scholarly journals L’interculturel dans l’enseignement/apprentissage du FLE au Maroc

FRANCISOLA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Mounir BOURRAY
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Mots Clés ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Pedagogical Approaches

RÉSUMÉ. Dans le cadre de la didactique des langues étrangères, cet article ayant tracé pour objectif d’étudier la place et le rôle de l’interculturel dans l’enseignement / apprentissage du FLE, présente, dans un premier temps, les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès des enseignants de FLE et des apprenants du cycle secondaire qualifiant au Maroc, et qui se résument comme suit : l’enseignement / apprentissage du FLE implique impérativement l’enseignement / apprentissage de sa culture. Ce rapport langue / culturelle exige de la part des enseignants et leurs apprenants l’adoption en classe de nouvelles approches pédagogiques qui doivent prendre en charge, en plus des dimensions linguistiques et communicatives, celles culturelles et interculturelles du FLE. Dans un second temps, il leur propose quelques pistes pédagogiques possibles pour profiter au maximum de leur contexte plurilingue et multiculturel dans l’enseignement / apprentissage de la dite langue. Mots-clés : apprentissage  - enseignement – FLE - interculturel   ABSTRACT.  In the process of foreign languages didactic, the objective of this article is to investigate the place and role of the intercultural in teaching/ learning process of FLE, to present, in the first phase, the results of a survey on FLE teachers and high school Moroccan learners as follows: The teaching/learning operation of FLE dictates the teaching and learning of its culture. The language/culture rapport urges teachers and learners to adopt the pedagogical approaches and methods to account for the linguistic and communicative dimensions, be them cultural and intercultural of FLE. In the second phase, it recommends some pedagogical implications to be implemented in their multi-lingual and multi-cultural contexts in the process of teaching/learning of the same language. Keywords : FFL - learning – intercultural - teaching

scholarly journals PELATIHAN PENULISAN BUKU AJAR BAGI GURU PKn SMA SE KOTA SEMARANG

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Titik Haryati ◽  
Rosalina Ginting ◽  
Suwarno Widodo ◽  
Kiki Aryaningrum ◽  
Bambang Kumoro
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
The Way

Abstract There are still a few handouts created by the teachers. In fact, teachers feel lazy to make a handout to succeed their teaching and learning process, especially civic teachers who are still low in understanding how to make and design their own handout. A handout is an instrument that teachers supposed to writing it. By writing a handout, teacher can explore his material based on the problems faced in the class. That is way; the Team thought that we need to give them something to train them in writing their own teaching handout. This community service was given to civic teachers of senior high school who has the important role in tranfering knowledge about civic subject. This activity had some sessions, there were; lecturing, discussion, questions answer and feedback. It hopes that by understanding the way in designing a teaching handout, they will be encouraged to make their own handout to support their teaching learning process in the classroom. ?é?á Key words : a teaching handout, a civic subject ?é?á

Incorporation of GTM and CLT: An Effective Way to Teach & Learn English in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Asif Al Matin
Keyword(s):  
Effective Teaching ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Education System ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Effective Teaching And Learning

The two very prominent methodologies are GTM and CLT in the education system in teaching & learning English in Bangladesh. To show the importance of the combination of these two phenomenal methods is the purpose of this paper. In Bangladesh GTM is commonly used for a long time, and at present CLT is also a very famous method. In this paper, the two methods are elaborated clearly in effective teaching and learning of English in Bangladesh. The study focuses on GTM and CLT in respects of achieving four skills, accuracy/fluency, teaching-learning process, handling the students’ feelings and emotions, the role of the native language of students, the language skills that are emphasized, and the way of teacher’s response to students’ errors. Though CLT is the more beneficial method nowadays GTM also has some positive things to offer. Based on the data and findings, this paper has also presented some suggestions for effective teaching and learning of English in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION IN SPEAKING ENGLISH

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mas Darul Ihsan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Learning And Teaching

As the English teacher in the classroom, there will be some problems or conditions need to be accomplished. Teacher will see some of the students are very motivated, motivated or even feeling ignored in studying English. The learners who have contacted with English will find that some features are quite easy and extremely difficult. One of the more complicated problems of second or foreign languages learning and  teaching has been to define and apply the construct of motivation in the classroom. Motivation is a concept without physical reality, we cannot see motivation; we see effort, interest, attitude and desire. For speaking, it is important first to give competence and then performance. Competence is more likely to the extent a communicator is motivated to be so. Motivation is the extent to which a communicator is drawn towards or pushed away from communicating competently in a given context then performed. This is a descriptive  quantitative research. The data obtained from the questionnaire distributed and analyzed to get the result.  The date taken from the students of Muhammadiyah 1 Senior High School Gresik in Easy-Speaking course. The researcher wanted to know the students’ motivation in practicing speaking English in Easy-Speaking course. The results show that1) the learners effort in practicing speaking English is 56.1 %. 2) The learners’ interest in practicing speaking English is 49.7 %. 3) The learners’ attitude towards practicing speaking English is 59.9 %. 4) The learners’ desire in practicing speaking English is 71.43 %. Then, some suggestions are made: 1) Using media is very important both to increase the learners’ motivation and to give a big opportunity to learners to explore their idea. 2) Giving more variations techniques in teaching and learning process in order do not monotonous. 3) Giving prizes, encouraging and giving extra points for learners who can express their idea by speaking English well. 4) Creating favorable atmosphere in the classroom.

scholarly journals OLIMPIADAS COSTARRICENSES DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS COMO PROCESO FUNDAMENTAL EN EL MEJORAMIENTO DE LA CALIDAD EDUCATIVA SECUNDARIA DE COSTA RICA EN EL ÁREA DE LA BIOLOGÍA. COSTA RICAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES OLYMPICS AS A FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS IN IMPROVING SECONDA

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-140
Author(s):  
Magaly Rodríguez-Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
High School ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
University Education ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Regional Headquarters ◽  
Teaching Learning

Las Olimpiadas Costarricenses de Ciencias Biológicas (OLICOCIBI) potencian el nivel cognitivo mediante competencias académicas dirigidas a estudiantes y docentes de secundaria, donde se optimiza el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje mediante la aplicación biotecnológica de la biología. Parte de los objetivos es que la población académica segundaria, mediante este tipo de actividades,pueda fortalecer y mejorar la educación científica en Costa Rica. Estas olimpiadas promueven el estudio activo, participativo y significativo de las ciencias biológicas a nivel de la enseñanza media y preuniversitaria. Además, es una actividad que abre espacios de participación a todas los centros educativos, tanto públicos, como privados, y abarca todas las sedes regionales del país. Estas justas se dividen en dos categorías;la A para estudiantes de X, XI y XII nivel y la B para estudiantes de VIII, IX y X nivel.La organización de este evento requiere de la estructuración y coordinación de un trabajo integral y en equipo de varias instancias del gobierno como lo son: Universidad Nacional (UNA), Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MICIT), Ministerio de Educación Pública (MEP) y otras instituciones emblemáticas en el campo social, científico y biológico del país.Los antecedentes de OLICOCIBI se iniciaron en el 2007 y la recalcada labor que se ha realizado año tras año, ha impulsado la participación de Costa Rica en la Olimpiada Iberoamericana de Biología (OIAB), obteniendo desde el año 2008 destacados resultados como medallas de bronce, plata y oro, logrando posicionar a Costa Rica en los más altos niveles cognitivos. Es por ello que esta actividad fue declarada de interés institucional por las Universidades Públicas, y de interés educativo por el Ministerio de Educación.Palabras clave: Olimpiadas de Biología, educación secundaria, calidad educativa, estrategias metodológicas, procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, docentes y estudiantes.Abstract The Costa Rican Biological Sciences Olympics (OLICOCIBI), enhance the cognition level through academic competitions directed by students and high school teachers, where the teaching learning process is optimized through the biotechnology application of biology. Part of the goal is that the academic high school population can increase and develop a better scientific education in Costa Rica with those kinds of activities.The Olympics promote an active, participatory and significant study method of biological sciences when it comes to middle or secondary and pre-university education. Also, is an activity that opens up alcoves of participation to every single educational school both public and private ones, as well as regional headquarters of the country. The same are divided in two categories; A for students of X, XI, XII level and B for students of VII, IX and X level. The organization of this event, requires the structuring and coordination of an integral unity and a team of several government agencies such as: Universidad Nacional (UNA), Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MICIT) Ministeria de Educación Pública (MEP) and other emblematic institutions from the social, scientific and biological field. The background of OLICOCIBI stared in 2007 and the crimped work that has been done year after year, has increase the partaking of Costa Rica in the Iberoamerican Biology Olympics (OIAB); acquiring since the year of 2008, distinguish results like bronze, silver and gold medals, achieving to put Costa Rica as one of the highest cognitive levels; therefore, this type of activity was declared as an institutional interest by Public Universities and also as an education interest by the Ministry of Education (MEP). Keywords: Biology olympics, high school education, education quality, methodological strategies, teaching and learning process, teachers and students.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING METHOD ON STUDENTS’ LEARNING INDEPENDENCE OF CHEMISTRY LEARNING IN HIGH SCHOOL

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
Suyanta Suyanta ◽  
Endang W. Laksono ◽  
Novia Fitri Fadhilah ◽  
Ihwan Rizky
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Base Solution ◽  
Chemistry Learning ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Motivation And Confidence

Chemistry learning in high school that trains and develops students’ self-sufficiency and independence has not been done optimally because learners still depend on getting information and knowledge from teachers. Problem-based learning method used in the teaching and learning process is expected to facilitate students’ with self-reliance and learning independence. This method is a problem-oriented learning method that makes students be accustomed to solving problems in order to train their ability in discoveringa concept in the learning process. Teaching learning process with PBL model is done for the subject matter of acid & base solution and electrolyte & non electrolyte solution. Learning independence assessed in this study were self-management, motivation, and confidence. The data of the study were in the form of descriptive quantitative data and analyzed using Anava / Anacova test. The research findings showed that there was a difference of students’ learning independence through the application of problem-based learning method and control method in teaching and learning process. 

scholarly journals The Challenges and Opportunities; CIPP Model for Evaluation for TEFL Following the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mustangin ◽  
Beny Riswanto
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Private School ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Learning Program ◽  
Cipp Model ◽  
The Government ◽  
Teaching Learning

This study are focused in : (1) how the context of the Online teaching learning process program on Covid-19 outbreak. (2) how the input of the Online teaching learning process program on Covid-19 to the success program, (3) how far the challenge and the opportunities of the Online teaching learning process program on Covid-19 pandemic. The objects of this study were: the English teacher in government’ schools and private school of junior high school and senior high school, and the students. The data were obtained from interview, classroom observation, and document analysis. Those data were analyzed by using Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) Model by Kellaghan and Stufflebeam (2003). The findings revealed some facts. First, in the context evaluation, it can be concluded that the online teaching and learning program are relevant and formulated in order to meet the students’ needs on this pandemic. Second, in term of input evaluation, the teacher did not fulfill the requirements of a qualified teacher yet. Therefore, this pandemic has become a challenge for educators especially for English teachers and students in higher education level. It impacted classrooms to be hardly. Here, the researcher advice the government to conduct a training and workshop in order to improve the quality and the professionalism.

scholarly journals POR QUE OS PROFESSORES DE FILOSOFIA DEVERIAM ENSINAR O DIREITO À IGUALDADE NA SALA DE AULA?

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (13) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Leonardo Mendes Bezerra ◽  
Marcos Nicolau Santos da Silva
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
The Social ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
The Right

WHY SHOULD PHILOSOPHY TEACHERS TEACH THE RIGHT TO EQUALITY IN THE CLASSROOM?¿POR QUÉ LOS PROFESORES DE FILOSOFÍA DEBERÍAN ENSEÑAR EL DERECHO A LA IGUALDAD EN LA SALA DE CLASE?O artigo trata a respeito da possibilidade de trabalhar, com estudantes do ensino médio, um dos principais direitos fundamentais do homem, o direito à igualdade, arrolado no art. 5º da Constituição Federal de 1988. Símbolo da democracia, esse direito consiste formalmente em tratar de maneira igual os iguais, desigual os desiguais, ciente de que a desigualdade do tratamento aumenta na proporção em que as pessoas se desigualam entre si. Diante disso, realizou-se uma pesquisa por meio da qual se reuniram professores de Filosofia com o escopo de apresentar métodos com que pode ser trabalhado o tema em questão. Metodologicamente, partindo de uma fundamentação em estudos teóricos, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo como forma de sintetizar as principais categorias discutidas e promover contribuições para uma aplicabilidade da temática no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Os resultados apontaram a necessidade de trabalhar com questões legais nas aulas de Filosofia no ensino médio como forma de esclarecer os alunos acerca da importância social e pessoal do direito à igualdade entre as pessoas e ampliar as reflexões sobre a realidade que o cerca.Palavras-chave: Igualdade; Metodologia de Ensino-Aprendizagem; Filosofia.ABSTRACTThe article deals with the possibility of working with students of high school, one of the main fundamental rights of man, the right to equality, listed in art. The symbol of democracy, this right consists formally of treating equals equally, unequal and unequal, aware that inequality of treatment increases in the proportion in which people are unequal to each other. Faced with this, a research was carried out whereby Philosophy teachers met with the purpose of presenting methods with which the theme in question could be worked out. Methodologically, based on a theoretical basis, content analysis was used as a way to synthesize the main categories discussed and to promote contributions to an applicability of the theme in the teaching and learning process. The results pointed out the need to work with legal issues in Philosophy classes in high school as a way to clarify the students about the social and personal importance of the right to equality between people and to broaden the reflections about the reality that surrounds it.Keywords: Equality; Teaching-Learning Methodology; Philosophy.RESUMENEl artículo trata de la posibilidad de trabajar, con los estudiantes de secundaria, uno de los principales derechos fundamentales del hombre, el derecho a la igualdad, arrollado en el artículo 5º de la Constitución Federal de 1988. Símbolo de la democracia, este derecho consiste formalmente en tratar equitativamente a las personas iguales, y desigual a las desiguales, conscientes de que la desigualdad del tratamiento aumenta en proporción a la que las personas son diferentes entre sí. En vista de ello, se realizó una encuesta mediante la cual se reunieron profesores de filosofía con el alcance de la presentación de métodos con los que se puede trabajar el tema en cuestión. Metodológicamente, basándose en una lógica en los estudios teóricos, se utilizó el análisis del contenido como forma de sintetizar las principales categorías discutidas y promover contribuciones a una aplicabilidad de la temática en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Los resultados señalaron la necesidad de trabajar con cuestiones jurídicas en las clases de filosofía en la escuela secundaria como una manera de clarificar a los estudiantes sobre la importancia social y personal del derecho a la igualdad entre las personas y ampliar las reflexiones acerca de su realidad.Palabras clave: Igualdad; Metodología de Enseñanza-Aprendizaje; Filosofía.

scholarly journals POLA INTERAKSI GURU DAN SISWA KELAS X SMAN 1 JORONG

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Dwi Rahmanto
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Public High School ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Weak Student ◽  
Teaching Learning

Abstract The Interaction Pattern of Teachers and Students of Class X of SMAN 1 Jorong. This study aims to describe (1) the pattern of intervention, (2) the pattern of adjacent pairs, and (3) the pattern of preference in the interaction discourse of teachers and students of class X at Jorong 1 Public High School during the teaching and learning process. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Sources of data collected in the form of oral speeches that occur during teaching-learning interactions. Data collection uses documentation techniques. Data analysis techniques use qualitative analysis techniques. From the results of data analysis and research conclusions, the findings are as follows: Interruptive patterns in teacher discourse and class x students at Jorong 1 State Senior High School during the teaching and learning process. The teacher's interruption pattern to students is due to weak student volume and to stop doubts or reinforce the answers to the teacher's questions. The pattern of contiguous pairs occurs normally or naturally according to the stimulus-response process and meets the structure of adjacent pairs which creates habits and regularity. This pattern of well-implemented preferences can be seen from the structure of the preferred action expected to be in the next action and not to be expected to be expected in the next action. Key words: teacher and student interaction, interrupt pattern, contiguous pair pattern, preference pattern … Pola Interaksi Guru dan Siswa Kelas X SMAN 1 Jorong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1), pola interupsi (2),pola pasangan berdekatan, dan (3), pola preferensi dalam wacana interaksi guru dan siswa dalam kelas X di SMA Negeri 1 Jorong pada waktu proses belajar-mengajar. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Sumber data yang dikumpulkan berupa tuturan-tuturan lisan yang terjadi saat interaksi belajar-mengajar. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif. Dari hasil analisis data dan kesimpulan penelitian, diperoleh temuan antara lain sebagai berikut: Pola interupsi dalam wacana guru dan siswa kelas X di SMA Negeri 1 Jorong pada waktu proses belajar-mengajar. Pola interupsi guru kepada siswa dikarenakan volume suara siswa lemah dan untuk menghentikan keraguan atau mempertegas jawaban atas pertanyaan guru. Pola pasangan berdekatan terjadi dengan normal atau alamiah sesuai dengan proses stimulus-respon dan memenuhi struktur pasangan berdekatan yang menimbulkan kebiasaan dan keteraturan.Pola preferensi terlaksana dengan baik ini bisa dilihat dari adanya struktur tindakan yang disukai diharapkan ada pada tindakan berikutnya dan tidak disukai diharapkan tidak ada pada tindakan berikutnya. Kata-kata kunci: interaksi guru dan siswa, pola interupsi, pola pasangan berdekatan, pola preferensi

scholarly journals QUIMI CRUSH: ATIVIDADE LÚDICA PARA O ENSINO DE QUÍMICA ORGÂNICA

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 625-642
Author(s):  
Diego Arantes Teixeira Pires ◽  
Leonardo Alves do Nascimento ◽  
Tatyana Mira Medeiros ◽  
Luiz Fernando Batista Loja
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
High School ◽  
Mobile Device ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Educational Game ◽  
Educational Technologies ◽  
Teaching Learning

Resumo: Atualmente paira sobre a área de Ciências Naturais, e principalmente na disciplina de Química, uma grande preocupação em relação ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem de conceitos científicos. Uma solução, por parte dos estudiosos da Educação Química, para sanar essa problemática é desenvolver e apontar materiais que utilizem Novas Tecnologias para incrementar a metodologia das aulas ministradas pelos professores de Ciências. Alguns desses materiais, que podem contribuir com o êxito no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, são os softwares lúdicos educacionais. Nesse sentido, realizou-se o desenvolvimento de um aplicativo para dispositivo móvel, denominado Quimi Crush, para auxiliar na mediação do conteúdo de Funções Orgânicas no Ensino Médio. O jogo didático foi desenvolvido, testado e aplicado com alunos do Ensino Médio e alunos do Ensino Superior. Esse jogo foi bem avaliado por ambos os grupos. Além disso, Quími Crush foi validado como jogo didático, podendo ser uma ferramenta para auxiliar as aulas de Química, tornando-as mais dinâmicas e interessantes.Palavras-chave: Química Orgânica. Atividades Lúdicas. Tecnologias na Educação. Abstract: Nowaday, there is a great concern about the teaching and learning process of scientific concepts in the field of Natural Sciences, and especially in Chemistry classes. For education researchers, a solution to solve this problem is to develop and point out materials that use new technologies to increase the methodology of the classes. Some of these materials, which can contribute to the success in the teaching-learning process, are playful educational softwares. In this sense, it was developed a mobile device application, named Quimi Crush, to assist in mediating the content of Organic Functions in high school classes. The playful game was developed, tested and applied with High School and ungergraduate students. This game was well rated by both groups. In addition, Quimi Crush has been validated as an educational game and can be a tool to help in chemistry classes, making them more dynamic and interesting.Keywords: Organic Chemistry. Playful Activities. Educational Technologies.

scholarly journals The Use of Visualization in Teaching and Learning Process for Developing Critical Thinking of Students

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Kyvete Shatri ◽  
Kastriot Buza
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Positive Effect

Many researches has been conducted for the need to increase critical thinking of students (in (different fields, (also many researches has been done on the importance and the role of critical thinking for students achievements. In this context this requires a critical approach. To achieve this should be used effective teaching methods that develop critical thinking and also facilitate and enhance the learning of students and their performance in general, making them able to solving problems in their fields. A visualization approach increase communication, increase critical thinking and provides analytical approach to various problems. Therefore, this research is aimed to investigate visualization for the purpose of examining its role in developing critical thinking. In order to achieve this it was made an experiment for the use of visualization and from this experimentation are extracted the results of the effect of using the visualization for the aspect of developing and increasing critical thinking. The results which are taken from this research highlight the positive effect that the use of visualization in teaching and learning process has in developing the critical thinking of students and their overall performance. The results also shows that the visualization motivates students to learn, making them more cooperative and developing their skills for critical approach. Keywords: visualization, critical thinking, teaching, learning, student performance

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