Effect of Immersion in Cold Water on Creatine Kinase and Myoglobin Levels in Soccer Players

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of body immersion in cold water on creatine kinase and myoglobin levels in soccer athletes. For this, 10 soccer players aged between 16 and 18 years old, submitted to 5 blood samples, were analyzed: fasting, post-match, after 24, 48 and 72 hours. At the end of the match they were randomized into intervention group (GI) and control (CG). GI immersion in cold water, water plate at the level of the iliac crests, 10 ° C, for 10 minutes and the GC immersed in water at room temperature at the same height and for the same period of time. The levels of creatine kinase did not change in the analyzed groups and moments. Myoglobin levels increased significantly after the match and returned to baseline after 24 and 72 hours, with a peak in 48 hours. There was no difference between the intervention groups at all the evaluated moments. It was concluded that immersion in cold water did not alter the creatine kinase and myoglobin levels in relation to the control group in soccer athletes, indicating that for this population immersion in cold water was not able to reduce muscle damage after exercise. Keywords: Athletic Injuries. Myalgia. Fatigue. Cryotherapy. Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito da imersão corporal em água fria nos níveis de creatinoquinase e mioglobina em atletas de futebol. Para isto, foram analisados 10 atletas de futebol com idade entre 16 e 18 anos, submetidos à 5 coletas sanguíneas: em jejum, após jogo, após 24, 48 e 72 horas. Ao término do jogo foram aleatorizados em grupo intervenção (GI) e controle (GC). O GI realizou imersão em água fria, lâmina da água à altura das cristas ilíacas, 10ºC, por 10 minutos e o GC realizou imersão em água à temperatura ambiente à mesma altura e durante o mesmo período de tempo. Os níveis de creatinoquinase não apresentaram alteração nos grupos e momentos analisados. Já os níveis de mioglobina aumentaram significativamente após o jogo e retornaram aos valores basais após 24 e 72 horas, com pico em 48 horas. Não houve diferença entre os grupos de intervenção em todos os momentos avaliados. Conclui-se então que a imersão em água fria não alterou os níveis de creatinoquinase e mioglobina em relação ao grupo controle em atletas de futebol, indicando que para esta população a imersão em água fria não foi capaz de reduzir o dano muscular após exercício. Palavras-chave: Traumatismos em Atletas. Mialgia. Fadiga. Crioterapia.

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Effect of cold water immersion on muscle damage indexes after simulated soccer training in young soccer players

Biomedical Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/bhk-2020-0030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 236-241

Author(s):

Saman Khakpoor Roonkiani ◽

Mohsen Ebrahimi ◽

Ali Shamsi Majelan

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Body Mass ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Soccer Training

Summary Study aim: To investigate the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on muscle damage indexes after simulated soccer activity in young soccer players. Material and methods: Eighteen professional male soccer players were randomly divided into two groups: CWI (n = 10, age 19.3 ± 0.5, body mass index 22.2 ± 1.3) and control (n = 8, age 19.4 ± 0.8, body mass index 21.7 ± 1.5). Both groups performed a simulated 90-minute soccer-specific aerobic field test (SAFT90). Then, the CWI group subjects immersed themselves for 10 minutes in 8°C water, while the control group subjects sat passively for the same time period. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, 10 minutes, 24 hours and 48 hours after the training session in a fasted state. Blood lactate, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels were measured. Results: Lactate, CK and LDH levels increased significantly after training (p < 0.001). There were significant interactions between groups and subsequent measurements for CK (p = 0.0012) and LDH (p = 0.0471). There was no significant difference in lactate level between the two groups at any aforementioned time. Conclusion: It seems that CWI after simulated 90-minute soccer training can reduce the values of muscle damage indexes in soccer players.

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Influencia del masaje ZNAR y la inmersión en agua fría en el proceso inflamatorio, Creatin Kinasa y percepción al dolor muscular en jugadores de voleibol (Influence of ZNAR massage and cold water immersion on the inflammatory process, Creatine Kinase and

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v44i0.89399 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 95-102

Author(s):

Zeltzin Nereyda Alonso Ramos ◽

Blanca Rocío Rangel Colmenero ◽

Myriam Zarai García Dávila ◽

Gerardo Enrique Muñoz Maldonado ◽

José Raul Hoyos Flores ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Creatine Kinase ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Muscle Pain ◽

Inflammatory Process ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Control Group ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Tnf Α

Las estrategias que aminoren el dolor, la inflamación y el daño muscular provocados por la actividad física de alta intensidad en atletas son de interés en la recuperación deportiva, por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue conocer el efecto del masaje ZNAR y la inmersión en agua fría a 10° sobre el proceso inflamatorio a través de la interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina 10 (IL-10), el factor de necrosis tumoral Alpha (TNF-α), el daño muscular mediante la Creatin Kinasa (CK) y la percepción al dolor muscular a través de la escala visual análoga de dolor (EVA) en jugadores de voleibol. Participaron 19 atletas divididos en un grupo control y un grupo experimental, sometidos a dos protocolos de recuperación (masaje ZNAR e inmersión en agua fría) posterior a un test de inducción a la fatiga. Se cuantifico la IL-6, IL-10, TNF, CK y EVA. Los resultados mostraron cambios significativos (p < .05) en las tomas de recuperación en el comportamiento del proceso inflamatorio, la CK y la percepción al dolor muscular con ambos métodos de recuperación. Conclusión, el Masaje ZNAR favorece a la recuperación de la IL-6 y la IL-10 además de la disminución de la CK y la percepción al dolor muscular. Abstract: The strategies that reduce pain, inflammation and muscle damage caused by high intensity activity in athletes are of interest in sports recovery, the objective of the study was to know the effect of ZNAR massage and cold water immersion at 10 ° on the inflammatory process through interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor Alpha (TNF-α), muscle damage through Creatine Kinase (CK) and the perception of muscle pain through the visual analoge scale (VAS) in volleyball players. 19 athletes were divided into a control group and an experimental group, submitted to two recovery protocols (ZNAR massage and cold water immersion) after a fatigue induction test. IL-6, IL-10, TNF, CK and EVA were quantified. The results showed significant changes (p < .05) in the recovery shots in the behavior of the inflammatory process, the CK and the perception of muscle pain with both recovery methods. Conclusion, the ZNAR Massage favors the recovery of IL-6 and IL-10 in addition to the decrease in CK and the perception of muscle pain

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Feasibility Study of an Educational Intervention to Improve Water Intake in Adolescent Soccer Players: A Two-Arm, Non-Randomized Controlled Cluster Trial

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18031339 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 1339

Author(s):

Rubén Martín-Payo ◽

María del Mar Fernández-Álvarez ◽

Edurne Zabaleta-del-Olmo ◽

Rebeca García-García ◽

Xana González-Méndez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Educational Intervention ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Consumption Pattern ◽

Control Group ◽

Personal Factors ◽

Cluster Trial ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Ad Libitum

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of an educational intervention on hydration behavior in adolescent soccer players. A pilot study of a two-arm, non-randomized controlled cluster trial was conducted. A total of 316 players aged 13–16 agreed to participate. The response variables were the players’ participation in the intervention, their perception of the knowledge acquired, the usefulness and the overall assessment of the intervention. Hydration patterns and acquisition of knowledge on hydration behavior were also assessed. The intervention involved two elements: posters and a web app. A total of 259 adolescents completed the study (intervention group (IG) = 131; control group (CG) = 128). 80.6% of the players responded to the survey assessing the feasibility of the intervention. The mean number of correct answers regarding behavior was significantly higher in the IG (3.54; SD = 1.162) than in the CG (2.64; SD = 1.174) (p < 0.001). The water consumption pattern at all the clubs was ad libitum. Of the players, 10% did not drink any water at all during the game. In conclusion, this intervention has been shown to be feasible for implementation with adolescent soccer players. It suggests that hydration guidelines should be informed by personal factors and that ad libitum water consumption should be avoided.

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Effect of aromatherapy massage with orange essential oil on postoperative pain after cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2020-0138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Seyedmohammad Mirhosseini ◽

Ali Abbasi ◽

Nastaran Norouzi ◽

Fatemeh Mobaraki ◽

Mohammad Hasan Basirinezhad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Nursing Intervention ◽

Anxiety Score ◽

Control Group ◽

And Control ◽

Orange Essential Oil

Abstract Objectives Many women in recent years have been willing to undergo puncture surgery for childbirth, which, like other surgeries, has physical and psychological side effects such as incision, infertility, chronic pain, and anxiety. Therefore, it is important to reduce and improve these side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of foot massage with orange essential oil on pain and anxiety in women undergoing cesarean section. Methods This randomized clinical trial study was conducted in 2019 on 80 women referred to Bahar Shahroud Hospital after cesarean section surgery. The samples were divided into two groups by intervention (foot massage with orange essential oil) and control (foot massage without orange essential oil). The Spielberger scale was used to determine anxiety scores after cesarean section. In the intervention group, the feet were massaged with orange essential oil, and in the control group, the orange essential oil massage was performed without oil. Anxiety before, immediately after, and 60 min after the intervention was measured and evaluated in both groups. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Significant levels were considered for all statistical tests (p<0.05). Results The anxiety score before the intervention in the two groups of intervention and control was 57.12 ± 3.12 and 57.07 ± 3.54, respectively, which were not significantly different, but immediately after the intervention, the anxiety scores in both groups decreased significantly so that there was a further decrease in the intervention group (52.10 ± 4.75 and 56.02 ± 3.77), 1 h after the intervention, the anxiety score in the intervention group decreased compared to the previous stage and increased in the control group (50.40 ± 3.74 and 56.85 ± 4.27). Conclusions Foot massage with orange essential oil can probably be effective as a proper nursing intervention in reducing anxiety after cesarean section surgery.

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Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9061163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1163

Author(s):

Eduarda Alexandra Gonçalves de Oliveira Moura ◽

Daniela Gomes da Silva ◽

Caio Henrique Turco ◽

Thainara Vitoria Carnevalli Sanches ◽

Gabriel Yuri Storino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Blood Count ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Control Group ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Commercial Vaccine ◽

Serum Igg ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Over Time

Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.

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The effect of practicing yoga during pregnancy on labor stages length, anxiety and pain: a randomized controlled trial

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2019-0291 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Ellahe Mohyadin ◽

Zohreh Ghorashi ◽

Zahra Molamomanaei

Keyword(s):

Controlled Trial ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Total Duration ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Labor Pain ◽

Control Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Nulliparous Women ◽

Two Stages ◽

And Control

AbstractBackgroundAnxiety and fear of labor pain has led to elevated cesarean section rate in some countries. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of yoga in pregnancy on anxiety, labor pain and length of labor stages.MethodsThis clinical trial study was performed on 84 nulliparous women who were at least 18 years old and were randomly divided into two groups of yoga and control groups. Pregnancy Yoga Program consisting of 6 60-min training sessions was started every 2 weeks from week 26 of pregnancy and continued until 37 weeks of gestation. Anxiety severity at maternal admission to labor was measured by the Spielbergers State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and labor pain was measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at dilatation (4–5 cm) and 2 h after the first measurement. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square and t-test.ResultsIntervention group reported less pain at dilatation (4–5 cm) (p=0.001) and 2 h after the first measurement (p=0.001) than the control group. Stat anxiety was also lower in intervention group than the control group (p=0.003) at the entrance to labor room. Subjects in the control group required more induction compared to intervention group (p=0.003). Women in intervention group experienced shorter duration of the first phase of the labor than the control group (p=0.002). Also, the total duration of two stages of labor was shorter in intervention group than the control group (p=0.003).ConclusionsPracticing yoga during pregnancy may reduce women’s anxiety during labor; shorten labor stages, and lower labor pain.

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The Effect of Reflexology on Lactation in Women Who Had Cesarean Section: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Complementary Medicine Research ◽

10.1159/000513924 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Sevde Aksu ◽

Pelin Palas Karaca

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Breast Pain ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Right ◽

Documentation Tool ◽

And Control

Aim: The research was conducted as a randomized controlled pilot study to evaluate the effects of reflexology on lactation in mothers who delivered by cesarean section (CS). Methods: A single-blind randomized controlled experimental study was conducted with a total of 60 postpartum women in the reflexology application (n = 30) and control groups (n = 30). After the CS, the mothers in the control group were given approximately 3-h routine nursing care after recovering from the effects of anesthesia; the introductory information form was applied, and the Breastfeeding Charting System and Documentation Tool (LATCH) and visual analog scale (VAS) for the signs of the onset of lactation were implemented on the first and second days. Reflexology was applied to the women in the intervention group after an average of 3 h following the mother’s condition had become stable and she had recovered from the effects of anesthesia. Reflexology was applied a total of 20 min – 10 min for the right foot, 10 min for the left foot – twice a day with 8-h intervals on the first and second days after CS. After the last reflexology application, the LATCH and VAS for the signs of the onset of lactation were applied. Results: Of the women, 70% breastfed their babies within 60 min after delivery; 46.7% of the mothers received breastfeeding training and 81.7% needed support for breastfeeding after the CS. The LATCH breastfeeding scores of the women in the intervention group on both days were significantly higher compared to those of the women in the control group (p < 0.001). On the first day after the CS, apart from breast pain, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of breast heat and breast tension (p > 0.05). On the second day after the CS, apart from breast tension, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of breast heat and breast pain (p < 0.05). In the study, women in the intervention group were found to have higher scores in terms of all three symptoms compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In the study, it was determined that LATCH scores and signs of the onset of breastfeeding increased in the mothers who received reflexology after CS.

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School-based obesity interventions in the metropolitan area of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil: pooled analysis from five randomised studies

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521000076 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Renata da R. M. Rodrigues ◽

Bruna K. Hassan ◽

Michele R. Sgambato ◽

Bárbara da S. N. Souza ◽

Diana B. Cunha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Habits ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Intention To Treat ◽

School Year ◽

School Based ◽

Obesity Interventions ◽

The One ◽

And Control

Abstract School-based studies, despite the large number of studies conducted, have reported inconclusive results on obesity prevention. The sample size is a major constraint in such studies by requiring large samples. This pooled analysis overcomes this problem by analysing 5926 students (mean age 11·5 years) from five randomised school-based interventions. These studies focused on encouraging students to change their drinking and eating habits, and physical activities over the one school year, with monthly 1-h sessions in the classroom; culinary class aimed at developing cooking skills to increase healthy eating and attempts to family engagement. Pooled intention-to-treat analysis using linear mixed models accounted for school clusters. Control and intervention groups were balanced at baseline. The overall result was a non-significant change in BMI after one school year of positive changes in behaviours associated with obesity. Estimated mean BMI changed from 19·02 to 19·22 kg/m2 in the control group and from 19·08 to 19·32 kg/m2 in the intervention group (P value of change over time = 0·09). Subgroup analyses among those overweight or with obesity at baseline also did not show differences between intervention and control groups. The percentage of fat measured by bioimpedance indicated a small reduction in the control compared with intervention (P = 0·05). This large pooled analysis showed no effect on obesity measures, although promising results were observed about modifying behaviours associated with obesity.

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Toe Clearance Rehabilitative Slippers for Older Adults With Fall Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation ◽

10.1177/21514593211029102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 215145932110291

Author(s):

Atsuko Satoh ◽

Yukoh Kudoh ◽

Sangun Lee ◽

Masumi Saitoh ◽

Miwa Miura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Fall Risk ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Berg Balance Scale ◽

Control Group ◽

Mobility Assessment ◽

Before And After ◽

Day Services ◽

And Control

Introduction: To evaluate fall-prevention rehabilitative slippers for use by self-caring, independent older adults. Materials and Methods: This assessor-blinded, randomized, and controlled 1-year study included 59 self-caring, independent participants (49 women) who attended day services. The mean age of participants was 84.0 ± 5.3 years. Participants were randomly selected from 8 nursing homes. We tested slippers top-weighted with a lead bead (200, 300, or 400 g). Intervention group participants walked while wearing the slippers for 10-20 min, 1-3 days/week at the day service center. Fall risk was measured using the Berg Balance Scale and the Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) before and at 3-month intervals after the intervention/control phase. Results: After 12 months, the intervention group demonstrated significant improvement. Berg Balance and POMA compared to the control group ( p < .05 p < .01, respectively). Mobility scores improved significantly for both measurements in the intervention group before and after ( p < .01), but the control group had significantly lower scores. Discussion: Overall, falls decreased in the intervention group from 10 to 7, and control group falls increased from 9 to 16 ( p = .02). No adverse events related to the intervention were reported. Conclusions: Rehabilitation training slippers may reduce falls in older adults.

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College Classroom Instructors Can Effectively Promote Standing among Students Provided with Standing Desks

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094464 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4464

Author(s):

Matthew S. Chrisman ◽

Robert Wright ◽

William Purdy

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Sedentary Behaviors ◽

Control Groups ◽

Student Preferences ◽

Standing Time ◽

Urban University ◽

Facilitators And Barriers ◽

And Control

Standing desks may reduce sedentary behaviors in college students. Students at one mid-size urban university in the Midwestern United States were randomized into intervention (n = 21) and control groups (n = 27) to assess standing time when given access to standing desks. The intervention group received visual and oral instructor prompts to stand, while the control received no prompts during a 50 min lecture. All students were provided with adjustable tabletop standing desks. ActivPAL accelerometers measured sitting and standing time. A brief survey assessed student preferences, including facilitators and barriers to standing. Mean standing time was greater in the intervention vs. control group (26 vs. 17 min, p = 0.023). Students tended to stand in the corners and edges of the room. Main facilitators for standing included to break up sitting, reduce back pain, and increase attention and focus; main barriers were not wanting to distract others or be the only one standing. In total, 87.5% of intervention group participants found five prompts to stand were adequate. Students increased standing time in class when provided with standing desks and instructor prompts to stand. Findings can inform the layout of classrooms and when and how to promote standing desks during lectures.

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