scholarly journals Psychological profile, dietary preferences and reproductive history of pregnant women with obesity

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-220
Author(s):  
O S Derdyay ◽  
S V Khlybova
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Class I ◽  
Psychological Profile ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Dietary Preferences

Aim. To study the psychological profile and determine dietary preferences of pregnant women with various stages of diet-induced obesity and to evaluate the relationship between the determined features and reproductive function. Methods. 120 women who were at the 1st trimester of normal pregnancy were administered the modified Life Quality Self-Assessment Questionnaire for Overweight Patients. Women were divided into groups according to body mass index (group 1 - women with normal weight, group 2 - overweight women, group 3 - women with class I obesity, group 4 - women with class II obesity). The data from exchange cards of pregnant women were also included in the analysis. Results. Women with class I and class II obesity had higher rates of concomitant diseases, complications during pregnancy and cesarean sections. The main causes of obesity were genetic predisposition, decreased physical activity, increased dietary energy supply. Such traits as hypochondria, frequent mood changes, desire to be at the center of attention were present in obese women. They evaluate their health as poor. Conclusion. The questioning makes it possible to mark out a high risk group for complications of pregnancy and delivery. A questionnaire survey and monitoring by a psychologist and a dietary specialist are recommended for this group of patients.

scholarly journals A Higher Rate of Iron Deficiency in Obese Pregnant Sudanese Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wisal Abbas ◽  
Ishag Adam ◽  
Duria A. Rayis ◽  
Nada G. Hassan ◽  
Mohamed F. Lutfi
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Blood Indices

AIM: To assess the association between obesity and iron deficiency (ID).MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pregnant women were recruited from Saad Abualila Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan, during January–April 2015. Medical history (age, parity, gestational age) was gathered using questionnaire.  Weight and height were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Women were sub-grouped based on BMI into underweight (< 18.5 kg/m^2), normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m^2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m^2) and obese (≥ 30 kg/m^2). Serum ferritin and red blood indices were measured in all studied women.RESULTS: Two (0.5%), 126 (29.8%), 224 (53.0%) and 71 (16.8%) out of the 423 women were underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese, respectively. Anemia (Hb <11 g/dl), ID (ferritin <15µg/l) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) were prevalent in 57.7%, 21.3% and 12.1%, respectively. Compared with the women with normal BMI, significantly fewer obese women were anemic [25 (35.2%) vs. 108 (85.7%), P < 0.001] and significantly higher number of obese women [25 (35.2) vs. 22 (17.5, P = 0.015] had iron deficiency. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant negative association between serum ferritin and BMI (– 0.010 µg/, P= 0.006).CONCLUSION: It is evident from the current findings that prevalence of anaemia and ID showed different trends about BMI of pregnant women.

scholarly journals Body mass index and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome by diabetes status: the obesity paradox in a Korean national cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Se-Jun Park ◽  
Kyoung Hwa Ha ◽  
Dae Jung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Obesity Paradox ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Class I ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Obese Class ◽  
Diabetes Status

Abstract Background The “obesity paradox” has not been elucidated in the long-term outcomes of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We investigated the association between obesity and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in ACS patients with and without diabetes. Methods We identified 6978 patients with ACS aged 40–79 years from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort between 2002 and 2015. Baseline body mass index (BMI) was categorized as underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23.0–24.9 kg/m2), obese class I (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obese class II (≥ 30.0 kg/m2). The primary outcome was major adverse CV events (MACE)—CV death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. The secondary outcomes were the individual components of MACE, hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), and all-cause death. Results After adjustment for confounding variables, compared to normal-weight patients without diabetes (reference group), obese class I patients with and without diabetes had a lower risk of MACE, but only significant in patients without diabetes (with diabetes: hazard ratio [HR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78–1.14; without diabetes: HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62–0.97). Obese class II patient with diabetes had a higher risk of MACE with no statistical significance (HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.82–1.59). Underweight patients with and without diabetes had a higher risk of MACE, but only significant in patients with diabetes (with diabetes: HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.24–2.58; without diabetes: HR 1.23, 95% CI 0.77–1.97). Conclusion In ACS patients, obesity had a protective effect on CV outcomes, especially in patients without diabetes.

scholarly journals P25: EVALUATING THE JOINT EFFECT OF BODY MASS INDEX AND DIABETES WITH LATE-MORTALITY AFTER CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Asif ◽  
T Rayner ◽  
VD Bruno ◽  
U Benedetto
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Class I ◽  
Bypass Grafting

Abstract Introduction Survival analyses following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) evaluate the independent effects of body mass index (BMI) and diabetes. However, BMI and diabetes are correlated and their combined effects should be considered, thus we examined the joint association on long-term survival after CABG. Method A total of 15129 patients undergoing isolated CABG between 1997 and 2017 were analysed. The BMI categories were defined as Normal-Weight (≥18-&lt;25 kg/m2;n=3783), Overweight (≥25-&lt;30 kg/m2;n=7103), Class-I-Obese (≥30-&lt;35kg/m2;n=3247), and Class-II-Obese (≥35 kg/m2;n=996). Diabetes was defined as ever having a diagnosis of diabetes (n=3203). The association was assessed using Cox-proportional hazards regression models. Result During follow-up, 3140 deaths occurred. Compared to Normal-Weight individuals, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were 0.89 [95%CI: 0.82-0.96], 0.95 [95%CI: 0.86-1.10], and 1.30 [95%CI: 1.07-1.47] for Overweight, Class-I-Obese, and Class-II-Obese patients, respectively. Compared to non-diabetic patients, the multivariable-adjusted HR for diabetic patients was 1.55 [95%CI: 1.43-1.68]. In the joint analysis, compared to Normal-Weight non-diabetic individuals, the multivariable-adjusted HRs were: Normal-Weight diabetic 1.30 [95%CI: 1.10-1.53], Overweight non-diabetic 0.86 [95%CI: 0.78-0.94], Overweight diabetic 1.32 [95%CI: 1.16-1.50], Class-I-Obese non-diabetic 0.87 [95%CI: 0.77-0.99], Class-I-Obese diabetic 1.58 [95%CI: 1.53-1.85], Class-II-Obese non-diabetic 1.11 [95%CI: 0.90-1.38], and Class-II-Obese diabetic 2.06 [95%CI: 1.65-2.56]. The reduction in multivariable-adjusted 10-year survival rates for diabetics versus non-diabetics was 4%, 6%, 9%, and 14% for Normal-Weight, Overweight, Class-I-Obese, and Class-II-Obese, respectively. Conclusion A considerable difference in survival after CABG is seen in the joint analysis of diabetes and BMI and should therefore be considered in future studies. Take-home message Diabetes and body mass index (BMI) are both correlated with the incidence of coronary artery disease and the need for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and are often statistically analysed as separate entities. We show that the joint affect of diabetes and BMI has a significantly higher risk of late-mortality following CABG, therefore such analyses should be considered in future studies.

scholarly journals Patterns and predictors of gestational weight gain in Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fekede Asefa ◽  
Allison Cummins ◽  
Yadeta Dessie ◽  
Maralyn Foureur ◽  
Andrew Hayen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Gestational Weight

Abstract Introduction Gaining excessive or inadequate gestational weight is associated with many adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) increases the risk of fetal growth restriction, pre-term birth, and low birth weight. It is a public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the patterns and predictors of GWG in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study among pregnant women who attended antenatal care in health centres in Addis Ababa, from January to September 2019. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire and checklists and analysed using Stata version-14. Weight at or before 16 weeks gestation was used as a proxy for pre-pregnancy weight. Women’s height and baseline weight were measured by data collectors, and we obtained weight at the end of the 24th and 36th weeks of gestation from women’s medical records. GWG was categorized as inadequate, adequate and excessive based on the United States Institute of Medicine criteria. Predictors of GWG were identified using multinomial logistic regression. Results A total of 395 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. GWG was assessed for 369 (93%) women. The median GWG was 8.7 kg with inter quartile ranges (25th, 75th percentiles) of 7.0 kg and 11.6 kg. More than two-third of the participants, 248 (67.2% [95% CI: 62.2, 72.0%]), gained inadequate weight; 103 (27.9% [95% CI: 23.4, 32.8%]) gained adequate weight; and 18 (4.9% [95% CI: 2.9%, 7.6%]) gained excessive weight. Three quarters (75%) of underweight women gained inadequate gestational weight, whereas 43% of overweight or obese women gained inadequate gestational weight. Being underweight (AOR = 3.30 [95% CI: 1.32, 8.24]) or normal weight (AOR = 2.68 [95% CI: 1.37, 5.24]) before pregnancy increased the odds of gaining inadequate gestational weight compared to overweight or obese women. Not having paid employment was associated with higher odds of gaining inadequate gestational weight compared to women employed outside the home (AOR = 2.17 [95% CI: 1.16, 4.07]). Conclusions Most pregnant women in Addis Ababa gain inadequate gestational weight. In particular, three quarters of underweight women gained inadequate gestational weight. Being underweight, normal weight or having no paid employment were associated with higher odds of inadequate GWG. Promoting adequate GWG in Addis Ababa among underweight and normal weight women may be an important public health initiative.

scholarly journals Dietary intake assessment in women with different weight and pregnancy status using a short questionnaire

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1939-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Svensson ◽  
Frida Renström ◽  
Les Bluck ◽  
Lauren Lissner ◽  
Paul W Franks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short Questionnaire ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dietary Intake Assessment

AbstractObjectiveFirst, to evaluate the ability of a short dietary questionnaire (SDQ) to estimate energy intake (EI) on group and individual levels compared with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by the doubly labelled water method. Second, to compare the SDQ's performance in estimating energy, nutrient and food intakes with a sixty-six-item FFQ used in large-scale Swedish epidemiological research.DesignCross-sectional.SettingUmeå, Sweden.SubjectsIn total, sixty-five non-pregnant women, of whom thirty-one were overweight or obese, and twenty-five pregnant, normal-weight women completed the protocol.ResultsOn average, the SDQ captured 78 % and 79 % of absolute TEE in the non-pregnant and pregnant normal-weight women, respectively. Furthermore, the SDQ captured an average of 57 % of TEE in the overweight/obese non-pregnant women. The Spearman correlation of EI and TEE was significant in the overweight and obese women only (ρ = 0·37, 95 % CI 0·02, 0·64). There was no significant difference between the SDQ and the more extensive FFQ in the ability to assess EI when compared with TEE. Intakes of most nutrients and foods were significantly higher when assessed with the SDQ compared with the FFQ.ConclusionsA new short dietary questionnaire with an alternative design underestimated EI of non-pregnant and pregnant, overweight and obese women on a group level but was able to rank the overweight/obese women according to EI. Furthermore, the short questionnaire captured as much or more of the energy, nutrient and food intakes of non-pregnant normal-weight and overweight/obese women on the group level as a traditional, more extensive FFQ.

scholarly journals Body Mass Index and Long-Term Follow-Up Outcomes in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction by the Median of Non-HDL Cholesterol: Results From an Observational Cohort Study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Gao ◽  
Aidong Shen ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Hongwei Li
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Class I ◽  
Obese Class ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Background: The association between obesity, non-HDL cholesterol, and clinical outcomes in subjects with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is incompletely understood. The aim of this investigation was to explore the association between body mass index (BMI), non-high density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, and long-term follow-up prognosis.Methods: This present study used data obtained by the Cardiovascular Center of Beijing Friendship Hospital Database Bank. We identified 3,780 consecutive AMI populations aged 25–93 years from 2013 to 2020. Participants were categorized as normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI &lt;22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23.0 ≤ BMI &lt;24.9 kg/m2), obese class I (25.0 ≤ BMI &lt;29.9 kg/m2), and obese class II (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2). The endpoint of interest was cardiovascular (CV) death, all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, unplanned revascularization, and cardiac hospitalization.Results:Participants with higher BMI were younger and more likely to be males compared with lower BMI groups. Elevated non-HDL cholesterol was present in 8.7, 11.0, 24.3, and 5.9% of the normal, overweight, obese class I, and obese class II groups, respectively. After multivariate adjustment, compared to normal-weight participants with decreased non-HDL cholesterol (reference group), obese participants with and without elevated non-HDL cholesterol had a lower risk of mortality (with obese class I and elevated non-HDL cholesterol: hazard ratio [HR] 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28–0.67; with obese class I and decreased non-HDL cholesterol: HR, 0.68, 95% CI, 0.47–0.98; with obese class II and elevated non-HDL cholesterol: HR, 0.42, 95% CI, 0.20–0.87; with obese class II and decreased non-HDL cholesterol: HR, 0.35, 95% CI, 0.16–0.72).Conclusion: In AMI participants performing with PCI, obesity had a better long-term prognosis which probably unaffected by the level of non-HDL cholesterol.

scholarly journals Body mass index and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome by diabetes status: the obesity paradox in a Korean national cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se-Jun Park ◽  
Kyoung Hwa Ha ◽  
Dae Jung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Obesity Paradox ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Class I ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Obese Class ◽  
Diabetes Status

Abstract Background: The “obesity paradox” has not been elucidated in the long-term outcomes of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We investigated the association between obesity and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in ACS patients with and without diabetes.Methods: We identified 6,978 patients with ACS aged 40–79 years from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort between 2002 and 2015. Baseline body mass index (BMI) was categorized as underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23.0–24.9 kg/m2), obese class I (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obese class II (≥30.0 kg/m2). The primary outcome was major adverse CV events (MACE)—CV death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. The secondary outcomes were the individual components of MACE, hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), and all-cause death. Results: After adjustment for confounding variables, compared to normal-weight patients without diabetes (reference group), obese class I patients with and without diabetes had a lower risk of MACE, but only significant in patients without diabetes (with diabetes: hazard ratio [HR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78–1.14; without diabetes: HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62–0.97). Obese class II patient with diabetes had a higher risk of MACE with no statistical significance (HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.82–1.59). Underweight patients with and without diabetes had a higher risk of MACE, but only significant in patients with diabetes (with diabetes: HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.24–2.58; without diabetes: HR 1.23, 95% CI 0.77–1.97).Conclusion: In ACS patients, obesity had a protective effect on CV outcomes, especially in patients without diabetes.

scholarly journals Study of the Prevalence of Obesity and Its Association with Maternal and Neonatal Characteristics and Morbidity Profile in a Population of Moroccan Pregnant Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Fatima Taoudi ◽  
Fatima Zahra Laamiri ◽  
Fatima Barich ◽  
Nadia Hasswane ◽  
Hassan Aguenaou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

Obesity is a real public health problem whose prevalence continues to increase throughout the world. It affects all age groups and does not spare pregnant women. This work aims to determine the prevalence of obesity and to study its association with maternal and neonatal characteristics and the morbidity profile of pregnancy. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out in the maternity ward of the prefectural hospital center called “Sidi Lahcen” in Témara, Morocco, over a 12-month period. Maternal and neonatal data are collected through a preestablished questionnaire, and anthropometric parameters were recorded. 390 participants, aged between 18 and 43 years, were included in this study, with a prevalence of overweight and obesity of 34.9% and 41%, respectively. Correlation results revealed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was significantly elevated in women over 25 years p < 0.001 . The rate of caesarean section was four times higher in obese women compared to women of normal weight (53.8% versus 12.8%; p = 0.018 ). The over-term was significantly high in the obese group compared to the nonobese group (33.8% versus 20.2%; p = 0.013 ). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between gestational body mass index and newborn birth weight (r = 0.29; p < 0.001 ) as well as a high prevalence of macrosomia in newborns of comparatively obese women compared to newborns of nonobese women (17.6% versus 9.6%; p = 0.041 ). The correlation analysis with the morbidity profile showed a significantly high preponderance of gestational diabetes, anemia, and toxemia of pregnancy in the obese group compared to the normal group p < 0.001 . This study clearly demonstrated that obesity during pregnancy is associated with higher risks of maternal and neonatal complications, the management of which places a burden on the health system as well as families. These data reinforce the need to improve antenatal care for the prevention of obesity and its preventable complications.

scholarly journals Impact of Women Obesity and Obesity Severity on Live Birth Rate after In Vitro Fertilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2414
Author(s):  
Cécile Brunet ◽  
Safa Aouinti ◽  
Fanchon Huguet ◽  
Valérie Macioce ◽  
Noémie Ranisavljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Live Birth Rate ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Class I ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
The Impact

Access to in vitro fertilization (IVF) for obese women varies across centers, and the impact of obesity on IVF outcomes is widely discussed. We assessed the impact of obesity and its severity on live birth rate (LBR) after IVF. We included women treated for IVF in our center. Data were prospectively collected in the BabySentryTM software. LBR per cycle and cumulative LBR including all attempts of the couple were calculated, considering transfer of both fresh and frozen embryos. Of 1588 included women (2379 controlled ovarian stimulations), 70.2%, 19.5%, 7.9%, and 2.4% were normal-weight, overweight, class I obesity, and class II/III obesity, respectively. For each cycle, LBR did not differ according to BMI category. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for obtaining a live birth at the first cycle were 1.11 (0.78–1.58) for overweight, 1.17 (0.70–1.95) for class I obese, and 1.05 (0.48–2.31) for class II/III obese women, as compared with normal-weight women. Similarly, no significant associations were found at cycles 2, 3, and 4. Cumulative LBR increased with the number of cycles, independently of the BMI class (p log-rank = 0.91). After adjustment, obesity status did not impact significantly the miscarriage rate, regardless of the cycle. In conclusion, neither women obesity nor its severity impacted the cumulative LBR after IVF.

scholarly journals The Associations of SCFA with Anthropometric Parameters and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnant Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9212
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Szczuko ◽  
Justyna Kikut ◽  
Dominika Maciejewska ◽  
Danuta Kulpa ◽  
Zbigniew Celewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Intestinal Gluconeogenesis

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) mediate the transmission of signals between the microbiome and the immune system and are responsible for maintaining balance in the anti-inflammatory reaction. Pregnancy stages alter the gut microbiota community structure, which also synthesizes SCFAs. The study involved 90 pregnant women, divided into two groups: 48 overweight/obese pregnant women (OW) and 42 pregnant women with normal BMI (CG). The blood samples for glucose, insulin, and HBA1c were analyzed as well as stool samples for SCFA isolation (C2:0; C3:0; C4:0i; C4:0n; C5:0i; C5:0n; C6:0i; C6:0n) using gas chromatography. The SCFA profile in the analyzed groups differed significantly. A significant positive correlation between C2:0, C3:0, C4:0n and anthropometric measurements, and between C2:0, C3:0, C4:0n, and C5:0n and parameters of carbohydrate metabolism was found. SCFA levels fluctuate during pregnancy and the course of pregnancy and participate in the change in carbohydrate metabolism as well. The influence of C2:0 during pregnancy on anthropometric parameters was visible in both groups (normal weight and obese). Butyrate and propionate regulate glucose metabolism by stimulating the process of intestinal gluconeogenesis. The level of propionic acid decreases with the course of pregnancy, while its increase is characteristic of obese women, which is associated with many metabolic adaptations. Propionic and linear caproic acid levels can be an important critical point in maintaining lower anthropometric parameters during pregnancy.

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