scholarly journals Effect of the type of non-fibre carbohydrates in grass silage-based diets on in sacco ruminal degradability and protein value of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Sonet) seeds ground to different particle sizes

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 231-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Niwińska ◽  
M. Andrzejewski
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Seed Particle ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Lupin Seeds ◽  
In Sacco

The study was conducted to find out the effects of the type of non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC) included in grass silage-based diets on in sacco degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Sonet) seeds ground to different particle sizes. Measurements of degradability were carried out as a 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 experimental design of treatments with carbohydrates included in diets as primary sources of NFC (starch vs. pectin vs. sugars), particle size of ground seeds (1.0 vs. 5.7 mm), period of the trial (1 vs. 2 vs. 3) and cannulated cow (1 vs. 2 vs. 3). The variables of in sacco kinetics were calculated according to the equations of Ørskov and McDonald (1979) for degradation data corrected for the particle loss. The protein value of lupin seeds for ruminants was expressed as the amount of protein digested in the small intestine, and it was estimated based on the obtained characteristics of degradability. Under our experimental conditions, the type of NFC included in the grass silage-based diets and the particle size of seeds affected the course and extent of rumen degradation of lupin seed nutrients. Higher values of DM and CP degradation were estimated after 8 and 16 h of incubation (P < 0.05). The higher rate of degradation of insoluble but potentially degradable fractions (P < 0.05) and higher effective degradability (P < 0.05) were found out in the rumen of cows receiving diets containing sucrose compared with cows receiving diets containing starch. In comparison with starch and pectin, sucrose decreased the amount of protein digested in the small intestine (P < 0.05). The results suggested that the type of NFC determined ruminal microbial activity. An enlargement of the lupin seed particle size from 1.0 to 5.7 mm decreased the rumen degradability of lupin seed nutrients (P < 0.05) and increased the amount of protein digested in the small intestine (P < 0.05). The results indicated that feeding standards should consider the influence of the grinding level of lupin seeds in order to assess their nutritional value.

scholarly journals Effect of carbohydrates in grass silage-based diets on in sacco ruminal degradability of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Lomerit) grain ground to different particle sizes

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 260-269
Author(s):  
B. Niwińska
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Size Interaction ◽  
In Sacco

The effect of carbohydrates included in grass silage-based diets on <I>in sacco</I> degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and cellulose (CE) of barley (<I>Hordeum vulgare</I> L. cv. Lomerit) grain ground to different particle sizes was studied using 3 ruminally cannulated cows. The measurements were carried out as a 3 × 2 Latin square design with treatments being carbohydrates in the concentrate portion of diets (starch in diet I vs. pectin in diet II vs. sucrose in diet III) and particle size of ground barley grain (1.0 vs. 5.7 mm). The diet synchronization index between N and energy supply during the day was an average of 0.8. The rumen degradability of barley grain compounds was influenced by the type of carbohydrates included in grass silage-based diets. Higher rumen degradation rates (<I>P</I> < 0.05) of barley CP, NDF and CE after 8 h of incubation and of CP and CE after 16 h of incubation were found in the rumen of cows receiving the diet containing sucrose compared with degradation rates found in the rumen of cows receiving the diet containing pectin or starch. The effective degradability of DM, CP, NDF and CE of barley grain in the rumen of cows receiving diets I, II and III was similar (77, 74, 39 and 41%, respectively). Replacing barley starch or beet pulp pectin with molasses sucrose in the grass silage-based diet resulted in the higher rate of barley CP, NDF and CE degradation after 8 h of incubation and of CP and CE after 16 h of incubation. It seems that the energy availability from carbohydrates affected the ruminal microbial activity as a consequence of the degradation rate of substrates. Higher (<I>P</I> < 0.01) rumen degradability of CP, NDF and CE after 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h of incubation was estimated for 1.0 mm particle size in comparison with that found for grain ground to 5.7 mm particle size, and the degradability of CP after 48 h of incubation was not different (<I>P</I> > 0.05). The degradability of barley grain CP, NDF and CE during incubation time was not influenced by the diet composition by particle size interaction (<I>P</I> > 0.05). The increase in barley grain particle size from 1.0 to 5.7 mm slowed down the rumen digestion of barley DM, CP, NDF and CE, probably due to restricted access to microbial digestion.

scholarly journals Investigation of organic desulfurization additives affecting the calcium sulfate crystals formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Lina Lv ◽  
Rui Gao ◽  
Jianbin Yang ◽  
Zhigang Shen ◽  
Yanbo Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Crystal Morphology ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Moisture Contents

In the study, the optimal experimental conditions for gypsum crystals formation were 323 K, 300 rpm stirring speed. The major impurities of Mg2+, Al3+ and Fe3+ were found to inhibit calcium sulfate crystals formation. Fe3+ caused the strongest inhibition, followed by Mg2+ and Al3+. The influence of desulfurization additives on the gypsum crystals formation was explored with the properties of moisture content, particle size distribution and crystal morphology. The organic desulfurization additives of adipic acid, citric acid, sodium citrate and benzoic acid were investigated. Citric acid and sodium citrate were found to improve the quality of gypsum. Moisture contents were reduced by more than 50%, gypsum particle sizes were respectively enlarged by 9.1 and 22.8%, induction time extended from 4.3 (blank) to 5.3 and 7.8 min, and crystal morphology trended to be thicker.

Relations between ruminal and intestinal in sacco starch digestion in ruminants

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
B. Ramos ◽  
M. Champion ◽  
C. Poncet ◽  
M. Doreau ◽  
P. Nozière
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Endosperm Hardness ◽  
Technological Treatments ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes ◽  
In Sacco

The proportion of the starch that escapes rumen degradation varies from 5 to 65% of the starch intake. It depends on the feeding level and the nature of the cereal, and for a same cereal, on its endosperm hardness, related to genotype and maturity, and on the technological treatments, including particle size (Huntington et al., 2006). The intestinal digestion of starch escaping rumen degradation essentially takes place in the small intestine and varies between 15 to 85% of the starch that arrives into the duodenum. As in the rumen, this variability would essentially be due to the intrinsic features of the maize that determines the accessibility of the starch to the endogenous enzymes, in particular the endosperm hardness and the particle size. The aim of this work was to evaluate the rumen starch degradation of maize and its residue digestion in the small intestine as function of particle size and endosperm hardness.

scholarly journals Optimum Particle Size of Treated Calcites for CO2 Capture in a Power Plant

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Quesada Carballo ◽  
María del Rosario Perez Perez ◽  
David Cantador Fernández ◽  
Alvaro Caballero Amores ◽  
José María Fernández Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Co2 Flow ◽  
Adsorption Of Co2

This work has analyzed the influence of the particle size of a calcite from a quarry, whether original, calcined, or rehydrated, on the efficiency of CO2 capture of the gases emitted in a coal-fired power plant. Three different particle sizes 0.5 mm, 0.1 mm, and 0.045 mm have been studied. The calcination had a minimal effect on the particle size of the smaller samples A1045 and A1M1 (<30 μm). The N2 isotherms and the CO2 adsorption isotherms at 0 °C showed a very significant increase in the surface of the calcined and rehydrated samples (A15CH, A1045CH, and A1M1CH) with respect to the calcined or original samples. The results obtained showed that the capture of CO2 for the sample A1M1, with a smaller average particle size (<30 μm, is the most effective. For the sample A1M1 calcined and completely rehydrated (Ca(OH)2), the chemical adsorption of CO2 to form CaCO3 is practically total, under the experimental conditions used (550 °C and CO2 flow of 20 mL min−1). The weight increase was 34.11% and the adsorption capacity was 577.00 mg g−1. The experiment was repeated 10 times with the same sample A1M1 calcined and rehydrated. No appreciable loss of adsorption capacity was observed.

Surface energy of cellulosic materials: The effect of particle morphology, particle size, and hydroxyl number

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 565-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUCHENG PENG ◽  
DOUGLAS J. GARDNER
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Nanofibrillated Cellulose ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Hydroxyl Number ◽  
Small Individual ◽  
Dispersion Component ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Lower Temperature

Understanding the surface properties of cellulose materials is important for proper commercial applications. The effect of particle size, particle morphology, and hydroxyl number on the surface energy of three microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparations and one nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) preparation were investigated using inverse gas chromatography at column temperatures ranging from 30ºC to 60ºC. The mean particle sizes for the three MCC samples and the NFC sample were 120.1, 62.3, 13.9, and 9.3 μm. The corresponding dispersion components of surface energy at 30°C were 55.7 ± 0.1, 59.7 ± 1.3, 71.7 ± 1.0, and 57.4 ± 0.3 mJ/m2. MCC samples are agglomerates of small individual cellulose particles. The different particle sizes and morphologies of the three MCC samples resulted in various hydroxyl numbers, which in turn affected their dispersion component of surface energy. Cellulose samples exhibiting a higher hydroxyl number have a higher dispersion component of surface energy. The dispersion component of surface energy of all the cellulose samples decreased linearly with increasing temperature. MCC samples with larger agglomerates had a lower temperature coefficient of dispersion component of surface energy.

Ultrafiltration of silica sols

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Stakić ◽  
Slobodan Milonjić ◽  
Vladeta Pavasović ◽  
Zoja Ilić
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Silica Particle ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Surface Unit ◽  
Silica Sols ◽  
Filtration Flux ◽  
Batch Cell

Ultrafiltration of three laboratory made silica and two commercial silica sols was studied using Amicon YC membrane in a 200 ml capacity batch-cell. The effect of silica particle size, stirring conditions, pressure, pH and silica contents on ultrafiltration was investigated. The results obtained indicate that the smaller particles have, disregarding the stirring conditions, lower filtration flux. The differences observed in filtration flux are more pronounced in the conditions without stirring. The obtained value of the membrane resistance is independent of the conditions investigated (stirring, pressure, pH, silica contents and particle size). The values of the resistance of polarized solids, specific resistance, and the mass of gel per membrane surface unit were calculated for all experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of particle size on phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Prasedya ◽  
A. Frediansyah ◽  
N. W. R. Martyasari ◽  
B. K. Ilhami ◽  
A. S. Abidin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Epicatechin Gallate ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Phytochemical Composition

AbstractSample particle size is an important parameter in the solid–liquid extraction system of natural products for obtaining their bioactive compounds. This study evaluates the effect of sample particle size on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of brown macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium. The crude ethanol extract was extracted from dried powders of S.cristeafolium with various particle sizes (> 4000 µm, > 250 µm, > 125 µm, > 45 µm, and < 45 µm). The ethanolic extracts of S.cristaefolium were analysed for Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities. The extract yield and phytochemical composition were more abundant in smaller particle sizes. Furthermore, the TPC (14.19 ± 2.08 mg GAE/g extract to 43.27 ± 2.56 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (9.6 ± 1.8 mg QE/g extract to 70.27 ± 3.59 mg QE/g extract) values also significantly increased as particle sizes decreased. In addition, phenolic compounds epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentration were frequently increased in samples of smaller particle sizes based on two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison analysis. These results correlate with the significantly stronger antioxidant activity in samples with smaller particle sizes. The smallest particle size (< 45 µm) demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl assay and FRAP. In addition, ramp function graph evaluates the desired particle size for maximum phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity is 44 µm. In conclusion, current results show the importance of particle size reduction of macroalgae samples to increase the effectivity of its biological activity.

scholarly journals Experimental Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Resistivity of Tectonic Coal Samples with Different Particle Sizes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2303
Author(s):  
Congyu Zhong ◽  
Liwen Cao ◽  
Jishi Geng ◽  
Zhihao Jiang ◽  
Shuai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Uniaxial Compressive Strength ◽  
Coalbed Methane ◽  
Coal Sample ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Tectonic Coal

Because of its weak cementation and abundant pores and cracks, it is difficult to obtain suitable samples of tectonic coal to test its mechanical properties. Therefore, the research and development of coalbed methane drilling and mining technology are restricted. In this study, tectonic coal samples are remodeled with different particle sizes to test the mechanical parameters and loading resistivity. The research results show that the particle size and gradation of tectonic coal significantly impact its uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus and affect changes in resistivity. As the converted particle size increases, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease first and then tend to remain unchanged. The strength of the single-particle gradation coal sample decreases from 0.867 to 0.433 MPa and the elastic modulus decreases from 59.28 to 41.63 MPa with increasing particle size. The change in resistivity of the coal sample increases with increasing particle size, and the degree of resistivity variation decreases during the coal sample failure stage. In composite-particle gradation, the proportion of fine particles in the tectonic coal sample increases from 33% to 80%. Its strength and elastic modulus increase from 0.996 to 1.31 MPa and 83.96 to 125.4 MPa, respectively, and the resistivity change degree decreases. The proportion of medium particles or coarse particles increases, and the sample strength, elastic modulus, and resistivity changes all decrease.

scholarly journals Linking gas and particle ejection dynamics to boundary conditions in scaled shock-tube experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Cigala ◽  
Ulrich Kueppers ◽  
Juan José Peña Fernández ◽  
Donald B. Dingwell
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Shock Tube ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Angular Deviation ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Experimental Conditions

AbstractPredicting the onset, style and duration of explosive volcanic eruptions remains a great challenge. While the fundamental underlying processes are thought to be known, a clear correlation between eruptive features observable above Earth’s surface and conditions and properties in the immediate subsurface is far from complete. Furthermore, the highly dynamic nature and inaccessibility of explosive events means that progress in the field investigation of such events remains slow. Scaled experimental investigations represent an opportunity to study individual volcanic processes separately and, despite their highly dynamic nature, to quantify them systematically. Here, impulsively generated vertical gas-particle jets were generated using rapid decompression shock-tube experiments. The angular deviation from the vertical, defined as the “spreading angle”, has been quantified for gas and particles on both sides of the jets at different time steps using high-speed video analysis. The experimental variables investigated are 1) vent geometry, 2) tube length, 3) particle load, 4) particle size, and 5) temperature. Immediately prior to the first above-vent observations, gas expansion accommodates the initial gas overpressure. All experimental jets inevitably start with a particle-free gas phase (gas-only), which is typically clearly visible due to expansion-induced cooling and condensation. We record that the gas spreading angle is directly influenced by 1) vent geometry and 2) the duration of the initial gas-only phase. After some delay, whose length depends on the experimental conditions, the jet incorporates particles becoming a gas-particle jet. Below we quantify how our experimental conditions affect the temporal evolution of these two phases (gas-only and gas-particle) of each jet. As expected, the gas spreading angle is always at least as large as the particle spreading angle. The latter is positively correlated with particle load and negatively correlated with particle size. Such empirical experimentally derived relationships between the observable features of the gas-particle jets and known initial conditions can serve as input for the parameterisation of equivalent observations at active volcanoes, alleviating the circumstances where an a priori knowledge of magma textures and ascent rate, temperature and gas overpressure and/or the geometry of the shallow plumbing system is typically chronically lacking. The generation of experimental parameterisations raises the possibility that detailed field investigations on gas-particle jets at frequently erupting volcanoes might be used for elucidating subsurface parameters and their temporal variability, with all the implications that may have for better defining hazard assessment.

scholarly journals Investigation of the kinetics of spontaneous combustion of the major coal seam in Dahuangshan mining area of the Southern Junggar coalfield, Xinjiang, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Shen ◽  
Qiang Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Coal Seam ◽  
Spontaneous Combustion ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Characteristic Temperature ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Coal Oxidation ◽  
Increasing Temperature

AbstractIn the present paper, with using diverse methods (including the SEM, the XRD, the TPO, the FTIR, and the TGA) , the authors analysed samples of the major coal seam in Dahuangshan Mining area with different particle sizes and with different heated temperatures (from 50 to 800 °C at regular intervals of 50 °C). The results from SEM and XRD showed that high temperature and high number of pores, fissures, and hierarchical structures in the coal samples could facilitate oxidation reactions and spontaneous combustion. A higher degree of graphitization and much greater number of aromatic microcrystalline structures facilitated spontaneous combustion. The results from TPO showed that the oxygen consumption rate of the coal samples increased exponentially with increasing temperature. The generation rates of different gases indicated that temperatures of 90 °C or 130 °C could accelerate coal oxidation. With increasing temperature, the coal oxidation rate increased, and the release of gaseous products was accelerated. The FTIR results showed that the amount of hydroxide radicals and oxygen-containing functional groups increased with the decline in particle size, indicating that a smaller particle size may facilitate the oxidation reaction and spontaneous combustion of coal. The absorbance and the functional group areas at different particle sizes were consistent with those of the heated coal samples, which decreased as the temperature rose. The results from TGA showed that the characteristic temperature T3 declined with decreasing particle size. After the sample with 0.15–0.18 mm particle size was heated, its carbon content decreased, and its mineral content increased, inhibiting coal oxidation. This result also shows that the activation energy of the heated samples tended to increase at the stage of high-temperature combustion with increasing heating temperature.

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