scholarly journals Effects of moisture content, loading rate, and grain orientation on fracture resistance of barley grain

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tavakoli ◽  
S.S. Mohtasebi ◽  
A. Rajabipour ◽  
M. Tavakoli
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Deformation Curves ◽  
Horizontal Orientation ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Agricultural Materials

Force and deformation curves of agricultural materials must be provided for the proper design of harvesting and processing machineries. In this research, the fracture resistance of barley grain was measured in terms of the grain rupture force and energy. In this study, 8 treatments were performed as a randomised complete block design with 10 replications. The barley grains were quasi-statically loaded in horizontal and vertical orientations with the moisture content at four levels: 7.34, 12.11, 16.82, and 21.58% dry basis, and loading rates at two levels: 5 and 10 mm/min. Based on the results obtained, the force required for initiating the grain rupture decreased from 161.97 to 93.94 N, and from 75.37 to 50.16 N, and the energy absorbed at the grain rupture increased from 36.42 to 74.70 mJ and from 27.34 to 62.65 mJ, for horizontal and vertical orientations, respectively, with the increase in the moisture content from 7.34 to 21.58% dry basis. This showed that seeds are more flexible in the horizontal orientation.

Effect of foaming agent, foam stabilizer and whipping time on drying process of tomato paste under different drying equipment

2017 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 1740004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adesoji Matthew Olaniyan ◽  
John Adeyemi Adeoti ◽  
Musiliu Olusola Sunmonu
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Foam Stabilizer ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Tomato Powder

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of foaming agent (egg white (EW)), foam stabilizer (carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC)) and whipping time on drying rate and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentus) paste dried under air oven, microwave oven and mechanical dryer. A 43 factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used to study the effect of four levels each of foaming agent (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%EW), foam stabilizer (0.15%, 0.30%, 0.45% and 0.60%CMC) and whipping time (3, 5, 7 and 9[Formula: see text]min) on the drying rate and the quality of foam-mat dried tomato powder in the three drying equipment. Each trial was performed in triplicates making a total number of 576 samples that were individually tested and measured. 25[Formula: see text]g sample of the paste was dried to a moisture content of 7.60% (wb) for 8[Formula: see text]h in mechanical dryer and oven dryer at temperatures of 55[Formula: see text]C and 50[Formula: see text]C, respectively, and 10[Formula: see text]min in microwave oven at 540[Formula: see text]W. Data obtained from the experiments were statistically analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) while the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was used to compare the means. Results showed that the drying rate increased with increase in foaming agent, foam stabilizer and whipping with minimum values of 9.21[Formula: see text]g/h obtained in mechanical dryer, 9.31[Formula: see text]g/h in air oven and 8.05[Formula: see text]g/h in microwave oven. Increase in foaming agent, foam stabilizer and whipping time did not cause any adverse effect on vitamin C, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude fiber contents of the samples. Samples reached a stable moisture content of 7.60% (wb) in less than 8[Formula: see text]h in mechanical dryer and air and less than 10[Formula: see text]min in microwave oven. The results of the study showed that EW, CMC and whipping time influenced the drying rate and quality of foam-mat dried tomato powder.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PREPARASI DAN BLANCHING TERHADAP MUTU REBUNG IKAN TERFERMENTASI (LEMEA) [The Effect of Preparation and Blanching to Quality of Fermented Bamboo Shoots and Fish (Lemea)]

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Ahmad Sapta Zuidar ◽  
Samsul Rizal ◽  
Jessica Puteri Octavia Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Bamboo Shoots ◽  
Four Levels

Quality is one of the important factors in producing lemea - a fermented bamboo shoots and fish. Objectives of this research were to find out effects of preparation and their interaction to produce the best quality of lamea. This research used randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was preparations (P) consisting of four levels, namely preparation by smoothing and stirring (P1), preparation by cutting and stirring (P2), preparation by smoothing and coating (P3), and preparation by cutting and coating (P4). The second factor was blanching (B) consisting of two levels, namely without blanching (B0) and blanching (B1). In order to determine its quality, lemea was observed for its content of lactic acid bacteria, total volatile nitrogen, moisture content, and protein content as well as its sensory characteristics (color, aroma, texture, and overall acceptability scores). Collected data were analysed for its variances and the results showed that preparation and blanching treatments significantly affected lemea’s total volatile nitrogen and sensory characteristics.  The best lemea quality was obtained from combination treatment of blanching with chopped and stirred preparation (B1P2). The lemea had lactic acid bacteria of 10.1160 log cfu/g, total volatile nitrogen of 43.14 mg/100g, moisture content of 87.99% (b/v), color score of 4.34 (yellowish white), aroma score of 3.78 (rot), texture score of 4.53 (soft) and overall acceptance score of 3.90 (likes).

Modeling the Fracture Resistance of Sunflower Seed and Its Kernel as a Function of Moisture Content, Variety, Size and Loading Orientation

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Khodabakhshian ◽  
Bagher Emadi ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Abbaspour Fard ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Saiedirad
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Compressive Force ◽  
Rupture Force ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Horizontal Orientation ◽  
Opposite Trend

The aim of this work was to develop a mathematical model describing the evolution of rupture force, absorbed energy and deformation at rupture point. The models exploit the theory of the mechanical behavior of sunflower seeds and its kernel with moisture content, variety, size and loading orientation. The proposed models have been tested on three common Iranian varieties of sunflower seeds and their kernels namely Azargol, Shahroodi and Fandoghi. The results showed that rupture forces for both sunflower seed and kernel decreased with increasing moisture content, while in both loading orientations and for all varieties and size categories, the absorbed energy and deformation at rupture point increased as moisture content increased. The required compressive forces in both orientations, to initiate sunflower seed hulls rupture were higher (30.06 – 117.46 N) than those required to rupture the kernels (11.64 – 39.98 N). The seeds required lower dehulling compressive force when loaded under horizontal orientation than vertical orientation. However, an opposite trend was observed for the kernels. The deformation of kernels was substantially higher (1.92 – 2.90 mm) than the seeds (0.47 – 1.66 mm) for all variables.

scholarly journals Mechanical Behaviour of Unshelled Moringa oleifera Seeds at Varying Moisture Contents

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103
Author(s):  
Samson NDUKWE ◽  
Nnaemeka NWAKUBA ◽  
Nkechi NGWANGWA
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Horizontal Orientation ◽  
Rupture Energy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Yield Force

The determination of mechanical properties of unshelled Moringa oleifera seeds was studied under compression test at varying orientations and moisture contents for postharvest equipment design. A completely randomized block design (CRBD) was applied in designing the experiment. The impact of varying moisture content levels of (10.25, 17.33, 24.47, and 32.34% dry basis) on the applied force at bio-yield and rupture, deformation, energy at rupture, crushing strength, and elastic modulus of the seed samples were investigated. Polynomial functions of the 2nd order with coefficients of correlation ranging between 0.642 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.999 gave the best fit and described the resulting relationships between the studied properties with respect to moisture levels at the two loading axes. Results obtained showed that the seed samples had maximum values of 80.3 N, 110 N and 257.2 J, for bio-yield force, rupture and rupture energy respectively at (10.25% d.b., in the horizontal orientation; whereas minimum values of 31.5 N, 54.9 N and 51.3 J for bio-yield force, rupture force and rupture energy occurred at (32.34% d.b.) respectively in the vertical orientation. Also, the maximum compressive strength of 5.8 N mm-2 in the horizontal orientation of the seed samples at 10.25% d.b. whereas the minimum compressive strength (2.5 N mm-2) occurred in the vertical orientation at 10.25% d.b. moisture content. The sample exhibited less resistive strength to crushing in the horizontal position as the moisture increased; whereas in the vertical position, the cell’s vertical edges provide some form of shield against external pressure which resulted in increased crushing resistance per contact area of the sample.

Effect of Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Pumpkin's (Cucurbita pepo L.) Leave Content of N, P, and K

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Ammar Hameed Madi ◽  
Jawad A. Kamal Al-Shibani
Keyword(s):  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Four Levels

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bacterial bio-fertilization A. chroococcum and P. putide and four levels of compost (0, 1, 2, 3) tons.h-1 on the leaves content of N.P.K elements. The experiment was carried out in one of the greenhouses of the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Qadisiyah during fall season 2018-2019. It designed in accordance with the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates in sandy loam soil. The means of treatments were compared with the least significant difference (LSD) at (5)% probability level. The results present that the treatments of A. chroococcum, P. putide and compost at (3) tons.kg-1 significantly increases the leaves content of K.P.K compared to all other treatments in the flowering stage (4.970, 0.5000, and 4.930) mg.kg-1, respectively. This treatment was followed by the effect of the treatment of A. chroococcum and compost at (3) tons.kg-1, which increases the values of all traits except the leaf content of (P). Bio-fertilizer with P. putide + A. chroococcum significantly increases the leaves' content of P.

scholarly journals Bedding and Fertilization Ameliorate Effects of Designated Wet-Weather Skid Trails after Four Years for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Plantations

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Michael Aust ◽  
James A. Burger ◽  
William H. McKee ◽  
Gregory A. Scheerer ◽  
Mark D. Tippett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Wet-weather harvesting operations on wet pine fiats can cause soil disturbances that may reduce long-term site productivity. Site preparation and fertilization are often recommended as ameliorative practices for such disturbances, but few studies have actually quantified their effects on restoration. The purposes of this study were to quantify the effects of wet-weather harvest traffic in designated skid trails on soil properties and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) growth, and to evaluate the ameliorative effects of site preparation. Study sites were established on wet pine flats of the lower Coastal Plain within the Francis Marion National Forest (Berkeley County, SC). Treatments were arranged in a split-split plot within a randomized complete block design. Treatments were two levels of traffic (nontrafficked, trafficked), four levels of mechanical site preparation (none, disking, bedding, disking + bedding), and two levels of fertilization (none, 337 kg /ha of 10-10-10 fertilizer). initially, the trafficking increased soil bulk densities and reduced soil water movement and subsequent growth of loblolly pine (years 1 and 2). Bedding combined with fertilization restored site productivity to non trafficked levels within 4 yr, but disking or fertilization treatments alone were not effective at ameliorating the traffic effects. The effectiveness of the bedding and fertilization treatments for amelioration of traffic effects was probably facilitated by the relatively small area of disturbed skid trails (<10%) found on these sites. Areas having more severe disturbance or higher percentages of disturbance might not be ameliorated as rapidly. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):222-226.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BELT SPEED, PRESSURE AND GRIT SIZE ON THE SANDING OF Pinus elliottii WOOD

CERNE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoel Cléber de Sampaio Alves ◽  
Luiz Fernando Frezzatti Santiago ◽  
Marcos Tadeu Tiburcio Gonçalves ◽  
Ivaldo De Domênico Valarelli ◽  
Francisco Mateus Faria de Almeida Varasquim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Grit Size ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Belt Speed ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Temperature Levels

The present paper aims to evaluate the influence of the factors (belt speed, pressure and grit size) on the output parameters (temperature and surface roughness) for Pinus elliottii wood sanding, processed parallel to the fibers. Three levels of belt speed, three levels of pressure and four levels of grit size were employed, with six replicates for each process, totaling 216 observations. The experiment conducted under a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results were analyzed employing the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 5% of significance level. Only grit sizes were significant to different temperature levels. The same outcome was observed for roughness, where only grits sizes were significant. No interaction between the pressure and belt speed factors were observed for all the results analyzed.

scholarly journals Different levels of shade on population of grasshoppers and its oviposition preference on heliconias

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Bittar ◽  
Elen de Lima Aguiar-Menezes ◽  
José Guilherme Marinho Guerra ◽  
Janaína Ribeiro Costa Rouws ◽  
Luiz Augusto de Aguiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Light Requirements ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Preferred Species ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT: Grasshoppers of the families Acrididae and Romaleidae (Orthoptera) are among the insects that defoliate heliconias and have been gaining status as pests of commercial crops of these plants in Brazil. The objectives of the present study were to identify the grasshopper defoliating heliconias in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Pádua, RJ (Brazil), to evaluate the effect of different levels of shade on the population of this grasshopper and the production parameters of heliconias, and to determine if this grasshopper has an oviposition preference among the heliconias evaluated. The experiment was in a completely randomized block design, in subdivided plots (four levels of shade in the plot, 0%, 30%, 50% and 80%, and four species of Heliconia: H. psittacorum, H. stricta, H. wagneriana and H. psittacorum x H. spathocircinata ‘Golden Torch’ in the subplot), with four replications. The grasshopper was identified as Cornops frenatum frenatum (Acrididae). An increase in shade resulted in a decrease in the number of oviposition holes from the grasshopper and the number of lateral buds. Shade did not influence the number of C. f. frenatum nymphs and adults and the number of flower stems. H. wagneriana was the most preferred species for oviposition by C. f. frenatum. Results suggested using screens to shade heliconia plants can help control C. f. frenatum populations, however, the light requirements of the heliconias should be considered to guarantee productivity.

scholarly journals Respons Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) terhadap Pemberian Pupuk Organik Asal Pelepah Kelapa Sawit dan Pupuk Majemuk NPK

Agrikultura ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Ariyanti ◽  
Gita Natali ◽  
Cucu Suherman
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Compound Fertilizer ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis Jacq ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Palm Fronds

ABSTRACTThe growth response of oil palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) seedling toward the application of organic fertilizer from palm fronds and NPK compound fertilizerThe research was aimed to study the influence between organic fertilizers from palm fronds and NPK compound fertilizer to reduce NPK compound fertilizer in main nursery. The experiment was conducted from January to April 2017 at the Experiment Station Ciparanje, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design that arranged in factorial patterns with two factors and three replications. The fisrt factor was dosage of organic fertilizers from palm fronds consisted of three levels of 0 g/polybag, 800 g/polybag, and 1600 g/polybag and the second factor was dosage of NPK compound fertilizer consisted of four levels of 0 g/polybag, 20 g/polybag, 40 g/polybag, and 60 g/polybag. The result of the experiment showed that there was interaction effect between organic fertilizers from palm fronds and NPK compound fertilizer on height of seedling and dry weight of the shoot. The dosage of 1600 g/polybag organic fertilizers from palm fronds with the dosage of 20 g/polybag NPK compound fertilizer showed the best result in dry weight of the shoot.Keywords: Oil palm seedling, Main nursery, Organic fertilizer, Palm frond, NPK compound fertilizerABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh interaksi antara pupuk organik asal pelepah kelapa sawit dengan pupuk majemuk NPK yang baik untuk mengurangi penggunaan pupuk majemuk NPK di pembibitan utama kelapa sawit. Percobaan dilaksanakan dari bulan Januari sampai dengan April 2017 di Kebun Percobaan Ciparanje, Fakultas , Universitas Padjadjaran. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan pola faktorial yang diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Faktor pertama meliputi dosis pupuk organik asal pelepah kelapa sawit terdiri dari tiga taraf yaitu 0 g/polybag, 800 g/polybag, dan 1600 g/polybag dan faktor kedua dosis pupuk majemuk NPK yang terdiri empat taraf yaitu 0 g/polybag, 20 g/polybag, 40 g/polybag, dan 60 g/polybag. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh interaksi pupuk organik asal pelepah kelapa sawit dengan pupuk majemuk NPK terhadap tinggi tanaman dan bobot kering tajuk. Perlakuan pupuk organik asal pelepah kelapa sawit 1600 g/bibit dengan pupuk majemuk NPK 20 g/bibit menghasilkan bobot kering tajuk bibit kelapa sawit terbaik.Kata Kunci: Bibit kelapa sawit, Pembibitan utama, Pupuk organik, Pelepah kelapa sawit, NPK

scholarly journals Growth performance and wood quality of white jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) progeny testing at Parung Panjang, Bogor, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Chaerani ◽  
DEDE J SUDRAJAT ◽  
ISKANDAR Z SIREGAR ◽  
ULFAH J SIREGAR
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Pilodyn Penetration

Abstract. Chaerani N, Sudrajat DJ, Siregar IZ, Siregar UJ. 2019. Growth performance and wood quality of white jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) progeny testing at Parung Panjang, Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2295-2301. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic parameters of growth and wood quality in white jabon progeny test at 54 months old in Parung Panjang, Bogor. The 105 half-sib families obtained from 12 provenances were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Wood quality was assessed both in a non-destructive way using a pilodyn and by destructive method using wood sample taker. Results indicated that the mean value ranged from 5.10 to 10.15 m for height, 6.67 to 15.30 cm for diameter, 2.30 to 3.62 cm for pilodyn penetration, 0.66 to 0.82 g/cm3 for wood density, 0.33 to 0.50 for specific gravity, and 66 to 111 % for moisture content, respectively. There were significant differences among 105 families for all traits except moisture content. The high heritability estimate was found for height (0.4-0.69) and basic density (0.27-0.59). Applying 80% selection intensity on diameter and leaving 84 best families in each block will produce a high total genetic gain. Pilodyn penetration had negative correlation with diameter, wood density, and specific gravity.

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