scholarly journals Analysis of Fallacies in Below-Average Chinese Debaters’ Speech From Judges’ Oral Feedback

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-188
Author(s):  
Liqing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Direct Link ◽  
Oral Feedback ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Levels

This study aims to explore and analyze the common characteristics of fallacies made by below-average Chinese debaters and identify the criteria used by judges in evaluating those fallacies that determine the ranking of debaters. The 20 pieces of oral feedback from judges on the total fallacies made by five teams of below-average debaters from one tournament of the FLTRP CUP debate competition were selected. A direct link to the cause of faulty reasoning in the group of lower ranked teams was found between relevance-related and structural-related fallacies. Additional contributory fallacies which prevented debaters from winning if not necessarily losing were those related to acceptability and refutation, finally, the most prevalent fallacy was found to be that related to sufficiency which occurred in varying degrees and at different levels of the team.

unrechtliche peinliche schmehung oder dem gemeinen nutz nuetzlich?Eine Fallstudie zur Normenkonkurrenz im Schmähschriftprozess des 16. Jahrhunderts

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-149
Author(s):  
Jan Siegemund
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractLibel played an important and extraordinary role in early modern conflict culture. The article discusses their functions and the way they were assessed in court. The case study illustrates argumentative spaces and different levels of normative references in libel trials in 16th century electoral Saxony. In 1569, Andreas Langener – in consequence of a long stagnating private conflict – posted several libels against the nobleman Tham Pflugk in different public places in the city of Dresden. Consequently, he was arrested and charged with ‘libelling’. Depending on the reference to conflicting social and legal norms, he had therefore been either threatened with corporal punishment including his execution, or rewarded with laudations. In this case, the act of libelling could be seen as slander, but also as a service to the community, which Langener had informed about potentially harmful transgression of norms. While the common good was the highest maxim, different and sometimes conflicting legally protected interests had to be discussed. The situational decision depended on whether the articulated charges where true and relevant for the public, on the invective language, and especially on the quality and size of the public sphere reached by the libel.

DESIGN ACTIVITY MODELING IN DISTRIBUTED KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
XUDONG DAI ◽  
XUEFEN MA ◽  
YOUBAI XIE
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Design ◽  
Knowledge Flow ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Distributed Resources ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Knowledge Resources ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Levels

For the definition of knowledge flow, knowledge-flow control and knowledge-acquisition in integrated product design within distributed knowledge resources environment, this paper studies the structural modeling of design activity for integrated product design. The common features of integrated design in distributed resources environment are summarized as follows: centering on specific design requirements, organizing related design resources to perform design activities, outputting design results, carrying on value analysis of design results, and then making design decisions on the basis of value analysis. Based on the common features, a structural model of integrated design activities in distributed resources environment is built, which presents the structural expression of knowledge flow by defining the design requirements, the design resource input, the result output, the design activities, the relationship between the design activities, and the values of the design activities. Design activities at different levels are defined according to the design process models at different levels. A design activity that has been defined can be packaged into design components. The essence of integrated design lies in knowledge integration, which is to be realized by defining the input and output relationship between the design components and the knowledge components.

scholarly journals Influence of saprophages (Isopoda, Diplopoda) on leaf litter decomposition under different levels of humidification and chemical loading

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-389
Author(s):  
A. P. Pokhylenko ◽  
O. O. Didur ◽  
Y. L. Kulbachko ◽  
L. P. Bandura ◽  
S. A. Chernykh
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Leaf Litter Decomposition ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Chemical Stress ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Levels

The paper presents a study about the influence of two saprophage groups (Isopoda, Diplopoda) on leaf litter decomposition under different levels of humidification and chemical stress. Because of their worldwide distribution, we focused on the common pillbug Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804) (Isopoda, Armadillidiidae), and the common millipede species Rossiulus kessleri (Lohmander, 1927) (Julida, Julidae). The function of environment creation by the given saprophages, as destructors of dead plant matter, supporting such ecosystem services as soil fertility improvement and nutrients’ turnover, is highlighted. To conduct the experiment, the animals were collected manually and using pitfall trapping. In order to bring the experimental conditions closer to the natural, the individuals were not sexed. The maximum consumption of leaf litter by woodlice was recorded in the conditions with adequate moisture (0.5 mL of distilled water per box) and amounted to 2.52 mg/10 individuals per day, which exceeds its consumption with low and increased moisture, respectively, by 1.82 and 1.24 times. As for the effect of interaction, the consumption of maple litter with optimal moisture (4.77 mg/10 individuals per day) was the greatest. The largest absolute difference between broad-leaved tree species in the average weight of leaf litter consumed by woodlice was between maple leaf litter and oak leaf litter, the minimum – between robinia leaf litter and oak leaf litter. According to the results of the obtained data (Diplopoda), it can be stated that there is a statistically significant effect of chemical stress and discrepancy of the average zinc content in the object of study (in Diplopoda and their faecal pellets). We found that the diet provided did not affect the distribution of zinc in Diplopoda under conditions of chemical stress. According to the results of pairwise comparisons, we determined that the zinc content in the Diplopoda clearly differs for control and almost every concentration of zinc sulfate solution – 0.03 and 0.15 g/L, the samples of which do not form a homogeneous group. The species composition, abundance and distribution in space of soil invertebrates are informative indicators which reflect the ecological state of soils, intensity in development of soil horizons as well as intensity of processes occurring in them.

scholarly journals SHORT COMMUNICATION: THE EFFECT OF TANNIN SOLUTION IN PERFORMING SUCCESFULL EGG MICROINJECTION ON AFRICAN CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus)

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hunaina Fariduddin Ath-thar ◽  
Komar Sumantadinata ◽  
Alimuddin Alimuddin
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Transgenic Embryos ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Breeding And Genetics ◽  
Different Levels

In order to successfully perform a gene transfer activity using microinjection, an individual egg is needed. The common standard operating procedure to collect the individual egg is by applying chemical solution to remove the sticky layer covering the egg surface. Among several available solutions, tannin is one of alternative substances that can be used in performing egg microinjection on African catfish. In this study, the effect of different dosages of tannin solution to remove the sticky layer of eggs was observed. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Fish Breeding and Genetics, Bogor Agricultural University. Prior to microinjection, the eggs were treated with different dosages of tannin solution right after fertilization. There were four different levels of dosage used as the treatments i.e.: 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 ppm. After the treatments, each individual egg was injected using DNA pmâactin-hrGFP plasmid with a concentration of 20 μg/mL. The results showed that the dosage of 0.5 ppm of tannin was the most effective treatment compared to the other dosages. This dosage produced 71.4% hatching rate and 57.1% transgenic embryos respectively.

scholarly journals The constructs of site layout modeling: an overview

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farnaz Sadeghpour ◽  
Mohsen Andayesh
Keyword(s):  
Construction Sites ◽  
Layout Planning ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Site Layout ◽  
Planning Models ◽  
Efficient Planning ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Levels

The efficient planning of site space through the course of a construction project is referred to as site layout planning. Due to its impact on safety, productivity and security on construction sites, several site layout planning models have been developed in the past decades. These models have the common aim of generating best layouts considering the defined constraints and conditions. However, the underlying assumptions that were made during the development of these models seem disparate and often implicit. This study provides an overview of the existing models and aims to draw a holistic view of variables that have been considered at different levels of detail and using different approaches in the site layout literature. Through close examination and comparative analysis of existing models, this study identifies the components that need to be considered for site layout modeling, referred to as constructs. Possible approaches that can be used to realize each construct are presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed. It is hoped that this study contributes to a better understanding of site layout modeling, and provide an outline for the development of new site layout planning models.

Approaches to the Numerical Estimates of Grid Convergence of NSE in the Presence of Singularities

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 281-287
Author(s):  
Chenguang Zhang ◽  
Krishnaswamy Nandakumar
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Nonlinear Problems ◽  
Order Of Accuracy ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Accuracy Order ◽  
Uniform Grids ◽  
Grid Convergence ◽  
The Common ◽  
Spatial Grid ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractEvaluating the order of accuracy (order) is an integral part of the development and application of numerical algorithms. Apart from theoretical functional analysis to place bounds on error estimates, numerical experiments are often essential for nonlinear problems to validate the estimates in a reliable answer. The common workflow is to apply the algorithm using successively finer temporal/spatial grid resolutions ${\delta _i}$, measure the error ${\isin _i}$ in each solution against the exact solution, the order is then obtained as the slope of the line that fits $(\log {\isin _i}, \log {\delta _i})$. We show that if the problem has singularities like divergence to infinity or discontinuous jump, this common workflow underestimates the order if solution at regions around the singularity is used. Several numerical examples with different levels of complexity are explored. A simple one-dimensional theoretical model shows it is impossible to numerically evaluate the order close to singularity on uniform grids.

Intraspecific variability of the acetolactate synthase gene

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Tranel ◽  
Weilu Jiang ◽  
William L. Patzoldt ◽  
Terry R. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
The Common ◽  
Smooth Pigweed ◽  
Different Levels

Common ragweed and common cocklebur plants were collected at two sites each in Illinois, Minnesota, and Ohio to analyze intraspecific variability of the gene encoding acetolactate synthase (ALS). A 385-nucleotide fragment within the coding sequence ofALSwas compared among 24 plants of each of these two species from the six locations. Common ragweedALSwas highly variable, with polymorphisms observed at 48 (12.5%) of the 385 nucleotides among the 24 plants. Despite the numerous nucleotide polymorphisms, only two inferred amino acid polymorphisms were identified. No apparent population structure was suggested by theALSsequence data, indicating widespread gene flow consistent with the wind-pollinated nature of common ragweed. In contrast to common ragweed, noALSpolymorphisms were identified among the common cocklebur plants used in this study. As a basis for comparing the extremes observed between common ragweed and common cocklebur,ALSintraspecific variability also was investigated in 10 plants each of tall waterhemp and smooth pigweed. Normalized to the number of plants analyzed, the number of nucleotide polymorphisms for both tall waterhemp and smooth pigweed was greater than that in common cocklebur but less than that observed in common ragweed. Information on variability of herbicide target-site genes may be useful in predicting the likelihood for herbicide-resistance development. However, all four of the species investigated in this study have evolved resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, despite the different levels ofALSvariability observed.

scholarly journals Considerations on the Necessity of Modernization of Engineer Forces from NATO Members Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 344-347
Author(s):  
Mircea Vladu ◽  
Ioan-Dan Popa
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Member States ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
Structural Perspective

Abstract The engineer branch has been established at a certain stage of historical evolution of the armed forces to provide engineer support to the combat forces, as well as to support civil societies to achieve, develop and maintain the necessary infrastructure elements in order to conduct of economic and social activities. Having in mind all these elements and taking into account the structural perspective and the endowment, the evolution of engineer forces should have been made in accordance with the evolution of the common combat joint forces, keeping the same rhythm of development. Unfortunately, the engineer forces within the armies of the NATO member states did not evolve under the aforementioned aspects, even if some commitments have been made at the various summits held over time at different levels. As a result of these realities, in this paper we present some considerations about what should be the way ahead in the evolution of the engineer forces until the horizon of 2050.

scholarly journals Aportes para el ciclo de formación común de los Profesorados en Historia y Geografía en el sistema educativo argentino: La renovación historiográfica y las categorías territoriales en el estudio de la realidad social / Contributions for the Common Training Cycle of Teachers in History and Geography in the Argentine Educational System: The historiographical renovation and the territorial categories in the study of the social reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Gustavo Norberto Duperré
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Preparation Program ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Training Cycle ◽  
The Social ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Social Contributions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Formación Docente

ABSTRACTAt the end of the 20th century, the Teacher Preparation Program in Argentina experienced a series of changes, as result of the renewal of public policies. In this aspect, teachers in History and Geography, as well as others of different academic orientations, have modified the choice of their contents and the processing of their objects of study, generating new challenges in the different levels of the performance of educators. Considering these processes, the redefinition of territorial categories and historical reality represents a new and a valid alternative to reinterpret social phenomena.RESUMENAl finalizar el siglo XX, la Formación Docente de Grado en la República de Argentina experimentó una serie de cambios, producto de la renovación de las políticas públicas. En este aspecto, los Profesores en Historia y en Geografía, al igual que otros de distintas orientaciones académicas, han ido modificado la elección de sus contenidos y el tratamiento de sus objetos de estudio, generando nuevos desafíos en los distintos niveles del desempeño de los educadores. Ante estos procesos, la redefinición de las categorías territoriales y la realidad histórica se presenta como una alternativa nueva y válida para reinterpretar los fenómenos sociales.

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