The Ratio of Rural to Urban People Killed in Earthquakes Needs to be Assessed for Countries Separately, the Example of Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Wyss ◽  
Philippe Rosset ◽  
Luis Triveno
Keyword(s):  
Model Calculation ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Urban People ◽  
Large Earthquakes ◽  
Earthquake Fatalities

Abstract The hypothesis that very large earthquakes kill predominantly rural people is tested for the case of Colombia. For models of the eight largest earthquakes that have occurred in Colombia, the hypothetical ratios of rural to urban fatalities are calculated. Choosing these historic ruptures does not mean that they are expected to reoccur soon; instead, they are selected to sample fatalities in realistic models. The fatalities due to the assumed earthquakes are calculated by the tool Quake Loss Alerts for Rescue and Mitigation (QLARM), using the population data from the 2018 Columbian census. The minimum population for a settlement to be classified as urban is 35,000. The results do not depend on this limit. The condition for a model calculation to be accepted is that it matches the maximum intensities of shaking reported in the literature for the earthquake in question. Of the eight hypothetical earthquakes, today four would predominantly kill rural people, three would be urban, and one is about evenly split. However, the sum of the hypothetical fatalities in the eight test earthquakes is 79% urban and only 21% rural. This means that the observation that worldwide more than 90% of earthquake fatalities are rural does not apply to Colombia. The reasons for this contrast are that on average the Colombian test earthquakes are only about half as long as the ruptures modeled in the worldwide sample. Relatively short ruptures (75 km on average in Colombia) can rip through industrial areas without many villages because Colombia is strongly industrialized. By implication, this result means that the observation that most large earthquakes kill mostly rural people cannot be applied universally. The likely ratio of rural to urban earthquake fatalities has to be determined for each country separately for the assessment of the ratio of mitigation efforts to be allocated locally.

scholarly journals Psychological Interpretation, Based On Statistical Analysis of Impact of Music on Rural and Urban People When Their Music Inclination Collides With Personality and Vice Versa: Comparative Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Shveata Misra ◽  
Prof. Ina Shastri
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Music Preferences ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Urban People

Music has a sorcerous impact on people unbiased of caste religion and greed. Impact of music on people is so cryptical that individual does not realize that what impact music is casting or spelling on them while they are listening. This way music even affects the personality and behavior of the listener. The music people of urban and rural community hear as per their music inclination also castes impact on their personality and behavior. The following research paper outlines and show the comparative study of how the music inclination of Urban and rural people affects the personality according to their music preferences and what music certain personality of Urban and Rural people prefers.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON EATING HABITS, STRESS, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR EXPOSURE BEHAVIOUR AND PREMENSTRU-AL SYNDROME IN FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 3064-3069
Author(s):  
Miok-Kim Miok-Kim
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Frog Species ◽  
Air Purifier ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
Urban People

With the outbreak of deadly Coronavirus in China and other parts of the world, experts suggest that staying in well-ventilated areas can avert infection by the virus. The 1990s decade was the warmest and the year 1998 was the warmest recorded since 1861. More than half of the 110 known Harlequin frog species have vanished due to climate change and global warming. 14.6 million hectares of natural forest are lost each year in an area than England. Because of the rising temperature, polar bears are waking up early from their winter slumber. When they are not able to hibernate, they become grouchy and increasingly aggressive. UN secretary called climatically changes as the biggest challenge of 21stcenture. Exactly the changes worsen the lifestyle of manhood life and animal kingdom also. In 2020 we are facing Covid19 Pandemic crisis in the Urban-rural area. In an urban area, people are affected by this pandemic more than rural people. The environmental researchers stated in various studies that urban people are living in congested air due to inflation and lack of space for living to compare to the rural people. The urban public has a lack of ventilation in structural development. To Avoid Air Born Infection In Todays Era at Urban Area Needs Proper Home Ventilation with respect to Ventilation and Coronavirus (COVID-19). If you are using an air purifier, people must also ensure proper maintenance by following the advice of the manufacturer. If fans are used, they should be mounted where room air can be exhausted directly through a window into the outside area. Another way to reduce the spread of viruses according to experts is by letting fresh air in by keeping windows and doors open.

Aged People’s Tolerance Level and Loneliness

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst. Sabiha Sultana ◽  
Biplob Kumar Dey ◽  
Abdur Rahman ◽  
Md. Humayun Hossein
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Pearson Product Moment Correlation ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Aged People ◽  
The People ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Level Scale ◽  
Urban People ◽  
Living Area

The present study attempted an empirical investigation to explore the tolerance level and loneliness of aged people as a function of age, living area and present living status. The sample of the study consisted of 120 aged people of whom 60 people were 60-69 years old in (30 urban and 30 rural) and remaining 60 people were agevd above 70 (30 urban and 30 rural). Each group again consisted of 15 living with their son/grandson and 15 living without their son/grandson. A Bengali version of tolerance level scale developed by Mark (2007) and an adapted Bengali version (Praveen, 2007) of loneliness scale were used. Data were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, t-test and Pearson Product Moment correlation. The findings of the present study showed that there is no significant difference of tolerance level or loneliness according to age. Urban people have more tolerance level and also less loneliness than rural people. Those Aged people live with their son/grandson is less lonely than the people live without their son/grandson. There is no difference in tolerance level between them. Results also showed that tolerance level was negatively correlated with loneliness.

scholarly journals LAW PARADIGM DEVELOPMENT TO REDUCE HOUSING BACKLOG

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudiman Sihotang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Paradigm Development ◽  
Urban People ◽  
The Village ◽  
House Building

There is a difference of paradigm between rural and urban people about house ownership, if urban society is influenced by Civil Code thinking where if one buys land at the same time he/she buys everything that is above it, including house building. Unlike the village community, the atmosphere of thinking about the land is influenced by customary law, which has a communal nature in which the land is owned by a citizen or otherwise known as ulayat land, so it can be understood that the minds of rural people about the house is not always merged with the land ownership, or ulayat can be built houses of some fellowship members. As a result of this paradigm, people should think of setting up funds to buy land if they want to buy a house, while the price of urban land is higher, and for the housing stake-holders, for example, housing developers, the land is used as a business commodity and a tool to achieve profits- the more so, if people want to buy a flat housing, you can imagine the meter price of the building will be charged to the land which is an integral part of the apartment unit. This raises several issues such as the number of backlog of housing is increasing, in 2015 recorded approximately reaches 14 million backlog. The government's target of providing a million homes is not achieved, including the construction of 1000 towers the year it is getting harder to achieve. This study aims to look at legal aspects that can provide solutions for the provision of housing, especially the Low Income Community (MBR) and Very Low Income Society (MBSR) so that the construction of a house is not just a project of a particular party, but a way for people to access home ownership. The method used is Sociological Jurisdiction with deep attention as well as Normative Juridical aspects as the related variables one and other.Keywords : Paradigm, Housing Law, Flat, Low-Income Community.

scholarly journals TO AVOID AIR BORN INFECTION IN TODAYS ERA AT URBAN AREA NEEDS PROPER HOME VENTILATION WITH RESPECT TO VENTILATION AND CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2982-2984
Author(s):  
V Dhongdi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Home Ventilation ◽  
Frog Species ◽  
Air Purifier ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
Urban People

With the outbreak of deadly Coronavirus in China and other parts of the world, experts suggest that staying in well-ventilated areas can avert infection by the virus. The 1990s decade was the warmest and the year 1998 was the warmest recorded since 1861. More than half of the 110 known Harlequin frog species have vanished due to climate change and global warming. 14.6 million hectares of natural forest are lost each year in an area than England. Because of the rising temperature, polar bears are waking up early from their winter slumber. When they are not able to hibernate, they become grouchy and increasingly aggressive. UN secretary called climatically changes as the biggest challenge of 21stcenture. Exactly the changes worsen the lifestyle of manhood life and animal kingdom also. In 2020 we are facing Covid19 Pandemic crisis in the Urban-rural area. In an urban area, people are affected by this pandemic more than rural people. The environmental researchers stated in various studies that urban people are living in congested air due to inflation and lack of space for living to compare to the rural people. The urban public has a lack of ventilation in structural development. To Avoid Air Born Infection In Today’s Era at Urban Area Needs Proper Home Ventilation with respect to Ventilation and Coronavirus (COVID-19). If you are using an air purifier, people must also ensure proper maintenance by following the advice of the manufacturer. If fans are used, they should be mounted where room air can be exhausted directly through a window into the outside area. Another way to reduce the spread of viruses according to experts is by letting fresh air in by keeping windows and doors open.

MGNREGA: A Boon to Rural Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
G. Shankerrao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Economic Imbalances ◽  
High Level ◽  
Urban People ◽  
Employment Guarantee

The term Rural Development is the overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. In India, out of total population, 83.3 crores of population living in rural areas (Census of India, 2011) and this population is characterized by mass poverty, low levels of literacy and income, high level of unemployment, and poor nutrition and health status. The rural developmental programmers intends to reduce the poverty and unemployment, to improve the health and educational status and to fulfill the basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing of the rural population. To improve the conditions of rural people, Government of India has launched various schemes such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), Rastriya Sama Vikas Yojana (RSVY), Indira Awas Yojana (IAY), Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), etc. All these schemes are aimed to reduce the gap between rural and urban people, which would help reduce economic imbalances and speed up the development process. This article is highlights Impact, Issues and Challenges of MGNREGA on Rural Development

scholarly journals Evidence of Similarities in Ecosystem Service Flow across the Rural-Urban Spectrum

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 430
Author(s):  
Indunee Welivita ◽  
Simon Willcock ◽  
Amy Lewis ◽  
Dilshaad Bundhoo ◽  
Tim Brewer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Loop Theory ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban People ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Population

In 2006, the world’s population passed the threshold of being equally split between rural and urban areas. Since this point, urbanisation has continued, and the majority of the global population are now urban inhabitants. With this ongoing change, it is likely that the way people receive benefits from nature (ecosystem services; ES) has also evolved. Environmental theory suggests that rural residents depend directly on their local environment (conceptualised as green-loop systems), whereas urban residents have relatively indirect relationships with distant ecosystems (conceptualised as red-loop systems). Here, we evaluate this theory using survey data from >3000 households in and around Hyderabad, India. Controlling for other confounding socioeconomic variables, we investigate how flows of 10 ES vary across rural, peri-urban and urban areas. For most of the ES we investigated, we found no statistical differences in the levels of direct or indirect use of an ecosystem, the distance to the ecosystem, nor the quantities of ES used between rural and urban residents (p > 0.05). However, our results do show that urban people themselves often travel shorter distances than rural people to access most ES, likely because improved infrastructure in urban areas allows for the transport of ES from wider ecosystems to the locality of the beneficiaries’ place of residence. Thus, while we find some evidence to support red-loop–green-loop theory, we conclude that ES flows across the rural-urban spectrum may show more similarities than might be expected. As such, the impact of future urbanisation on ES flows may be limited, because many flows in both rural and urban areas have already undergone globalisation.

scholarly journals COPING STRATEGIES OF ETHNIC SUBJECTS IN DIFFERENT CULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF LIVING

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
S.A. Vyuzhanina ◽  
E.A. Molchanova
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Russian Version ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Urban People ◽  
The Impact

The problem of studying coping strategies of ethnic subjects (representatives of the Udmurt people) in different cultural and ecological conditions of living (rural / urban environment) is posed in the article. Study participants are 70 Udmurts aged 35 to 45 who live on the Udmurt Republic territory. There are 35 rural people (female - 81.4 %, male - 18.6 %) and 35 urban people (female - 79.2 %, male - 20.8 %). The standardized method of psychological diagnostics by E. Haim (Russian version) is used to identify preferred coping strategies. The authors use descriptive statistics, difference reliability analysis method (Mann-Whitney U test) as methods of mathematical statistics. The hypothesis of the differences in the choice of ethnic subject’s coping strategies in connection with different cultural and ecological conditions of life was confirmed by the results of the empirical research. Rural Udmurts use “active avoidance”, “self-setting”, “search for meaning”, “emotional explosion”, “maintaining composure” and “religiosity”; urban Udmurts use “retreat” and “problem analysis”. Both groups also use similar coping strategies (“optimism”, “distraction”, “recourse”). These choices are explained by the reliance of the Udmurts on cultural values, which are manifested in ethnic characteristics and open up to representatives of both groups as additional adaptive resources that allow them to effectively escape from the impact of stressful living conditions.

scholarly journals Quality of Rural Life. Editorial 16 June 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonín Vaishar ◽  
Lucie Vidovićová ◽  
Elisabete Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Rural Space ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Urban People

Abstract The paper discusses the concept of the quality of life and its measuring. It tries to explain its peculiarities in the rural space considering different levels of education, professional activities, mobility, ways of dwelling, access to the social and technical infrastructure. The subjective perception of both urban and rural people to the rural quality of life can be manifested in moving in and moving out. The main shortages of the rural quality of life can be seen (by rural people) in a poor access to the prestigious and well-paid jobs and to a richer social life. The main advantages of the rural way of life are generally evaluated (by urban people) by better access to the nature. A promotion of the local identity is considered as an important tool for improving the rural quality of life (besides of a solution of infrastructural problems), considering the enormous difference among European rural areas of a big differentiation of the European countryside. The last part of the paper summarizes the contributions of the special number.

Keterkaitan Desa Kota : Sebuah Alternatif Pembangunan di Wilayah Pedesaan

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryadi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Urban People

This article explained the development in rural area as a result of relationships between rural and urban regions. In Indonesia the realtionships particularly influenced by agricultural activities in rural areas. As we know majority of rural people in Indonesia are still work in agricultural sector meanwhile production factors provided by urban people. It is also widely recognized that there exists an economic, social and environmental interdependence between urban and rural areas and a need for balanced and mutually supportive approach to development of the two areas. The discrete consideration of rural development as completely distinct from urban development is no longer valid. A new perspective, referred to as the rural-urban linkage development approach, is increasingly becoming the accepted approach. Rural-urban linkage generally refers to the growing flow of public and private capital, people (migration and commuting) and goods (trade) between urban and rural areas.Tulisan ini mencoba untuk menjelaskan pembanguan wilayah pedesaan sebagai akibat adanya hubungan antara wilayah pedesaan dengan perkotaan. Di Indonesia hubungan itu lebih disebabkan oleh adanya kegiatan di bidang pertanian mengingat sebagian besar penduduk pedesaan masih bekerja di sektor pertanian, sementara faktor produksi yang diperlukan berada di wilayah perkotaan. Seperti diketahui pada saat ini terdapat saling ketergantungan ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan antara daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan adanya pendekatan yang seimbang dan saling mendukung untuk pembangunan kedua daerah itu. Pemikiran bahwa pembangunan pedesaan berbeda dari pembangunan perkotaan sudah tidak berlalu lagi. Perspektif baru menyebutkan pembangunan pedesaan akan lebih cepat bila hubungan antara perdesaan-perkotaan semakin erat. Hal ini berkaitan dengan fakta ekonomi yang berkembang dalam bentuk pergerakan barang, orang serta modal yang terjadi antara daerah perkotaan dan perdesaan.Keywords: Inequality, development, village, town

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