scholarly journals Protective EEffect of Copaifera salikounda Heckel against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatorenal Injury in Rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1065-1076
Author(s):  
Chinyere Aloke ◽  
Nwogo Ajuka Obasi ◽  
Chinedum Uche Emelike ◽  
Patience Nkemjika Ogbu ◽  
Godswill Odumero Ufebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Group I ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Group Ii

Drug-induced hepatorenal damage is a significant worldwide clinical challenge. In Nigeria, Copaifera salikounda seed pod ethanol extract (CSSPEE) is used in the treatment of many ailments including liver disorders. This study investigated the protective efficacy of CSSPEE against paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatorenal toxicity.Male albino Wistar rats were assigned at random into five different groups (n = 6). The normal control (Group I) was given normal saline via oral administration while Group II was given 500 mg/kg body weight of PCMvia intra-peritoneal administration; Group III was administered 100 mgkg-1 of silymarin (reference drug) while Groups IV and V were administered 200 and 400 mg kg-1 of CSSPEE, respectively, per os for seven days prior to administration of PCM. CSSPEEpretreated groups protected PCM-induced hepatorenal damage as reflected by significant diminution (P < 0.05) in liver enzymes activities and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total bilirubin (TB), triglycerides (TG) and urea in comparison with group II. Also, CSSPEE pretreatment significantly increased (P < 0.05) the activities of catalase and GSH relative to group II while no significant elevation (P > 0.05) in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was observed in comparison to PCM group. CSSPEE also reversed liver and kidney PCMoverdose caused histopathological alterations and ameliorated the tissue histology thereby corroborating the results of biochemical findings. CSSPEE produced analogous effects comparable to those produced by silymarin (reference drug). The results indicated that oral administration of CSSPEE conferred a dose-dependent protection against paracetamol-induced oxidative damage to liver and kidney.

The Antioxidant Efficacy of Wheatgrass (Triticum Aestivum) on Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2) - Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 450-464
Author(s):  
Renu Tripathi ◽  
Swati Agarwal ◽  
Syed Ibrahim Rizvi ◽  
Neetu * Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Group I

Mercury is a harmful toxic pollutant, which has hepato-nephrotoxic, hematotoxic, genotoxic and neurotoxic, effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of wheatgrass on mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induced oxidative stress and associated complications in rat model. Albino rats were divided into four groups (three rats per group). Group I normal control group. Group II oxidative stressed group received mercuric chloride (0.5 mg/kg/day). Group III only received wheatgrass extract (100 mg/kg/day), whereas Group IV received wheatgrass (100 mg/kg/day) after one hour, followed by mercuric chloride (0.5 mg/kg/day) for 30 days. The results of the study showed that wheatgrass supplementation significantly decreased the HgCl2 induced elevated oxidative stress parameters Plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Plasma membrane redox system (PMRS), Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), simultaneously elevated lipid profile (Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), liver enzymes as, Plasma Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Serum Urea, and Creatinine levels in rats. In addition, wheatgrass treatment improved the antioxidant status in terms of intracellular Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2, 2- diphenyl -1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Therefore it can be concluded that wheatgrass has great potential to diminish the stress-mediated complications and improve the antioxidant status.

scholarly journals AMELIORATION OF GENTAMICIN-INDUCED RENAL DAMAGE IN RATS BY ETHANOL EXTRACT OF THE WHOLE PLANT BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM (LINN.) DC

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Abhirama B. R. ◽  
Shanmuga Sundaram R ◽  
Raju A
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Group Ii

Objective: Present study was undertaken to investigate the nephroprotective activity of whole plant ethanol extract of Biophytum sensitivum Linn. DC (B. sensitivum; EEBS) on gentamicin induced-nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats.Methods: Animals were divided into five groups, containing six animals in each. Gentamicin (GM) 100 mg/kg/d; i. p., was given to all groups except normal control to induce nephrotoxicity for a period of 8 d in rats. Animals in Group I served as control and Group II as GM-treated or nephrotoxic control. Group III received standard quercetin (50 mg/kg; p. o.); group IV received EEBS (250 mg/kg; p. o.) and group V received EEBS (500 mg/kg; p. o.), for 8 d. Several renal functional tests and injury markers such as a change in body weight, water intake, urine volume and pH, urinary levels of total protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were measured. Different hematological parameters including, red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), white blood corpuscles (WBC), lymphocyte, monocyte, polymorphs and eosinophil were also analyzed.Results: The results revealed that co-administration of EEBS at 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced the urinary excretion of total protein (4.05±0.04, 3.53±0.05 g/dl), albumin (0.81±0.08, 0.71±0.00 g/dl), calcium (8.05±0.05, 7.81±0.06 mg/dl) and magnesium (0.79±0.05, 0.77±0.06 mg/dl) respectively. EEBS treatment in group IV and V animals produced a significant increase in body weight (2.58±0.17, 2.52±0.22 g), water intake (17.35±0.82, 17.87±0.86 ml/24 h) urine output (7.24±0.15, 7.88±0.08 ml/24 h), compared to animals in group II. Co-therapy with both doses of extracts also showed significant increase in RBC (6.85±0.31, 7.10±0.43 million/mm3) Hb (13.96±0.21, 13.83±0.31 g/dl), MCH (20.45±0.49, 20.67±0.51 pg) and PCV (38.29±0.42, 38.53±0.20%) levels, whereas WBC (8.24±0.21, 8.15±0.10 1X103/mm3) and polymorphs (14.19±0.20, 14.05±0.11%) levels were found to be significantly reduced respectively in animals than those in toxic control group.Conclusion: This study substantiated and confirmed the ethnomedical usefulness of B. sensitivum as a nephroprotective and antioxidant agent.

scholarly journals Biochemical Effects of Matured Stem Extract of Opuntia Dillenii in Male Wistar Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Uche C. Njoku ◽  
Benjamin A. Amadi ◽  
Peter U. Amadi ◽  
Onyebuchi E. Ezendiokwere ◽  
Idongesit E. Archibong
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Group I ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Stem Extract ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Opuntia Dillenii

Summary The effect of aqueous matured stem extract of Opuntia dillenii on selected biochemical parameters in Male Wistar rats was explored. Standard analytical methods were applied. Forty Wistar rats (80-100g) were used in the animal studies, separated into four groups. The control group was solely administered normal feed and saline, group I was administered 100mgkg−1 of the extract, group II received 300mgkg−1 of the extract and group III received 500 mg/kg−1 of the extract. A significant increase (p<0.05) in the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase was observed in group II and III rats, as compared with the controls. A significant decrease in urea and creatinine concentrations was found only in group III rats against the controls. Also, a significant (p<0.05) decrease in triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was seen in group II and group III rats when compared with the control. The hematological evaluation revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in red blood cell and hemoglobin levels in group III rats when compared with the control. The findings showed both beneficial and toxicological effects of the plant. Hence, for optimal therapeutic benefits, a further toxicological survey could still be carried out perhaps at higher doses.

scholarly journals The test of improvement activity on kidney function lansau etanol extract by Muna regency on male wistra white rat

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Ruslin R
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Function ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Lansau is one of the traditional ingredients that consist of 44 types of plants that are believed by the local society as a nutritious herb to treat various diseases that exist in the society of Muna Southeast Sulawesi Province that has been used for hundreds of years for generations. Methods: The study was conducted to determine the effect of ethanol extract of Lansau on the improvement activity of kidney function that induced gentamicin-piroxicam. A total of 24 rats were used in which 20 ratswere modeled with damage of renal function using gentamicin-piroxicam drug which was then grouped into 5 groups. The first group was treated using a Lansau extract with doseI , the second group was treated with aLansauextract dose II, the third group was treated with the Lansau extract dose III, the fourth group was treated with ketosteryl, the fifth group was no treatment only given Na. 1% CMC and the sixth group is the normal group. The Modeling was performed for 7 days and on the eighth day blood sampling was taken to measure creatinine and urea levels. As for therapy performed for 4 weeks and every end of the week also made blood taking for measurement of creatinine and urea. Results: The highest percentage of creatinin decrease for each group was negative group -8.92%,positive group control was 84.21%,dose group I 74.75%, dose group II 80.07%, and dose group III 84.08%. For the highest percentage of decrease of ureum level for each group that is negative group -31.l49%,positive control group 49.59%,dose group I 40.53%, dose group II 26.79%, and dose group III 43.32%. Conclusion: The results showed that Lansau ethanol extract has the potential and effectiveness in the repair of kidney function damage.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Histopathological Effects on Liver Profile due to Acute and Subacute Oral Toxicity of Somina on Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Aisha Azmat ◽  
Muhammad Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Toxicological Effect ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Limited research studies are reported regarding the toxicological effect of different herbal medicine already used in different countries. Objective: This research study was planned to examine the changes in liver (biochemical and histological) associated with oral administration of somina (acute and sub-acute) in rats. Methodology: Group– I served as control (saline), while other groups (II, III) were daily treated with somina at different doses of 0.285g/kg (group – II), 10g/kg/day (group – III), for 14 (set I), 21 (set II), and 30 (set III) consecutive days.  Each group contains 12 rats. During the study period, signs and behavioral changes, mortality, were observed. At the end of study period, blood sample was drawn directly from heart, for the estimation of liver enzymes: Bilirubin (BIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic pyruvic transferase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), Albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP). The liver was carefully dichotomized, weighed, and further processed for histopathological analysis. Results: Herbal drug somina was claimed to be practically non-toxic as in rats no mortality was recorded after the oral administration of somina (14, 21 and 30 consecutive days). Liver profile showed non-significant changes in treated group- II and III (P > 0.05), as compared to the control (group- I). The histopathological examination did not reveal any deteriorative effect. Conclusion: It was concluded that oral administration of somina did not produce any significant detrimental effects on rat liver (biochemical and histopathological parameters), even at doses of 10g/kg/day indicating its safe use.

scholarly journals Protective effect of aqueous extract of Lophira lanceolata leaf against cisplatin-induced hepatorenal injuries and dyslipidemia in Wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael John Ogbe ◽  
Samuel Peter Agbese ◽  
Adakole Hyacinth Abu
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Lophira Lanceolata ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract Background Hepatorenal injuries and dyslipidemia are common global health challenges but medicinal plant extracts may have potential to prevent them. Thus, this study evaluated the protective effect of aqueous extract of Lophira lanceolata leaf (LLE) against cisplatin-induced hepatorenal injuries and dyslipidemia in albino Wistar rats. Methods Thirty rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. Group I rats received distilled water and served as control, group II rats were given 5 mg/kg cisplatin (CIS) intraperitoneally, groups III and IV rats were treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg LLE respectively for 26 days by oral gavages while groups V and VI rats were treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg LLE respectively, followed by CIS on the 21st day as in group II. About 24 h after treatment, blood was collected from the rats; then serum was separated and used for estimations of biochemical parameters. The kidney and liver of rats were removed, rinsed in normal saline, stored in 10% formalin and used for histological analyses. Results The biomarkers of hepatic (Aminotransferases, Alkaline phosphatase and Bilirubin) and renal (urea and creatinine) injuries, and dyslipidemia (Total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol) significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the rats exclusively exposed to cisplatin when compared with normal control. However, treatment of cisplatin-exposed rats with 200 and 400 mg/kg LLE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the levels of these biomarkers of hepatorenal injuries and dyslipidemia when compared with cisplatin control. Photomicrographs showed pathological signs in the liver and kidney of rats exclusively exposed to cisplatin, but there was moderate protection of these tissues in the rats treated with LLE and cisplatin. Conclusion The current findings have shown that Lophira lanceolata leaf extract may provide moderate protection against cisplatin-induced hepatorenal injuries and dyslipidemia in albino Wistar rats.

scholarly journals The Effect of Myrmecodia pendans Ethanol Extract on Inflamed Pulp: Study on Sprague Dawley Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Janti Sudiono ◽  
Meylisa Hardina
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Flavonoid Compound ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group I ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Inflammation is a body response caused by injury and infection. Pulpitis is a pulp tissue inflammation which is the continuous process of pulp hyperemia by bacteria invasion. Myrmecodia pendans or Sarang semut is known to contain flavonoid compound which has the anti inflammation effect. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Myrmecodia pendans ethanol extract on the healing process of pulp inflammation.Materials and Methods: This experimental study involved pre- and post-in vivo treatment of 27 Sprague Dawley rats in which the inducted pulpitis model was obtained by injecting 0.01 mL Porphyromonas gingivalis into the dental pulp for 48 hours. Subjects were divided randomly into Group I (negative control), Group II (pulpitis treated by Myrmecodia pendans extract ethanol as treatment group), and Group III (pulpitis treated by Ca(OH)2 as positive control group). Group II and III as pulpitis treatment groups were divided into subgroups based on the induction periods of 48 hours (2 days), 168 hours (7 days), and 366 hours (14 days). All specimens were processed into the slides and evaluated microscopically for the healing process.Results: The result of this study showed significant difference (p<0.05) among groups on day 2, 4 and 7. On day 4, the pulpitis treatment group of Myrmecodia pendans extract showed better healing process than Ca(OH)2. On day 7, the pulpitis treatment group of Ca(OH)2 showed better healing process than Myrmecodia pendans extract. On day 14, both of the pulpitis treatment groups showed normal pulp.Conclusion: Myrmecodia pendans ethanol extract is effective for the healing process of inflamed pulp.Keywords: inflamed pulp, Myrmecodia pendans, sarang semut, Ca(OH)2 , healing process

scholarly journals Anticataract Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia Mangostana Linn Pericarp on Glucose-induced Cataractogenesis in Goat Lens

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 571-577
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali Faisal ◽  
Ika Kustiah Octavianty ◽  
Hidayat Sujuti ◽  
Achmad Rudijanto
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Active Caspase

BACKGROUND: One of the main causes of blindness for diabetic patients is cataract. The molecular mechanisms that may be involved in diabetic cataract include polyol pathway flux, increased formation of advanced glycation end products, osmotic stress, and elevated oxidative stress. AIM: The aim of the study was to explore the anticataract activity of the ethanol extract from pericarp of Garcinia mangostana Linn (GML) in Goat eye lens. METHODS: Goat eye lenses separated to five groups were incubated in M199 medium, added by penicillin of 100 U/ml and streptomycin of 0.1 mg/ml in a 37°C incubator with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 for 120 h. Group I served as the normal control. Group II (toxic control) the lenses were added by 30 mM glucose. The lenses in Groups III, IV, and V nurtured in M199 medium with 30 mM of glucose added by 100, 500, and 1000 μg/ml of GML pericarp extract. Carboxymethyllysine (CML), GRP78, DDIT3, active caspase 3, and MDA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assays. Comparisons of biochemical parameters were conducted using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test. RESULTS: The administration of glucose 30 mM increased MDA, CML, DDIT3, and GRP78, and active caspase 3 levels in Group II. Groups III, IV, and V which treated with GML pericarp extract decreased MDA, CML, GRP78, and DDIT3, and active caspase 3 levels inside the lens. On lens capsule, the CML and GRP78 levels increased. CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of GML pericarp potentially showed antioxidant, anti-glycation, DDIT3 inhibitor, and anti-apoptotic activity in Goat cultured lenses.

The effect of Rheum ribes L. on oxidative stress in diabetic rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Metin Yildirim ◽  
Ulas Degirmenci ◽  
Merih Akkapulu ◽  
Ulku Comelekoglu ◽  
Ebru Balli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Group Ii

AbstractObjectivesRheum ribes L. is a perennial plant that belongs to the family of Polygonaceae, which is often used in traditional therapy because it possesses many bioactivities, such as antioxidant and antibacterial ones. Here we examined the effect of different R. ribes L. extracts on oxidative stress in experimental diabetic rats.MethodsThirty-six rats were divided into six groups as follows: group I, control group; group II, diabetic rats; group III, diabetic rats treated with the aqueous extract of R. ribes L. by gavage at 50 mg/kg for 15 days; group IV, diabetic rats treated by gavage with the ethanolic extract of R. ribes L. at 50 mg/kg for 15 days; group V, nondiabetic rats treated by gavage with the aqueous extract of R. ribes L. at 50 mg/kg for 15 days; group VI, nondiabetic rats treated by gavage with the ethanol extract of R. ribes L. at 50 mg/kg for 15 days. After 15 days, the animals were sacrificed and the liver and kidney tissues of each animal were isolated. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the tissue samples were measured, and histopathologic examination was carried out.ResultsR. ribes L. was effective in reducing the oxidative stress and increasing the levels of the antioxidant enzymes. Increased levels of MDA and decreased levels of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were observed in both the liver and kidney tissues in group II. Decreased levels of MDA and increased levels of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were observed in group III compared with group II. In group IV, decreased levels of MDA and increased levels of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were observed in comparison with group II.ConclusionsDiabetes increases oxidative stress and causes a decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of R. ribes L. decrease oxidative stress activity and increase the levels of antioxidant enzymes. The ethanol extract of R. ribes L. has a higher antioxidant effect than the aqueous extract.

scholarly journals Effect of ethanol extract of Aframomum angustifolium seeds on potassium bromate induced liver and kidney damage in Wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
I.E. Ebhohimen ◽  
J.O. Ebhomielen ◽  
L. Edemhanria ◽  
A.O. Osagie ◽  
J.I. Omoruyi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Potassium Bromate ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Acute Dose ◽  
Group I ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Group Ii

The continued use of potassium bromate in some food and cosmetic products in Nigeria against regulatory provision has continually exposed Nigerians to its deleterious effect. The mechanism of bromate induced damage in the liver and kidney is through oxidative stress. Phytochemicals have antioxidant capacity and have gained research interest in the management of oxidative stress. In this study, the effect of the ethanol extract of Aframomum angustifolium seed on kidney and liver damage induced by exposure to an acute dose of potassium bromate was measured using appropriate biomarkers. Eighteen male Wistar rats, randomly divided into 3 groups were used for the study. Group I (normal control) received distilled H2O; Group II (positive control) received 400 mg/kgbw bromate once while Group III (test) received same acute dose as Group II but thereafter treated with an oral dose of ethanol extract (750 mg/kgbw) for 10days. Half the populations of each group were sacrificed on day 3 while the remaining was sacrificed on day 10 of treatment. Liver and kidney tissues as well as blood samples were collected for analysis. Biochemical parameters; malondialdehyde, creatinine, electrolytes (Na+ and K+) concentration as well as catalase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were measured using standard spectrophotometric procedures. In the kidney tissue, malondialdehyde concentration increased significantly in all groups from day 3 to day 10 but was highest in Group II. A similar trend was observed in the liver tissue but only group III increased significantly. Catalase activity was inhibited in Group II in both kidney and liver tissues and was significantly lower than test group. Serum Na+ decreased and K+ increased respectively but Group III were comparable to the Group I. Creatinine concentration increased in all groups but was highest in Group II though it was not significant. ALP activity was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Group III on day 3 compared to Group I but was not significantly different (p>0.05) on day 10. The results of this study suggests that ethanol extract of Aframomum angustifolium seeds can accelerate the in vivo repair of bromate induced hepato- and reno- toxicity in Wistar rats. Keywords: Aframomum angustifolium, bromate toxicity, malondialdehyde, antioxidant, phytochemicals.

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