Exploratory Factor Analysis for SME Entrepreneur Subjective Norm Instrument towards e-Commerce Acceptance during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic that has hit the world since the end of 2019 has resulted in the contraction of the country’s SMEs economic activities. To maintain business continuity, SME entrepreneurs have been advised to apply e-Commerce in their business routine. Throughout the crisis, subjective norms are seen as a dominant element in determining the implementation of SME entrepreneurial behaviour to accept new changes. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors that influence the subjective norms of SME entrepreneurs to accept e-Commerce. Despite this necessity, the delineation of the subjective norms constructed is still not comprehensive as there are limitations in terms of instrument development and the number of items to measure social influence. Hence, this study was conducted to explore item suitability, analyse the degree of validity and reliability as well as to validate the instrument for SMEs' subjective norms toward e-Commerce acceptance behaviour. A total of 159 SME entrepreneurs around Nilai and Seremban, Negeri Sembilan were selected as the respondents through random sampling technique. The results from Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed two component factors of subjective norms which are Interpersonal Influence and External Influence explaining 81.981 percent of the total variance as conceptualised through this instrument. Meanwhile, the reliability index was above 0.9. Based on each analysis performed, it can be concluded that the instrument developed was very satisfactory and relevant in assessing SME entrepreneur subjective norms in accepting e-Commerce. Keywords: Subjective norms, exploratory factor analysis, e-Commerce, COVID-19, SME entrepreneurs.

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A Exploratory Factor Analysis, Validation and Reliability of the ‘Perceived Socio-Economic Sustainability’ Scale: An Entrepreneurship and Economic Corridors Perspective

Pakistan Business Review ◽

10.22555/pbr.v23i1.500 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zia Ur Rehman ◽

Muhammad Arif

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Instrument Development ◽

Financial Institutions ◽

Service Industry ◽

Survey Method ◽

Economic Sustainability ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽

Statistical Process

This research aimed to develop & test the scale for perceived socioeconomic sustainability (PSES). Data was collected from 425 experienced industrial entrepreneurs by survey method of data collection. Findings suggested that the statistically tested form of the PSES scale has consisted of 11-items under single factor. Further, this study displays statistical process by using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) technique to ensure validity and reliability as testimony for the instrument-development. The scale for PSES, developed by this study, will be helpful for scholars for measurement of ‘perception’ of different stakeholders of entrepreneurial ecosystem like financial institutions, media, Government, and service industry etc.

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The Influence of Attitudes, Subjective, Norms, and Behavior Controls on Intention to Choose Islamic Banks With Islamic Religiosity as a Moderating Variable (Case Study at Bri Syariah Purwokerto Customers)

Journal of Economicate Studies ◽

10.32506/joes.v2i1.464 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Akhmad Khoyrun Najakh ◽

Dwiwiyati Astogini ◽

Sri Martini

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Control ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Subjective Norm ◽

Subjective Norms ◽

Islamic Banks ◽

Control Behavior ◽

Before And After ◽

And Behavior ◽

Number Of Customers

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of attitudes on the intention to choose Islamic banks, to analyze the effect of subjective norm on the intention to choose Islamic banks. to analyze the effect of the control behavior of the intention to choose the Islamic banks, to analyze the moderating influence of religiosity on the relationship attitudes, subjective norms and behavioral control of the intention to choose the Islamic banks . The method used is a survey with a sampling technique used purposive sampling with a sample size of this study was 100 respondents . Further analysis tools used in this study is multiple regression analysis using SPSS 16.0 software . Based on this study it can be concluded that the attitude does not affect to the intention of choose Bank BRISyariah. Subjective norm positive effect on intention choose Bank BRISyariah. Control behavior does not affect to the intention choose Bank BRISyariah. Relationship between Attitudes, Subjective Norms and Behavior Control with the intention to select Bank BRISyariah not moderated by religiosity.Based on these conclusions can be said that the Bank BRISyariah should improve understanding related to the subjective norm in order to increase the number of customers who use the services of Islamic Banking . Further research is recommended in order to follow up and develop this research to further explore the independent and dependent variables continued before and after behavioral intention or intention to perform a specific action .

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Adaptation, linguistic and clinimetric validation of the Bangla version of Zarit Burden Interview

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal ◽

10.3329/bsmmuj.v9i4.30060 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 181 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Farzana Rabin ◽

Jhunu Shamsun Nahar ◽

Mohammad S. I. Mullick ◽

Helal Uddin Ahmed ◽

Nafia Farzana

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Caregiver Burden ◽

Primary Diagnosis ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Zarit Burden Interview ◽

Eigen Values ◽

Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Test Retest Reliability

<p>The aim of this study was to develop a culturally adapted and validated Bangla version of Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-B) questionnaire for use in Bangla speaking caregiver of patient with dementia. This study was conducted on 100 caregivers related to consecutively attending outpatients with a previously established primary diagnosis of dementia, according to DSM-IV criteria. Validity and reliability were evaluated by comparing with the caregiver burden inventory (CBI). An exploratory factor analysis with the principle component with varimax rotation was used to detect the factorial structure in observed measurements. To attain the best-fitting structure and the correct number of factors, the following criteria were used: Eigen values >1.0, factor loadings >0.30. The Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.847 for test and 0.839 retest. The intra-class correlation for the test-retest reliability was 0.89. The ZBI score was highly correlated with the CBI score (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r=0.909, P=.001). From the exploratory factor analysis six factors comprising 20 items were extracted with Eigen values higher than 1.00 accounting for 69% of the total item variance. In conclusion, ZBI-B is valid, reliable and useful for use in clinical contexts and in future studies that could lead to a better understanding of caregiver burden in dementia.</p>

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Developing a Constructive Conceptual Framework of a Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers’ Content Knowledge Instrument on Space and Shape

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math10010137 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 137

Author(s):

Rooselyna Ekawati ◽

Masriyah ◽

Abdul Haris Rosyidi ◽

Budi Priyo Prawoto ◽

Rully Charitas Indra Prahmana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Mixed Methods ◽

Conceptual Framework ◽

Content Knowledge ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Mathematics Teachers ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Mathematics Content Knowledge ◽

Figural Reasoning ◽

Object Relationship

Space and shape is one of the geometry topics that should be mastered by students and require proper teachers’ Mathematics Content Knowledge (MCK) for teaching to avoid misconception. This study aimed at developing a constructive conceptual framework as an instrument to examine mathematics pre-service teachers’ MCK on space and shape contents and describing their profile on this topic. The present study used mixed methods, in which the obtained data were analyzed both quantitatively using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and qualitatively described in nature. The developed MCK instrument was administered to 21 senior Indonesian mathematics pre-service teachers who were in their third year of study which and by a purposive sampling technique. The results showed that the instrument had very good 10 final items with a consistent reliability coefficient of 0.67 and resulted in four factor components, namely, figural representation, area and circumference of object, relationship between properties of objects, and figural reasoning. Of the four factors, figural representation and reasoning factors had mostly been the challenges for Indonesian mathematics pre-service teachers. On the contrary, they performed better in the area and circumference of objects and the relationships between properties of objects. The findings lead to redesigning the curriculum for mathematics pre-service teachers’ learning to accommodate all their challenges.

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Pengaruh Religiusitas, Sikap, Norma Subjektif, dan Kontrol Perilaku terhadap Niat Membeli Produk Kosmetik Halal di Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta

Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Global Masa Kini ◽

10.36982/jiegmk.v11i1.1061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 49

Author(s):

Reza Rizki Nur Ikhsan ◽

Sukardi Sukardi

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Behavioral Control ◽

Subjective Norm ◽

Subjective Norms ◽

Cosmetic Products ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

F Test ◽

Muslim Students ◽

Regression Methods

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>ABSTRACT</span></p><p><span>This study aims to determine the effect of religiosity, attitudes, subjective norms and behavioral control on the intention to buy halal cosmetic products on Muslim students at the Faculty of Economics and Business, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta. This research is a survey research using a questionnaire as an instrument. For testing the instrument using a test of validity and reliability. As for the technique of data analysis using multiple linear regression methods, because the variables used are more than two variables, with the F test and t test. The results of the study showed that the religiosity variable (X1) did not significantly influence the intention to buy halal cosmetics, this was indicated by the significance value>α(0.24)>0.05) attitude (X2) had no significant effect on the intention to buy halal cosmetics, this is shown from the significance value>α(0.509>0.05), subjective norm (X3) does not affect the intention to buy halal cosmetics, this is indicated from the significance value>α(0,250>0.05), behavioral control (X4) influences on the interest in buying halal cosmetics, this is indicated by the significance value<α(0,000<0.05). Simultaneously the influence of religiosity, attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral control on the intention to buy halal cosmetic products at the Faculty of Economics and Business Ahmad Dahlan University has a significant effect on the intention to buy halal cosmetics (Y). This is evidenced by the calculation of the F test of 28,135 with a significance of 0,000.</span></p><p><span>Keywords</span><span>: </span><span>Religiosity, Attitude, Intention, Halal Cosmetics </span><span>ABSTRAK</span></p><p><span>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh religiusitas, sikap, norma subyektif dan kontrol perilaku terhadap niat membeli produk kosmetik halal pada mahasiswi muslim di Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumennya. Untuk pengujian instrumen menggunakan uji validitas dan reliabilitas. Sedangkan untuk Teknik analisis data menggunakan metode regresi linier berganda, karena variabel yang digunakan lebih dari dua variabel, dengan uji F dan uji t. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel religiusitas (X</span><span>1</span><span>) tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap minat beli kosmetik halal, hal ini ditunjukkan dari nilai signifikansi>α(0,24>0,05) sikap (X</span><span>2</span><span>) tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap minat beli kosmetik halal, hal ini ditunjukkan dari nilai signifikansi>α(0,509>0,05), norma subjektif (X</span><span>3</span><span>) tidak berpengaruh terhadap minat beli kosmetik halal, hal ini ditunjukkan dari nilai signifikansi>α(0,250)>0,05), kontrol perilaku (X</span><span>4</span><span>) berpengaruh terhadap minat beli kosmetik halal, hal ini ditunjukkan dari nilai signifikansi<α(0,000<0,05). Secara simultan pengaruh religiusitas, sikap, norma subjektif, dan kontrol perilaku terhadap niat membeli produk kosmetik halal di Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Ahmad Dahlan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat membeli kosmetik halal (Y). Hal ini terbukti dengan perhitungan uji F sebesar 28,135 dengan signifikansi 0,000.</span></p></div></div><img src="blob:http://ejournal.uigm.ac.id/d2905649-5db7-4cde-b6fb-18abb055c78e" alt="page1image51464640" width="101.040000" height="0.480000" /><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Kata Kunci: </span><span>Religiusitas, Sikap, Niat, Kosmetik Halal</span></p></div></div></div>

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Adaptasi Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire: Versi Indonesia untuk Masyarakat Muslim

Psikologika Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi ◽

10.20885/psikologika.vol26.iss1.art11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 217-232

Author(s):

Hepi Wahyuningsih ◽

Dyna Rahayu Suci Pertiwi

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Structure Stability ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

The Stability ◽

Composite Reliability

This study aims to adapt the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire for Muslims inIndonesia. Adaptation of the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire is carried out throughthe stages: translation, providing evidence of construct validity and reliability. Evidence of construct validity was carried out by exploratory factor analysis followed by MGCFA (Multi-Group Confirmatory factor Analysis). In this study, we used a composite reliability. Subjects to reveal the factor structure of sanctification of marriage were 160 married individuals, while the subjects to test the stability of factor structure consisted of 102 husbands and 111 wives. The result of exploratory factor analysis shows that the construct of sanctification of marriage has three factors / dimensions, namely: belief, perceived sacred qualities and manifestation of God. The structure stability of sanctification of marriage was then empirically tested by MGCFA. The results of MGCFA showed that the three factors / dimensions of sanctification of marriage proved stable. The composite reliability coefficient of the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire was in a good category. Further research can be carried out to provide evidence of construct validity with predictive validity and concurrent validity of the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire. Limitations in this study are discussed further.Keywords: exploratory factor analysis, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, muslim,sanctification of marriage, scale adaptation

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Evaluation of the Persian Version of Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey among Iranian Nurses: Validity and Reliability

Galen Medical Journal ◽

10.31661/gmj.v7i0.995 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e995

Author(s):

Saba Moalemi ◽

Zahra Kavoosi ◽

Najimeh Beygi ◽

Azizallah Deghan ◽

Aliasghar Karimi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Health Care System ◽

Human Services ◽

Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Persian Version ◽

Care System

Background: Nursing is a critical job in the health care system. However, nurses suffering from poor job conditions suffer from job dissatisfaction, eventually causing burnout. This is a very important concern for the health care system because the turnover of nurses leads to a waste of money and time of this system. Therefore, nurse managers need to find a way to measure and reduce the burnout. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) is a famous inventory to measure the job burnout in human services. This study aimed to measure the validity and reliability of the Persian version of MBI-HSS. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in two hospitals of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fars Province, Iran, in July 2017. Nurses participated with their own discretion in this study and filled the MBI-HSS themselves. The questionnaire consisted of 22 items comprising three dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha were performed in this study using Stata software, version 12. Results: Overall, 200 nurses were included in this study, with a mean age of 29.48 ± 6 years. The result of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the weight of each item in its own dimension was greater than 0.4 or another dimension. Also, the Cronbach’s alpha for 3 dimensions was greater than 0.7. Conclusions: Our study showed that the Persian version of MBI-HSS has sufficient validity and reliability, similar to that of the original version, for the measurement of burnout in Persian speakers of human services workers.[GMJ.2018;7:e995]

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Development of an Instrument for Teachers’ Attitudes towards Academic Supervision performed by Supervisors in Schools of Special Education

Journal of Educational Science and Technology (EST) ◽

10.26858/est.v7i1.12954 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 40

Author(s):

Triyanto Pristiwaluyo ◽

Syamsuddin Syamsuddin

Keyword(s):

Special Education ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Instrument Development ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Education Standards ◽

South Sulawesi ◽

Development Framework ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Teachers Attitudes

This study aims to develop an instrument for teachers’ attitudes toward academic supervision performed by supervisors in special education. This is an instrument development study working under the modified six-step development framework introduced by Djaali and Sumadi. The validity of the study was examined by two experts in measurements. The instrument was tested on 94 teachers in schools of special education in South Sulawesi. The validity and reliability were estimated using the confirmatory factor analysis by Lisrel program. The instrument produced from this attempt were 44 questions in a form of likert scale; the validity was 0.90 and the reliability was 0.96, and it was done under a tridimensional structure (i.e., monitoring, assessment, and coaching). The dimension of monitoring measured the execution of eight education standards observed by school supervisors. The dimension of assessment measured the performance of supervisors during a class supervision that was taught by a teacher of special education. The dimension of coaching measured the supervisors’ performance in giving motivation, delivering training, and providing feedback for teachers of special education. It was done in order to make the teachers more professional and independent in completing their tasks and responsibilities as teachers for special education. Therefore, the instrument produced from this research is expected to be able to describe the teachers’ attitudes toward academic supervision performed by the school supervisors.

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Development, validity and reliability testing the Swedish Ethical Climate Questionnaire

Nursing Ethics ◽

10.1177/0969733018819122 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (7-8) ◽

pp. 2482-2493 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Catarina Fischer Grönlund ◽

Anna Söderberg ◽

Vera Dahlqvist ◽

Lars Andersson ◽

Ulf Isaksson

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Ethical Climate ◽

Factor Model ◽

Parallel Analysis ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Professional Perspective ◽

Ethical Climate Questionnaire

Background: An ethical climate has been described as a working climate embracing shared perceptions about morally correct behaviour concerning ethical issues. Various ethical climate questionnaires have been developed and validated for different contexts, but no questionnaire has been found concerning the ethical climate from an inter-professional perspective in a healthcare context. The Swedish Ethical Climate Questionnaire, based on Habermas’ four requirements for a democratic dialogue, attempts to assess and measure the ethical climate at various inter-professional workplaces. This study aimed to present the construction of and to test the psychometric properties of the Swedish Ethical Climate Questionnaire. Method: An expert group of six researchers, skilled in ethics, evaluated the content validity. The questionnaire was tested among 355 healthcare workers at three hospitals in Sweden. A parallel analysis (PA), an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. Ethical considerations: The participants included in the psychometric analysis were informed about the study, asked to participate in person and informed that they could withdraw at any time without giving any reason. They were also assured of confidentiality in the reporting of the results. Findings: The parallel analysis (PA) recommended one factor as a solution. The initial exploratory factor analysis with a four-factor solution showed low concordance with a four-factor model. Cronbach’s alpha varied from 0.75 to 0.82; however, since two factors only consisted of one item, alpha could not be reported. Cronbach’s alpha for the entire scale showed good homogeneity (α = 0.86). A confirmatory factory analysis was carried out based on the four requirements and showed a goodness-of-fit after deleting two items. After deletion of these items, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.82. Discussion: Based on the exploratory factor analysis, we suggest that the scale should be treated as a one-factor model. The result indicates that the instrument is unidimensional and assesses ethical climate as a whole. Conclusion: After testing the Swedish Ethical Climate Questionnaire, we found support for the validity and reliability of the instrument. We found the 10-item version of Swedish Ethical Climate Questionnaire satisfactory. However, we found no support for measuring different dimensions and, therefore, this instrument should be seen as assessing ethical climate as of whole.

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The Psychometric Properties of the Minnesota Tobacco Withdrawal Scale Among Patients With Mental Illness

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800419895573 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 247-255

Author(s):

Yazan D. Al-Mrayat ◽

Chizimuzo T. C. Okoli ◽

Christina R. Studts ◽

Mary K. Rayens ◽

Ellen J. Hahn

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Hypothesis Testing ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Psychiatric Hospitalization ◽

Future Research ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Tobacco Withdrawal

Background and Objectives: Approximately 65% of psychiatric inpatients experience moderate-to-severe nicotine withdrawal (NW), a set of symptoms appearing within 24 hr after an abrupt cessation or reduction of use of tobacco-containing products in those using nicotine daily for at least a couple of weeks. The Minnesota Tobacco Withdrawal Scale (MTWS) is a widely used instrument for detecting NW. However, the psychometric properties of the MTWS have not previously been examined among patients with serious mental illness (SMI) undergoing tobacco-free hospitalization. The objective of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the MTWS among patients with SMI during tobacco-free psychiatric hospitalization. Methods: Reliability was tested by examining Cronbach’s α and item analysis. Validity was examined through hypothesis testing and exploratory factor analysis ( N = 255). Results: The reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach’s α coefficient of .763, an inter-item correlations coefficient of .393, and item-total correlations between .291 and .691. Hypothesis testing confirmed the construct validity of the MTWS, and an exploratory factor analysis yielded a unidimensional scale. Conclusion: The MTWS demonstrated adequate reliable and valid psychometric properties for measuring NW among patients with SMI. Nurses and other health-care professionals may use this instrument in clinical practice to identify patients with SMI experiencing NW. The MTWS is psychometrically sound for capturing NW during tobacco-free psychiatric hospitalization. Future research should examine the efficacy of the MTWS in measuring NW in this population over an extended period of hospitalization.

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