scholarly journals Digital Technologies in Rehabilitation of Patients with Focal Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-141
Author(s):  
M.V. Kalantarova ◽  
L.B. Zavaliy ◽  
E.V. Borisonik ◽  
M.I. Subotich ◽  
A.V. Grechko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Social Maladjustment ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Focal Brain Injury ◽  
General Rehabilitation ◽  
The Brain

Focal damage of the brain leads to cognitive impairments, which sufficiently limit the person’s functional capabilities, which, in turn, can lead to secondary disorders of the emotional and personal sphere and social maladjustment. The need to include cognitive rehabilitation in the system of complex treatment methods for patients with focal brain lesions is generally recognized. The article describes methods of neurorehabilitation based on high technologies and indicates their place in the general rehabilitation process. Data yielded by domestic and foreign studies on the effectiveness of digital technologies in the cognitive rehabilitation of patients with focal brain lesions is presented.

scholarly journals UV-induced neuronal degeneration in the rat cerebral cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Nakata ◽  
Masayuki Shimoda ◽  
Shinya Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Focal Brain Injury ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light on the cortical surface can induce a focal brain lesion (UV lesion) in rodents. In the present study, we investigated the process of establishing a UV lesion. Rats underwent UV irradiation (365 nm wavelength, 2.0 mWh) over the dura, and time-dependent changes in the cortical tissue were analyzed histologically. We found that the majority of neurons in the lesion started to degenerate within 24 hours and the rest disappeared within 5 days after irradiation. UV-induced neuronal degeneration progressed in a layer-dependent manner. Moreover, UV-induced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positivity and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) immunoreactivity were also detected. These findings suggest that UV irradiation in the brain can induce gradual neural degeneration and oxidative stress. Importantly, UV vulnerability may vary among cortical layers. UV-induced cell death may be due to apoptosis; however, there remains a possibility that UV-irradiated cells were degenerated via processes other than apoptosis. The UV lesion technique will not only assist in investigating brain function at a targeted site but may also serve as a pathophysiological model of focal brain injury and/or neurodegenerative disorders.

Rapid correction of severe hyponatremia in the rat: histopathological changes in the brain

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (5) ◽  
pp. F711-F719 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Ayus ◽  
R. K. Krothapalli ◽  
D. L. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Severe Hyponatremia ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rapid Correction

The purpose of the present studies was to examine the effects of rapid correction of severe hyponatremia (serum sodium less than 120 meq/liter) either to mildly hyponatremic levels (serum sodium = 130 meq/liter) or to normonatremic levels (serum sodium = 150 meq/liter) on the brain histology of rats. In group I, 13% of the rats revealed brain lesions following correction to mildly hyponatremic levels by the administration of 855 mM NaCl. All the rats (100%) in group II had brain lesions following correction to normonatremic levels by 24 h of water restriction. Similarly, all the rats in group III showed brain lesions following correction to normonatremic levels by the administration of 855 mM NaCl. Severe hyponatremia by itself did not cause any brain lesions in another group. We conclude that rapid correction of severe hyponatremia to mildly hyponatremic levels by the administration of 855 mM NaCl does not cause significant brain lesions. On the other hand, rapid correction to normonatremic levels either by water restriction or by the administration of 855 mM NaCl results in significant brain lesions.

SUBDURAL FLUID AS A CONSEQUENCE OF PNEUMOENCEPHALOGRAPHY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-389
Author(s):  
HONOR V. SMITH ◽  
BRONSON CROTHERS
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Cerebral Atrophy ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Subdural Space ◽  
Suitable Treatment ◽  
Superior Longitudinal Sinus ◽  
The Brain

When lumbar or cisternal pneumoencephalography is carried out on children with nonprogressive brain lesions causing mental deficiency, cerebral palsy or epilepsy, air is seen in the subdural space in at least a third of cases. This proportion is much larger in children 2 years of age or under. The roentgenographic appearances of subdural air are described and the importance of not attributing these appearances to cerebral atrophy or hypoplasia is emphasized. In approximately one third of cases in which air enters the subdural space, that is, in from 10% to 15% of all cases, recovery from pneumoencephalography is delayed by the development of signs and symptoms suggesting a rise in intracranial pressure. In such cases fluid can usually be found by needling the subdural space. Typically this fluid is characteristic of that found in subdural hematoma. There is no evidence that such a collection of fluid was present before pneumoencephalography. It is therefore suggested that as air enters the subdural space and the brain falls away from the dura, vessels may be torn as they cross this space to reach the superior longitudinal sinus, with the formation of what may be termed subdural hematoma artefacta. Although the incidence of this complication is moderately high, its effects are seldom serious, provided the situation is appreciated and suitable treatment given. The length of time the child spends in the hospital is, however, often greatly prolonged and occasionally operation proves necessary for removal of a subdural membrane. Since the subdural hematoma is an artefact occurring in the course of treatment, its removal does not influence the ultimate prognosis.

scholarly journals THE VISUAL SYSTEM: A "CHICKEN AND EGG" PROBLEM SOLVED

2009 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
ANDREW R. PARKER ◽  
H. JOHN CAULFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Process Data ◽  
System A ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Brain

"What comes first: the chicken or the egg?" Eyes and vision were a great concern for Darwin. Recently, religious fundamentalists have started to attack evolution on the grounds that this is a chicken and egg problem. How could eyes improve without the brain module to use the new information that eye provides? But how could the brain evolve a neural circuit to process data not available to it until a new eye capability emerges? We argue that neural plasticity in the brain allows it to make use of essentially any useful information the eye can produce. And it does so easily within the animal's lifetime. Richard Gregory suggested something like this 40 years ago. Our work resolves a problem with his otherwise-insightful work.

scholarly journals Microglia-Based Sex-Biased Neuropathology in Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease Model Mice and the Potential Pharmacologic Efficacy of Dioscin

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3261
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Qian Zhou ◽  
Jia-He Zhang ◽  
Xiaoying Wang ◽  
Xiumei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Synaptic Dysfunction ◽  
Synaptic Loss ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, microglia-associated neuroinflammation, and synaptic loss. The detailed neuropathologic characteristics in early-stage AD, however, are largely unclear. We evaluated the pathologic brain alterations in young adult App knock-in model AppNL-G-F mice at 3 and 6 months of age, which corresponds to early-stage AD. At 3 months of age, microglia expression in the cortex and hippocampus was significantly decreased. By the age of 6 months, the number and function of the microglia increased, accompanied by progressive amyloid-β deposition, synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and dysregulation of β-catenin and NF-κB signaling pathways. The neuropathologic changes were more severe in female mice than in male mice. Oral administration of dioscin, a natural product, ameliorated the neuropathologic alterations in young AppNL-G-F mice. Our findings revealed microglia-based sex-differential neuropathologic changes in a mouse model of early-stage AD and therapeutic efficacy of dioscin on the brain lesions. Dioscin may represent a potential treatment for AD.

Visualization of immature brain lesions: MR patterns of long-term outcomes. Case reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
Anatoly V. Anikin ◽  
Milana A. Basargina ◽  
Eugeniya V. Uvakina
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Periventricular Leukomalacia ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Immature Brain ◽  
The Brain

The periventricular and deep white matter of the immature brain of premature infants has an increased vulnerability to various, primarily ischemic injuries. The leading mechanism of selective vulnerability of the white matter of the large hemispheres in children with a low gestation period is the lack of formation of adjacent blood circulation zones between the main arteries of the developing brain. Magnetic resonance imaging has a high sensitivity to detect damage to the brain substance, both in the acute period and in the period of long-term outcomes. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is one of the variants of brain damage in premature infants and the most common term in the conclusions of diagnostic doctors (ultrasound, CT, MRI). Considering the pathomorphological criteria, not always detected changes in the white matter of the large hemispheres are PVL. Diffuse (telencephalic) gliosis and diffuse leukomalacia are ordinary and typical variants of damage to the white matter of the large hemispheres in extremely premature infants, with a gestation period of up to 30-32 weeks. In the first variant, atrophic changes predominate with a pronounced decrease in the volume of white matter and a secondary expansion of the lateral ventricles. Diffuse leukomalacia is most often mistaken for PVL, but the localization of the white matter lesion of the large hemispheres is extensive and extends beyond the peri- and paraventricular region. Clinical examples show various variants of primary non-hemorrhagic brain lesions in prematurely born children in the long-term period. The analysis of the revealed changes is carried out, taking into account current data on developing the brain and pathomorphological criteria.

Penerapan Latihan Range Of Motion (ROM) aktif pada pasien pasca stroke di Desa Sampangan Pekalongan

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1350-1354
Author(s):  
Cahya Milla Rismawanti ◽  
Wiwiek Natalya ◽  
I Isytiaroh
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Keywords Stroke ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Physical Mobility ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Brain

AbstractStroke is a brain functional disorder characterized by nerve paralysis due to obstruction of blood flow to the brain. The frequent impact if a post-stroke client is not carried out with rehabilitation immediately will result in mobility disorder that can impede daily physical activity. One pratice in the rehabilitation process is to prevent disability in a client with post-stroke physical mobility disorder that is, by performing a Range Of Motion rope. The case study is intended to illustrate application of roma exercises to boost muscle strength. The method of writing the case study USES a descriptive design and case studies reported in narration. The instrumrnts used are observation sheets and structured observation sheets covering the assessment of muscle strength. The resulth of the case study have been after the six-meeting application of roma that the roma can increase muscle strength in subject. I the average muscle strength 3.31 to 3.50 and subject II average muscle strength 3.68 to 3,93. The conclusion of the case study increased muscle strength after the practice of roma. Suggestions for the family in order to train ROM for family members who had suffered stroke. Keywords: Stroke, muscle strength, ROM AbstrakStroke adalah penyakit nerulogis terbanyak yang dapat mengakibatkan disfungsi motorik dan sensorik.Dampak yang sering muncul jika klien pasca stroke tidak dilakukan rehabiltasi dengan segera maka akan mengalami gangguan mobilitas yang dapat menghambat aktivitas fisik sehari-hari. Saalah satu bentuk latihan dalam proses rehabilitasi untuk mencegah terjadinya kecacatan pada klien dengan gangguan mobilitas fisik pasca stroke yaitu dengan melakukan latihan Range Of Motion ROM. Studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan penerapan latihan ROM untuk meningkatkan kekuatan otot. Metode penulisan studi kasus ini menggunakan rancangan deskriptif dan hasil studi kasus dilaporkan dalam bentuk narasi. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu lembar pengkajian dan lembar observasi terstruktur meliputi penilaian kekuatan otot. Hasil studi kasus setelah dilakukan penerapan ROM selama 6 pertemuan bahwa ROM dapat meningkatkan kekuatan otot pada Subyek I nilai rata-rata kekuatan otot 3,31 menjadi 3,50 dan Subyek II nilai rata-rata kekuatan otot 3,68 menjadi 3,93. Simpulan studi kasus ini terjadi peningkatan kekuatan otot setelah dilakukan latihan ROM. Saran bagi keluarga agar dapat melatih ROM pada anggota keluarga yang mengalmi stroke. Kata kunci: Stroke, kekuatan otot, ROM

Application of Digital Technologies, Multimedia, and Brain-Based Strategies

2021 ◽  
pp. 837-860
Author(s):  
Meei Tyng Chai ◽  
Aamir Saeed Malik ◽  
Mohamad Naufal Mohamad Saad ◽  
Mohammad Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Adult Learning ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
Brain Based Learning ◽  
The Brain

Teaching adult learners is challenging because the characteristics of adult learners and their expectations are different from children/early adolescence. Recent advances in digital technology offer various opportunities that are particularly useful in fostering adult learning by transforming traditional “live” classroom-based into “virtual.” This chapter aims to explore how the digital technologies affect the way the brain learns and memorizes, including cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions to promote personal and professional development. First, this chapter presents the application of digital technologies that support and engage adult learners in enhancing knowledge acquisition and retention, discusses the specific engagement techniques for adult, along with the research on multimedia learning. This chapter also covered neuroscience studies related to brain-based learning and strategies. The opportunities and challenges of the use of digital technology and multimedia platform to be effective learning tools for academic context and lifelong learning are also presented.

Digital Accounting and Gender Discrimination

2022 ◽  
pp. 185-205
Author(s):  
Sevgi Sümerli Sarıgül ◽  
Burcu Oralhan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Accounting Information System ◽  
Accounting Information Systems ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Radical Transformation ◽  
Day By Day

Digital technologies can process data much faster and more reliably than humans. Therefore, businesses must ensure a radical transformation in their infrastructure in order to keep up with the competitive environment. When establishing an accounting information system in enterprises, it should be ensured that the system can produce complete and uninterrupted information. However, one consequence of the digitalization process in accounting information systems is that the need for accounting personnel tends to decrease day by day. The aim of this study is to examine the digital developments in accounting and financial consultancy services and to emphasize the need for accounting engineering, which can contribute the most to these developments In this context, the structure and consequences of gender differences of individuals working in the accounting profession were examined.

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