The role of the main representatives of the anaerobic intestinal flora in health and disease

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-151
Author(s):  
V. A. Anokhin ◽  
U. A. Tyurin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Obligate Anaerobic ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Normal Human

Normal intestinal microflora includes tens and hundreds of species, and their total number in an adult reaches 1014 microorganisms per 1 g of feces [7]. The basis of normal human microflora are obligate-anaerobic bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and bacteroids, the number of which is several orders of magnitude higher than the content of aerobic intestinal bacteria. In recent years, representatives of other anaerobic groups - Anaerovibrio, Butyrivibrio - have been found in the normal intestinal microflora, the biological and clinical significance of which is under study [7].

Relative frequency alteration ofEscherichia coliin broiler intestine

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 209-209
Author(s):  
A Seidavi ◽  
S Z Mirhosseini ◽  
M Shivazad ◽  
M Chamani ◽  
A A Sadeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Growth Requirements ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

Escherichia coliis a commensal bacterium of the gut microflora of the chicken.Escherichia coliinfections are responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry world-wide. The pathogenesis and the role of virulence factors are not yet fully elucidated, although considerable progress has been made in recent years to establish the mechanisms of pathogenesis.Escherichia colistrains cause a number of diseases in domestic poultry, ultimately leading to disease and death, or to a decrease in egg and meat production or condemning of carcasses. On the other hand, our knowledge about the composition of the gut flora and microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract is still limited. Previous investigations have mainly used culture-dependent approaches. Studies on the composition of the intestinal flora of chickens date back to 1901 (Rahner, 1901) and were continued in the 1940s (Shapiro and Sarles, 1949), but comprehensive surveys that attempted to culture as many of the intestinal bacteria as possible were not carried out until the 1970s (Barneset al. 1972; Salanitroet al. 1974). Such studies are technically difficult since strict anaerobic conditions have to be maintained during isolation and biochemical differentiation of the bacteria. It is well recognized that many bacteria have not been cultured yet in the laboratory because their growth requirements are still unknown. Recent molecular studies have yielded more detailed insight into the composition of the microbial community of this ecosystem (Zhuet al. 2002). The objective of this study was to develop a PCR based method for rapid quantification ofEscherichia coliand investigation on its relative frequency in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum of broilers.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota in an Ischemic Stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 915
Author(s):  
Ryszard Pluta ◽  
Sławomir Januszewski ◽  
Stanisław J. Czuczwar
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Gut Dysfunction ◽  
Development And Aging ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The intestinal microbiome, the largest reservoir of microorganisms in the human body, plays an important role in neurological development and aging as well as in brain disorders such as an ischemic stroke. Increasing knowledge about mediators and triggered pathways has contributed to a better understanding of the interaction between the gut-brain axis and the brain-gut axis. Intestinal bacteria produce neuroactive compounds and can modulate neuronal function, which affects behavior after an ischemic stroke. In addition, intestinal microorganisms affect host metabolism and immune status, which in turn affects the neuronal network in the ischemic brain. Here we discuss the latest results of animal and human research on two-way communication along the gut-brain axis in an ischemic stroke. Moreover, several reports have revealed the impact of an ischemic stroke on gut dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis, highlighting the delicate play between the brain, intestines and microbiome after this acute brain injury. Despite our growing knowledge of intestinal microflora in shaping brain health, host metabolism, the immune system and disease progression, its therapeutic options in an ischemic stroke have not yet been fully utilized. This review shows the role of the gut microflora-brain axis in an ischemic stroke and assesses the potential role of intestinal microflora in the onset, progression and recovery post-stroke.

scholarly journals Effects of Probiotics on Human Health and Disease: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
A. Amiri ◽  
F. Firoozeh ◽  
M. Zibaei ◽  
A. Khaledi
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Alteration of the gut microbiome in order to achieve a balance in the normal flora of the intestine could be very beneficial in maintaining the health of the human. Probiotics are living microbial supplements that are added to the diet and have beneficial effects on the host by improving the balance of the intestinal microflora. The purpose of this study is to review previous studies on the effects of probiotics on human health and various diseases. The Farsi and English electronic databases such as, SID, Iranmedex, Magiran, Google Scholar, PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched and the published articles that have studied the effects of probiotics on the prevention and treatment of various diseases were included in the study. The review of published articles related to the subject showed that consumption of probiotics, prebiotics and proper diet have the significant effects on the health of the digestive system and has reduced and improved symptoms of different disorders and diseases. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of probiotic function and confirm the role of the probiotics in preventing and treating various types of cancers and other diseases.

scholarly journals A novel Enterococcus faecalis heme transport regulator (FhtR) is a heme sensor in the gastrointestinal tract

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Saillant ◽  
Damien Lipuma ◽  
Emeline Ostyn ◽  
Laetitia Joubert ◽  
Alain Boussac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Free Heme ◽  
Severe Infections

AbstractEnterococcus faecalis is a commensal Gram-positive pathogen found in the intestines of mammals, and is also a leading cause of severe infections occurring mainly among antibiotic-treated dysbiotic hospitalized patients. Like most intestinal bacteria, E. faecalis does not synthesize heme. Nevertheless, environmental heme can improve E. faecalis fitness by activating respiration metabolism and a catalase that limits hydrogen peroxide stress. Since free heme also generates redox toxicity, its intracellular levels need to be strictly controlled. Here, we describe a unique transcriptional regulator, FhtR, (Faecalis heme transport Regulator), which manages heme homeostasis by controlling an HrtBA-like efflux pump (named HrtBAEf). We show that FhtR, by managing intracellular heme concentration, regulates the functional expression of the heme dependent catalase A (KatA), thus participating in heme detoxification. The biochemical features of FhtR binding to DNA, and its interactions with heme that induce efflux, are characterized. The FhtR-HrtBAEf system is shown to be relevant in a mouse intestinal model. We further show that FhtR senses heme from blood and hemoglobin but also from crossfeeding by Escherichia coli. These findings bring to light the central role of FhtR heme sensing in response to heme fluctuations within the gastrointestinal tract, which allow this pathogen to limit heme toxicity while ensuring expression of an oxidative defense system.ImportanceEnterococcus faecalis, a normal, harmless colonizer of the human intestinal flora can cause severe infectious diseases in immunocompromised patients, particularly those that have been heavily treated with antibiotics. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that promote its resistance and its virulence. Here, we report a new mechanism used by E. faecalis to detect the concentration of heme, an essential but toxic metabolite that is present in the intestine. E. faecalis needs to scavenge this molecule to respire and fight stress generated by oxydants. Heme sensing triggers the synthesis of a heme efflux pump that balances the amount of heme inside the bacteria. With this mechanism, E. faecalis can use heme without suffering from its toxicity.

scholarly journals The Metabolism of Polysaccharide fromAtractylodes macrocephalaKoidz and Its Effect on Intestinal Microflora

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruijun Wang ◽  
Guisheng Zhou ◽  
Mengyue Wang ◽  
Ying Peng ◽  
Xiaobo Li
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Similarity Coefficient ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus ◽  
Atractylodes Macrocephala

An active polysaccharide from the rhizome ofAtractylodes macrocephalaKoidz (PAM) was identified to improve and adjust disordered intestinal flora. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to identify the components of PAM as rhamnose, glucose, mannose, xylose, and galactose at a ratio of 0.03 : 0.25 : 0.15 : 0.41 : 0.15. PAM metabolized in gastrointestinal tract when incubated with artificial gastric and intestinal juices. Anaerobic incubation of PAM on intestinal flora confirmed that PAM promoted the ability of intestinal bacteria to digest reducing sugar. Based on the Shannon index and similarity coefficient index of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) fingerprinting of the total intestinal bacteria DNA, we concluded that PAM can significantly improve disordered intestinal flora and may be used as an oral adjuvant to regulate intestinal flora.

scholarly journals Formulation of traditional Chinese medicine and its application on intestinal flora of constipated rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihan Li ◽  
Youcheng He ◽  
Haiou Zhang ◽  
Rong Zheng ◽  
Ruoying Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Pcr Technology

AbstractIn this study, the self-extracted constipation treatment of traditional Chinese medicine extracts was applied to constipated rats. To explore the mechanism and role of the Chinese medicine for the treatment of constipation, the 16S rRNA sequencing and qRT-PCR technology were used to analyze the intestinal flora. We found that the relative abundance of Firmicutes with constipation was significantly higher accounted for 86.7%, while the gut microbiota was significantly changed after taking a certain dose of Chinese medicine, greatly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus accounted for 23.1%, enhanced the symbiotic relationships of Lactobacillus with other intestinal flora. The total copies of intestinal bacteria in the constipated rats decreased after taking the traditional Chinese medicine. Finally, this study results provides a theoretical basis for the treatment and understand the mechanism and effect of traditional Chinese medicine on rate constipation.

scholarly journals Influence of Maternal Milk on the Neonatal Intestinal Microbiome

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathyayini P. Gopalakrishna ◽  
Timothy W. Hand
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Health And Disease

The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in maintaining health throughout life. The microbiota develops progressively after birth and is influenced by many factors, including the mode of delivery, antibiotics, and diet. Maternal milk is critically important to the development of the neonatal intestinal microbiota. Different bioactive components of milk, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulins, modify the composition of the neonatal microbiota. In this article, we review the role of each of these maternal milk-derived bioactive factors on the microbiota and how this modulation of intestinal bacteria shapes health, and disease.

scholarly journals Metabolic Fluctuations in the Human Stool Obtained from Blastocystis Carriers and Non-Carriers

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 883
Author(s):  
Emma L. Betts ◽  
Jamie M. Newton ◽  
Gary S. Thompson ◽  
Fakhriddin Sarzhanov ◽  
Vasana Jinatham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Obligate Anaerobic ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Microbiome Data ◽  
Human Stool

Blastocystis is an obligate anaerobic microbial eukaryote that frequently inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. Despite this prevalence, very little is known about the extent of its genetic diversity, pathogenicity, and interaction with the rest of the microbiome and its host. Although the organism is morphologically static, it has no less than 28 genetically distinct subtypes (STs). Reports on the pathogenicity of Blastocystis are conflicting. The association between Blastocystis and intestinal bacterial communities is being increasingly explored. Nonetheless, similar investigations extending to the metabolome are non-existent.Using established NMR metabolomics protocols in 149 faecal samples from individuals from South Korea (n = 38), Thailand (n = 44) and Turkey (n = 69), we have provided a snapshot of the core metabolic compounds present in human stools with (B+) and without (B−) Blastocystis. Samples included hosts with gastrointestinal symptoms and asymptomatics. A total of nine, 62 and 98 significant metabolites were associated with Blastocystis carriage in the South Korean, Thai and Turkish sample sets respectively, with a number of metabolites increased in colonised groups. The metabolic profiles of B+ and B− samples from all countries were distinct and grouped separately in the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Typical inflammation-related metabolites negatively associated with Blastocystis positive samples. This data will assist in directing future studies underlying the involvement of Blastocystis in physiological processes of both the gut microbiome and the host. Future studies using metabolome and microbiome data along with host physiology and immune responses information will contribute significantly towards elucidating the role of Blastocystis in health and disease.

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