with the introduction of lockdowns and quarantine measures. We examined structural elements of integrated marketing communications that have undergone the greatest corrections are studied: target audiences, stakeholders, messages, instruments, resources, and communication channels. A separate section is devoted to the specifics of recruiting micro-influencers as an effective communication channel and human resource for for-profit organizations, as well as opening new positions for managers responsible for communicating in social media and creating brand support communities in PR departments. Based on the extensive data of recent years, opinions and forecasts of leading modern Russian and foreign experts from national and international professional communities in the field of business communications, as well as on a personal experience of practical work in Russian PR agencies, the author assesses the strengths of the updated information and communication strategies. He identified problems and shortcomings associated with sharp restriction on offline public events and transition to digital media platforms. In conclusion, the author points out that a reduction in the share of traditional media in the overall balance of communication channels and an increase in priority of new digital media platforms will lead to the formation of a universal hybrid communication model in the post-pandemic period, which will require a new generation of business communicators with practical skills and competencies that conform to new digital market realities.

scholarly journals Crime Boss and the Grounds for Liability: Postmodernism in Criminal Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Burlakov ◽  
Vladislav Shchepelkov
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Crime Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Criminal Groups

All over the world crime is becoming more and more organized. Globalization has considerably extended the area of criminal activities, it can no longer be contained within the national boundaries of one state. Crime bosses freely travel between countries and may solve the problems of their gangs’ cooperation far from the place where the criminal activity takes place. The gangs today have moved away from typical criminal practices. Business is becoming their key activity as it facilitates the organization of criminal groups not only in the shadow, but also in the legal economy. Thus, the main focus of crime counteraction should be the bosses of organized crime. Based on this position, the authors provide a theoretical basis for the introduction of Art. 210.1 in the Criminal Law of Russia — taking the highest position in the criminal hierarchy. They analyze the legal construction of this offence which, in essence, is inchoate. The authors also assess the grounds for criminalizing the very fact of occupying the highest position in a criminal hierarchy. It is proven that this status of a crime boss emerges at an advanced stage of development of the organized group, so the form of crime organization could act as a criterion for the establishment of such a status. The authors also examine some problems of enforcing Art. 210.1 of the Criminal Code and offer different ways of solving them, namely, the aggregate of Part 4, Art. 210 and Art. 210.1 of the CC, and the and specific features of penalizing offenders persecuted under Art. 210.1 and Part 4, Art. 210 of the CC of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Processos híbridos e a influência das tecnologias digitais nas práticas artísticas

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Lucia Bochio ◽  
Marina Bortoluz Polidoro
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way ◽  
New Look

O artigo apresenta uma reflexão acerca da produção de imagens em um contexto pós-digital, abordando a influência das tecnologias digitais em práticas artísticas artesanais. Por um lado, as produções em arte desde a modernidade têm evidenciado sobreposição de procedimentos e técnicas, apropriações, ampliação das linguagens e hibridismos. Por outro lado, a popularização das tecnologias digitais e a incorporação dessas em larga escala faz com que a presença das mesmas em etapas nos processos artísticos aconteça de forma naturalizada, mesmo naqueles que não têm as tecnologias como questão central de investigação. Conclui-se que as mudanças ocorridas por meio da naturalização das tecnologias digitais em nosso cotidiano e a forma como estas estão nos afetando atualmente, oferecem um novo olhar às estratégias utilizadas pelos artistas e colocam ainda novos problemas a eles.Abstract The article presents a reflection about the production of images in a post-digital context, addressing the influence of digital technologies on artisanal artistic practices. On the one hand, the productions in art since the modernity have evidenced overlapping of procedures and techniques, appropriations, amplification of languages and hybridity. On the other hand, the popularization of digital technologies and the incorporation of these on a large scale makes their presence in stages in the artistic processes happen in a naturalized way, even in those which do not hold the technologies as a central research question. We conclude that the changes that have taken place through the naturalization of digital technologies in our daily lives, and the way they are currently affecting us, offer a new look at the strategies used by artists and pose new problems for them.

Land Use Change and Commodity Frontiers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Cáceres ◽  
Esteban Tapella ◽  
Diego A. Cabrol ◽  
Lucrecia Estigarribia
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Forest Use ◽  
The Government ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Management Recommendations

Argentina is experiencing an expansion of soya and maize cultivation that is pushing the agricultural frontier over areas formerly occupied by native Chaco forest. Subsistance farmers use this dry forest to raise goats and cattle and to obtain a broad range of goods and services. Thus, two very different and non-compatible land uses are in dispute. On the one hand subsistance farmers fostering an extensive and diversified forest use, on the other hand, large-scale producers who need to clear out the forest to sow annual crops in order to appropriate soil fertility. First, the paper looks at how these social actors perceive Chaco forest, what their interests are, and what kind of values they attach to it. Second, we analyze the social-environmental conflicts that arise among actors in order to appropriate forest’s benefits. Special attention is paid to the role played by the government in relation to: (a) how does it respond to the demands of the different sectors; and (b) how it deals with the management recommendations produced by scientists carrying out social and ecological research. To put these ideas at test we focus on a case study located in Western Córdoba (Argentina), where industrial agriculture is expanding at a fast pace, and where social actors’ interests are generating a series of disputes and conflicts. Drawing upon field work, the paper shows how power alliances between economic and political powers, use the institutional framework of the State in their own benefit, disregarding wider environmental and social costs. 

Combustion Driven by Fragment-based Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqun Cao ◽  
Jinzhe Zeng ◽  
Mingyuan Xu ◽  
Chih-Hao Chin ◽  
Tong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Ab Initio ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methane Combustion ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Combustion Mechanism ◽  
Daily Lives

Combustion is a kind of important reaction that affects people's daily lives and the development of aerospace. Exploring the reaction mechanism contributes to the understanding of combustion and the more efficient use of fuels. Ab initio quantum mechanical (QM) calculation is precise but limited by its computational time for large-scale systems. In order to carry out reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for combustion accurately and quickly, we develop the MFCC-combustion method in this study, which calculates the interaction between atoms using QM method at the level of MN15/6-31G(d). Each molecule in systems is treated as a fragment, and when the distance between any two atoms in different molecules is greater than 3.5 Å, a new fragment involved two molecules is produced in order to consider the two-body interaction. The deviations of MFCC-combustion from full system calculations are within a few kcal/mol, and the result clearly shows that the calculated energies of the different systems using MFCC-combustion are close to converging after the distance thresholds are larger than 3.5 Å for the two-body QM interactions. The methane combustion was studied with the MFCC-combustion method to explore the combustion mechanism of the methane-oxygen system.

THE PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION OF THE OIL INDUSTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Сергей Иванович Вележев ◽  
Антон Михайлович Седогин
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Criminal Groups

В статье рассмотрены актуальные вопросы уголовно-правовой охраны нефтяной отрасли Российской Федерации от преступных посягательств корыстной направленности. Иллюстрирован существенный ущерб, причиняемый преступными группами охраняемым общественным отношениям на национальном и международном уровнях. Проведен статистический и сравнительно-правовой анализ наиболее эффективных норм законодательства России и Казахстана, применяемых в ходе борьбы с подобной противоправной деятельностью. Предложено направление дальнейшего совершенствования российского уголовного закона. Нефтяная промышленность является одной из ведущих отраслей Российской Федерации, структурными сегментами которой являются в том числе объекты добычи, хранения, переработки и транспортировки нефти, а также объекты транспортировки, хранения и сбыта нефтепродуктов. Данные обстоятельства требуют принятия мер по ее защите от противоправных действий по хищению нефти и нефтепродуктов. Наряду с охранными, режимными и организационными мерами, которые осуществляют хозяйствующие субъекты, немаловажное значение имеет защита отрасли от преступных посягательств уголовно-правовым способом. В статье указывается необходимость совершенствования законодательства по обеспечению безопасности деятельности нефтяной отрасли, учитывая ее значение для экономики страны. Отмечается, что положительные результаты в поиске возможных путей совершенствования законодательства дает применение сравнительно-правового анализа уголовных норм СНГ по борьбе с преступностью в этой сфере деятельности. The article examines current issues of the criminal law protection of the oil industry of the Russian Federation from criminal attacks for mercenary reasons. The considerable damage caused by criminal groups to protected public relations at the national and international levels is illustrated. A statistical and comparative legal analysis of the most effective norms of the legislation of Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan applied in the fight against such illegal activities has been carried out. The direction of further improvement of the Russian criminal law is proposed. The oil industry is one of the leading industries of the Russian Federation, the structural segments of that are the objects of oil production, storage, refining and transportation, as well as the objects of transportation, storage and marketing of oil product. Under these circumstances it is required totake measures for protection it from unlawful actions connected with stealing of oil and oil products. Along with security, safeguards and organizational measures that are implemented by business entities, protection of the industry from criminal attacks by a criminal law method is of no small importance. The article indicates the need to improve legislation to ensure the safety of the oil industry, based on its importance for the country's economy. It is noted that positive results in the search for possible ways to improve the legislation are provided by the use of a comparative legal analysis of the criminal norms of the CIS in the fight against crime in this area of activity.

scholarly journals A standardized framework for testing the performance of sleep-tracking technology: step-by-step guidelines and open-source code

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Menghini ◽  
Nicola Cellini ◽  
Aimee Goldstone ◽  
Fiona C Baker ◽  
Massimiliano de Zambotti
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Validation Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Epoch Analysis ◽  
Tracking Devices

Abstract Sleep-tracking devices, particularly within the consumer sleep technology (CST) space, are increasingly used in both research and clinical settings, providing new opportunities for large-scale data collection in highly ecological conditions. Due to the fast pace of the CST industry combined with the lack of a standardized framework to evaluate the performance of sleep trackers, their accuracy and reliability in measuring sleep remains largely unknown. Here, we provide a step-by-step analytical framework for evaluating the performance of sleep trackers (including standard actigraphy), as compared with gold-standard polysomnography (PSG) or other reference methods. The analytical guidelines are based on recent recommendations for evaluating and using CST from our group and others (de Zambotti and colleagues; Depner and colleagues), and include raw data organization as well as critical analytical procedures, including discrepancy analysis, Bland–Altman plots, and epoch-by-epoch analysis. Analytical steps are accompanied by open-source R functions (depicted at https://sri-human-sleep.github.io/sleep-trackers-performance/AnalyticalPipeline_v1.0.0.html). In addition, an empirical sample dataset is used to describe and discuss the main outcomes of the proposed pipeline. The guidelines and the accompanying functions are aimed at standardizing the testing of CSTs performance, to not only increase the replicability of validation studies, but also to provide ready-to-use tools to researchers and clinicians. All in all, this work can help to increase the efficiency, interpretation, and quality of validation studies, and to improve the informed adoption of CST in research and clinical settings.

scholarly journals Indigenous People, Organized Crime and Natural Resources: Borders, Incentives and Relations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan P. van Uhm ◽  
Ana G. Grigore
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Environmental Harm ◽  
Criminological Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between the Emberá–Wounaan and Akha Indigenous people and organized crime groups vying for control over natural resources in the Darién Gap of East Panama and West Colombia and the Golden Triangle (the area where the borders of Laos, Myanmar (Burma), and Thailand meet), respectively. From a southern green criminological perspective, we consider how organized crime groups trading in natural resources value Indigenous knowledge. We also examine the continued victimization of Indigenous people in relation to environmental harm and the tension between Indigenous peoples’ ecocentric values and the economic incentives presented to them for exploiting nature. By looking at the history of the coloniality and the socioeconomic context of these Indigenous communities, this article generates a discussion about the social framing of the Indigenous people as both victims and offenders in the illegal trade in natural resources, particularly considering the types of relationships established with dominant criminal groups present in their ancestral lands.

scholarly journals The Sense of Smell and Aging: What We Have Learned From Population Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 810-811
Author(s):  
Jayant Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Sense Of Smell ◽  
Health Aging

Abstract Decline of the sense of smell with age causes a marked impact on older adults, markedly reducing quality of life. Olfactory dysfunction impairs nutrition, decreases the ability to experience pleasure, and results in depression, among other burdens. Large-scale population studies have identified impaired olfaction as a key heath indicator that predicts the development of decreased physical and mental health, reduced physical activity, weight loss, mild cognitive impairment and dementia, and mortality itself. These data have been generated via analyses of data from several aging cohorts, including the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP); the Beaver Dam cohort; the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities project; the Rush Memory and Aging Project; the Health, Aging, and Body Composition project; the Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project; among others. In this presentation, we will review the close connection between olfaction, health, aging, including discussion of insights from these studies. We will also discuss emerging data from NSHAP on the effects of sensory function on cognition, mental health, and social interaction, which demonstrate that sensory function plays a vital role in the lives of older adults. Part of a symposium sponsored by Sensory Health Interest Group.

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