scholarly journals THE ROLE OF MEDIA PROPAGANDA IN THE HYBRID WAR

2017 ◽  
pp. 27-43
Author(s):  
B. Yuskiv ◽  
S. Khomych
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Russian Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
International Activities ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military

The subject of this research is one of the most pressing problems of today’s Ukraine – military conflict with Russia, also known as “hybrid war”. Among the specific features of this war is the usage of non-military, especially propaganda means along with the military ones. The aim of the research was to analyze possible connections between the Russian backed separatist forces, as well as Russian special operation forces on Ukrainian East, and the Russian media propaganda. It was proved that separatists’ activities are more influenced by Russian propaganda, than by international activities aimed at peaceful resolving of the conflict. As a result, the reversed regression model was created, which can prove direct connection between the number of firefights and specific propaganda phrases used by Russian “Russia Today” propaganda channel. The model can be used to predict occurrence and the number of firefights by analyzing the propaganda content according to the key words.

scholarly journals A New Interpretation of the History of the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 or a Subjective Assessment of the Researcher?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy Kuzmin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Military

The author of the book, O.S. Smyslov, interprets the military events in the area of the Khalkhin Gol river in 1939, defines the causes of the war, the role of commanders, military casualties and participants of military actions. The battle of Khalkhin Gol becomes the subject of much attention and study of Russian and Mongolian historians, especially the most complex and controversial issues of military and diplomatic history. Most of the research is original and contributes significantly to the interpretation of the military conflict, its geopolitical nature and its role in the world history of the 20th century. A new interpretation of the role of Georgy Zhukov in the crushing defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol is proposed in the monograph of the military historian O.S. Smyslov. The author of the book made an attempt to downplay and misrepresent the participation of Zhukov in the historical events. The author’s approach to the cause of the military conflict is critically examined as well as the methodology of historical research. The author of the review believes that the attempt of a new interpretation of the war in the Khalkhin Gol area is controversial and historically unconvincing. The matter merits professional discussion. There is a need to make a special encyclopedia, “The Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939”, which will enable to avoid misrepresentation of the tragic and heroic military events of history of the USSR and Russia of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Prawne aspekty konfliktu zbrojnego na Ukrainie jako przykład wojny hybrydowej

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-302
Author(s):  
Paweł Ochmann ◽  
Jakub Wojas
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
The Public ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military

The term ‘hybrid war’ has not been defined in the public international law. However, it is commonly used in the media, by politicians and also by academics in scientific discourses.The article raises the question of  whether it is justified to use the term ʻhybrid war’ in reference to the military conflict in Ukraine. The authors scrutinise to what extent the situation in Ukraine meets the criteria of a ʻhybrid war’. Therefore, they try to define the term and describe its distinctive characteristics. Then, successive developments in Ukraine are analysed and compared with the characteristics. The article focuses on the role of the Dontsk People’s Republic and Luhansk People’s Republic, and their dependence on the Russian Federation. According to the authors, they are examples of actions conducted by proxies – the so called proxy war. This is the most important proof of the hybrid nature of the conflict in Ukraine. The authors also consider the responsibility of Russia for the actions of these separatist republics and wonder how to prevent the consequences of this conflict.

scholarly journals Merarches in the thematic organization (9th-12th centuries)

2013 ◽  
pp. 215-234
Author(s):  
Milos Cvetkovic
Keyword(s):  
Historical Documents ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Source Materials

The text cites the results of the study of the role of merarches, which were a part of the military organization of the Empire in the early Byzantine period. Later historical documents do not give any notion of this position for more than two centuries. The merarches became a part of the thematic organization in the middle of 9th century. Our ability to fully understand the nature of their function is limited due to the scarcity of source materials; this, however, may be overcome by taking into account, the general and political situation in the Empire, that is, by considering the military reforms executed in the 9th and 10th century. This paper focuses on the problem of the military-administrative competences of the merarches, which have been the subject of different interpretations in the modern, scholarly literature. One of the aims of this research is the definition of the timeframe within which the reestablishment of this rank in the Byzantine army occured.

scholarly journals COOPERATION BETWEEN THE CZECHOSLOVAK MILITARY AND THE CARPATHIAN SICH TO COUNTERACT SABOTAGE ACTIONS BY POLAND AND HUNGARY AGAINST CARPATHO-UKRAINE (1938–1939)

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
OLEKSANDR PAHIRIA
Keyword(s):  
Auxiliary Function ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Cooperation ◽  
Combat Experience ◽  
State Actor ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
And Training

The article examines one of the little-studied aspects of the subversive operation of Poland and Hungary against Carpatho-Ukraine, namely the military cooperation between the Carpathian Sich and the Czechoslovak Army and security agencies (StOS, gendarmery, state police, and financial guard) in the protection of the borders of the autonomous region against attacks by Polish and Hungarian saboteurs in fall 1938 – early 1939. Drawing on Czech and Polish archival materials, as well as memoirs, the author establishes the role of Czechoslovak officers in the provision of arms, ammunition, and training for the Carpathian Sich units, as well as in their engagement in joint intelligence and counter-sabotage activities in the border areas with Poland and Hungary. Such actions produced a joint Czech-Ukrainian response to the undeclared "hybrid war" waged by Poland and Hungary against Carpatho-Ukraine, which final aim was to establish a common frontier in the Carpathians. Despite its largely secondary (auxiliary) function in this operation, the Carpathian Sich members were able not only to demonstrate efficiency in the fight against Hungarian and Polish militants but at the same time to become a source of information for the Czechoslovak intelligence. From the point of view of the Czechoslovak command's interests, the Carpathian Sich served as a "non-state actor," who was trying to counter-balance the enemy's non-regular formations. The mentioned military cooperation marked the first stage in relations between the Carpathian Sich and the Czechoslovak military that started in the first half of November 1938 and ended in mid-January 1939 with the nomination by Prague of Czech general Lev Prchala as the third minister in the autonomous government of Carpatho-Ukraine. For the Carpathian Sich, the cooperation with the Czechoslovak security agencies produced their first combat experience and served as the source of replenishment of its scarce arsenal. Keywords: Carpatho-Ukraine, Carpathian Sich, sabotage, Poland, Hungary, "Lom" operation.

scholarly journals PERIODICALS IN THE SYSTEM OF NAZI PROPAGANDA IN OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE IN 1941–1943s

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
Oksana Salata
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Information Policy ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
The Press ◽  
Military Administration ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military

In this article, the role of periodicals in the propaganda activities of the occupation authorities of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine and the military administration zone has been revealed; the content and types of periodicals have been shown; the task set before them by the Nazi occupation authorities in forming appropriate ideological structures to influence the population of the occupied territories of Ukraine has been disclosed. It is shown that Hitler’s governance used the press as one of the effective means of influencing not only the opinion, but also the consciousness of the population of the temporarily occupied territories. The subject of the study is the content of periodicals and their influence on the behaviour, moral and psychological condition of the population of the Ukrainian territories occupied by the Nazi army. The main aspects of Nazi Germany’s information policy in the occupied territories have been revealed with the use of comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods, as well as content analysis, which allowed to analyse the content of periodicals and to highlight the features of their content lines. The occupation administration used various forms of propaganda: publishing newspapers and magazines in Ukrainian; demonstrating special films in cinemas; releasing visual agitation in the form of posters and leaflets, as well as documentary exhibitions; through theatre plays, radio broadcasts in Ukrainian, Russian and other languages. It resorted to the modern methods of using the press in times of the war. The population of the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR demanded news as the only opportunity to navigate in those difficult conditions. That is why Hitler’s governance used the press as one of the effective means of influence not only the opinion, but also the consciousness of the population of the temporarily occupied territories. The German occupation authorities tried to take advantage of the “information hunger” that prevailed after the retreat of Soviet troops and to fill the information vacuum with their own propaganda. In order to spread the necessary information among the population, the Nazi occupation authorities published newspapers and magazines in each region, district, city.

scholarly journals PROCEDURAL PARALLEL AND APPROACHES BETWEEN DECISIONS AND TRADE NEGOTIATIONS

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Felicia Adriana Lupu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Procedural Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Entire Theory

In a conscious or less conscious way, in each moment of its existence, the organization negotiates. Any negotiation assumes the fact that the negotiator has to approach at least one decisional situation and has to make at least one decision. Making decisions when negotiating, negotiators manifests their reasoning, proving the fact that they can approach decisional situations. Approaching the negotiation process by a string of decisional sequences, the entire theory regarding decision making may underline the process of negotiation, providing efficiency to the resources allocated within the process of negotiation and underlining the most equitable way and the most advantageous to follow for the team of negotiators. On the basis of these ideas further questions can be put. Could any similarity be identified when comparing the decisional process to the result of a commercial negotiation? Do the negotiation’s objectives determine the characteristics and particularities of the decisions to be made by each of the parts during the negotiation process? Taking into account both the literature regarding the subject and the practical experience of the author in SMES’s (Small and medium sized enterprise) management, using the analogy and deduction methods, this paper aims to identify procedural similarities between decisions and negotiations, reconsidering the role of the processes that have a managerial character. Tracing such approaches may have multiple and major implications and is meant to underline the importance of the decisional process when it comes to negotiating. Key words: decisional process, negotiations, competitive advantage, procedural approach.

scholarly journals The distinction between polysemy and homonymy on lexical ambiguity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Restu Resmiyati
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
English Language ◽  
Lexical Ambiguity ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Semantic Ambiguity ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Multiple Meanings

The majority of words in the English language does not correspond to a single meaning, but rather correspond to two or more unrelated meanings (i.e., are homonymy) or multiple related senses (i.e., are polysemy). It has been proposed that the different types of “semantically-ambiguous words” (i.e., words with more than one meaning) are processed and represented differently in the human mind. Several review papers and books have been written on the subject of semantic ambiguity have investigated the role of the semantic similarity between the multiple meanings of ambiguous words on processing and representation. This paper attempts to identify salient traits of distinctions between the polysemy and the homonymy words in a language and how they form ambiguity. Key words: lexical ambiguity, polysemy, homonymy

The Salaries of Service Tatars in the 18th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-126
Author(s):  
Zaytuna A. Tychinskikh
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
State Support ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military

State support was an important factor in the relations between the authorities and the serving population, including such a special category as the serving Tatars. This article discusses how the system of service Tatars came into life in the 18th century. Due to the poor knowledge of the subject, the question of salaries is one of the key elements in identifying the place and role of service Tatars in the system of military corporations in Siberia. The study has revealed that the changes in the salary system that took place during the 17th-18th centuries served as an indicator of the degree of incorporation of service Tatars into the structure of the military organization of the Russian state. Despite the general trend of the 18th century to the unification of the state support of irregular troops, the service Tatars retained their own hierarchy in the distribution of wages for a long time. The reason is to be found in the peculiarities of the management system and corporate isolation, determined by the confessional affiliation of the service Tatars. Another peculiarity was that the serving Tatars, unlike other categories of serving people, practically did not receive any bread allowance — it was replaced by “arable land”. In 1725 and 1737, staff schedules were introduced, which influenced both further unification of employees of various categories and the gradual equation in system of the allowance.

Causes and prerequisites of the occupation of Luhansk and Donetsk regions: empirical analysis of territories (on the basis of indicators of the democratization index “Freedom in the World 2020”)

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
M. Vehesh ◽  
R. Kopolovets
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
First Time

Summary. The article examines the main reasons and preconditions for the occupation of certain regions in eastern Ukraine. The influence and role of Russia in this military conflict are analyzed, and for the first time an empirical (applied) analysis of the democratization index in the temporarily occupied territories is carried out. Russia’s aggressive policy in eastern Ukraine is part of a “hybrid” war against Ukraine that began in early 2014 with the occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. With the support of Russia, the so-called “Donetsk and Luhansk” people’s republics were created in eastern Ukraine. In essence, these are occupation military administrations that number more than 30,000 people, including regular troops and instructors of the armed forces of the Russian Federation. These are well-armed military formations, the number and combat capabilities of which are not inferior to the armies of individual European countries. In the temporarily occupied territories there is a total political and ideological “Russification”, the purpose of which is the alienation and further isolation of these territories from official Kyiv. It should be noted that the hostilities, which have been going on for the sixth year, pose serious economic, political, legal, and geopolitical problems on Ukraine’s path to consolidating the democratic regime and integrating with the European community. The change of political regime in 2013 in Ukraine opened up prospects for the consolidation of national identity and the restoration of the course of Euro-Atlantic integration, which was usually not accepted by official Moscow and personally by President Putin. It should be clearly understood that the war in Donbass, provoked by Russia, is the result of a systematic and long-term policy of Russia towards Ukraine as a country with a favorable geopolitical location and a kind of bridge between Europe and Russia. The article pays special attention to the theoretical and applied analysis of democratic development in Donbass. It should be noted that from 2020 “Freedom House” will start monitoring the territory and accordingly provide quantitative data on the democratization index with the appropriate analytical base and forecasts.

Militia and Public Order in Nineteenth-Century America

1977 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Reinders
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
American History ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
Single Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military

“ Tranquility is the first duty of every citizen ” has never been an American motto. “ What is impressive to one who begins to learn about American violence,” Richard Hofstadter once remarked, is its “ extraordinary frequency, its sheer commonplaceness in our history, its persistence into very recent and contemporary times, and its rather abrupt contrast with our pretensions to singular national virtue.” If, as Hofstadter complains, violence has been overlooked in American history, the maintenance of peace, particularly the significant role of the militia in public disorders — “ the most important single form of domestic violence in American history ” — has been almost totally ignored by historians. For example, Marcus Cunliffe's otherwise excellent study of the military mind in ante-bellum United States devotes two sentences to the subject, a rather surprising omission in view of the, quite correct, contemporary opinion that “the Militia are, after all … neither more nor less than an Auxiliary Police Force, and for the last forty-odd years that is the only duty they have ever been called on to perform.”

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