Mortality Rates and Cause of Death Among Former Prison Inmates in North Carolina

Mortality from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is increasing in most European countries, but there are no data for Italy. We analysed the registry data from a region in northeastern Italy to assess the trends in IPF-related mortality during 2008–2019, to compare results of underlying vs. multiple cause of death analyses, and to describe the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020. We identified IPF (ICD-10 code J84.1) among the causes of death registered in 557,932 certificates in the Veneto region. We assessed time trends in annual age-standardized mortality rates by gender and age (40–74, 75–84, and ≥85 years). IPF was the underlying cause of 1310 deaths in the 2251 certificates mentioning IPF. For all age groups combined, the age-standardized mortality rate from IPF identified as the underlying cause of death was close to the European median (males and females: 3.1 and 1.3 per 100,000/year, respectively). During 2008–2019, mortality rates increased in men aged ≥85 years (annual percent change of 6.5%, 95% CI: 2.0, 11.2%), but not among women or for the younger age groups. A 72% excess of IPF-related deaths was registered in March–April 2020 (mortality ratio 1.72, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.24). IPF mortality was increasing among older men in northeastern Italy. The burden of IPF was heavier than assessed by routine statistics, since less than two out of three IPF-related deaths were directly attributed to this condition. COVID-19 was accompanied by a remarkable increase in IPF-related mortality.

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Monitoring progress with national and subnational health goals by integrating verbal autopsy and medically certified cause of death data

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005387 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. e005387

Author(s):

Tim Adair ◽

Sonja Firth ◽

Tint Pa Pa Phyo ◽

Khin Sandar Bo ◽

Alan D Lopez

Keyword(s):

Cause Of Death ◽

Verbal Autopsy ◽

Integration Method ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Vital Statistics ◽

Death Registration ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Health Goals ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Four Causes

IntroductionThe measurement of progress towards many Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and other health goals requires accurate and timely all-cause and cause of death (COD) data. However, existing guidance to countries to calculate these indicators is inadequate for populations with incomplete death registration and poor-quality COD data. We introduce a replicable method to estimate national and subnational cause-specific mortality rates (and hence many such indicators) where death registration is incomplete by integrating data from Medical Certificates of Cause of Death (MCCOD) for hospital deaths with routine verbal autopsy (VA) for community deaths.MethodsThe integration method calculates population-level cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) from the CSMFs of MCCODs and VAs weighted by estimated deaths in hospitals and the community. Estimated deaths are calculated by applying the empirical completeness method to incomplete death registration/reporting. The resultant cause-specific mortality rates are used to estimate SDG Indicator 23: mortality between ages 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. We demonstrate the method using nationally representative data in Myanmar, comprising over 42 000 VAs and 7600 MCCODs.ResultsIn Myanmar in 2019, 89% of deaths were estimated to occur in the community. VAs comprised an estimated 70% of community deaths. Both the proportion of deaths in the community and CSMFs for the four causes increased with older age. We estimated that the probability of dying from any of the four causes between 30 and 70 years was 0.265 for men and 0.216 for women. This indicator is 50% higher if based on CSMFs from the integration of data sources than on MCCOD data from hospitals.ConclusionThis integration method facilitates country authorities to use their data to monitor progress with national and subnational health goals, rather than rely on estimates made by external organisations. The method is particularly relevant given the increasing application of routine VA in country Civil Registration and Vital Statistics systems.

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Cardioinformatics: the nexus of bioinformatics and precision cardiology

Briefings in Bioinformatics ◽

10.1093/bib/bbz119 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bohdan B Khomtchouk ◽

Diem-Trang Tran ◽

Kasra A Vand ◽

Matthew Might ◽

Or Gozani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cancer Research ◽

Computational Biology ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Cardiovascular Medicine ◽

Biology Research

Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, causing over 17 million deaths per year, which outpaces global cancer mortality rates. Despite these sobering statistics, most bioinformatics and computational biology research and funding to date has been concentrated predominantly on cancer research, with a relatively modest footprint in CVD. In this paper, we review the existing literary landscape and critically assess the unmet need to further develop an emerging field at the multidisciplinary interface of bioinformatics and precision cardiovascular medicine, which we refer to as ‘cardioinformatics’.

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Development of the Mexican Heart Team: The Long and Winding Road

Cardiology ◽

10.1159/000446472 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 135 (1) ◽

pp. 53-55

Author(s):

J. Alfredo Merino-Rajme ◽

Lilian G. Delgado-Espejel ◽

Julieta D. Morales-Portano ◽

Marco A. Alcántara-Meléndez ◽

J. Francisco García-García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Developing Country ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Optimal Strategy ◽

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Heart Team ◽

Current Article

Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Efforts to decrease HF mortality rates include a multidisciplinary approach management. Although evidence suggests that this has been an optimal strategy for treating HF, the model remains not widely implanted. The current article explores the rationale behind the formation of a Heart Team in a developing country and its development despite the lack of an allocated budget.

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Life span bias explains live–dead discordance in abundance of two common bivalves

Paleobiology ◽

10.1017/pab.2018.32 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 783-797 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kelly E. Cronin ◽

Gregory P. Dietl ◽

Patricia H. Kelley ◽

Stewart M. Edie

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Life Span ◽

Field Study ◽

Species Abundance ◽

Mercenaria Mercenaria ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Global Maximum ◽

Bivalve Species ◽

Maximum Life Span ◽

Death Assemblages

AbstractLife span bias potentially alters species abundance in death assemblages through the overrepresentation of short-lived organisms compared with their long-lived counterparts. Although previous work found that life span bias did not contribute significantly to live–dead discordance in bivalve assemblages, life span bias better explained discordance in two groups: longer-lived bivalve species and species with known life spans. More studies using local, rather than global, species-wide life spans and mortality rates would help to determine the prevalence of life span bias, especially for long-lived species with known life spans. Here, we conducted a field study at two sites in North Carolina to assess potential life span bias between Mercenaria mercenaria and Chione elevata, two long-lived bivalve species that can be aged directly. We compared the ability of directly measured local life spans with that of regional and global life spans to predict live–dead discordance between these two species. The shorter-lived species (C. elevata) was overrepresented in the death assemblage compared with its live abundance, and local life span data largely predicted the amount of live–dead discordance; local life spans predicted 43% to 88% of discordance. Furthermore, the global maximum life span for M. mercenaria resulted in substantial overpredictions of discordance (1.4 to 1.6 times the observed live–dead discordance). The results of this study suggest that life span bias should be considered as a factor affecting proportional abundances of species in death assemblages and that using life span estimates appropriate to the study locality improves predictions of discordance based on life span compared with using global life span estimates.

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Premature Mortality in Canada

University of Toronto Journal of Public Health ◽

10.33137/utjph.v1i1.33812 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Catherine Liang ◽

Emmalin Buajitti ◽

Laura Rosella

Keyword(s):

Cause Of Death ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Vital Statistics ◽

Income Quintile ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Premature Deaths ◽

Central Canada ◽

Over Time

Introduction: Premature mortality (deaths before age 75) is a well-established metric of population health and health system performance. In Canada, underlying differences between provinces/territories present a need for stratified mortality trends. Methods: Using data from the Canadian Vital Statistics Database, a descriptive analysis of sex-specific adult premature deaths over 1992-2015 was conducted by province, census divisions (CD), socioeconomic status (SES), age, and underlying cause of death. Premature mortality rates were calculated as the number of deaths per 100,000 individuals aged 18 to 74, per 8-year era. SES was measured using the income quintile of the neighbourhood of residence. Absolute and relative inequalities were respectively summarized using slope and relative indices of inequality, produced via unadjusted linear regression of the mortality rate on income rank. Results: Premature mortality in Canada declined by 21% for males and 13% for females between 1992-1999 and 2008-2015. The greatest reductions were in Central Canada, while Newfoundland saw notable increases. CD-level improvements appeared mostly in the southern half of Canada. As of 2008-2015, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Nunavut had the highest mortality rates. Low area-level income was associated with higher mortality. SES inequalities grew over time. Newfoundland’s between-quintile differences rose from 1292 to 2389 deaths per 100k males, or 1.33 to 2.12-fold, and 586 to 1586 per 100k females, or 1.24 to 1.74-fold. In 2008-2015, mortality rates of the bottom quintile in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were more than 2.5 times those of the top. Mortality increased with age, and varied regionally. Low mortality in Central Canada and BC, and high mortality in the Territories were consistent across eras and sexes. Cause of death distributions shifted with age and sex, with more external deaths in younger males. Conclusion: Improvements were seen in adult premature mortality rates over time, but were unequal across geographies. Evidence exists for growing socioeconomic disparities in mortality.

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Racism as a Leading Cause of Death: Measuring Excess Deaths in the US

10.1101/2021.08.30.21262732 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daisy Massey ◽

Jeremy Faust ◽

Karen Dorsey ◽

Yuan Lu ◽

Harlan Krumholz

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Black Men ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

White Women ◽

Black People ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

White People ◽

The Us ◽

Excess Deaths

Background: Excess death for Black people compared with White people is a measure of health equity. We sought to determine the excess deaths under the age of 65 (<65) for Black people in the United States (US) over the most recent 20-year period. We also compared the excess deaths for Black people with a cause of death that is traditionally reported. Methods: We used the Multiple Cause of Death 1999-2019 dataset from the Center of Disease Control (CDC) WONDER to report age-adjusted mortality rates among non-Hispanic Black (Black) and non-Hispanic White (White) people and to calculate annual age-adjusted <65 excess deaths for Black people from 1999-2019. We measured the difference in mortality rates between Black and White people and the 20-year and 5-year trends using linear regression. We compared age-adjusted <65 excess deaths for Black people to the primary causes of death among <65 Black people in the US. Results: From 1999 to 2019, the age-adjusted mortality rate for Black men was 1,186 per 100,000 and for White men was 921 per 100,000, for a difference of 265 per 100,000. The age-adjusted mortality rate for Black women was 802 per 100,000 and for White women was 664 per 100,000, for a difference of 138 per 100,000. While the gap for men and women is less than it was in 1999, it has been increasing among men since 2014. These differences have led to many Black people dying before age 65. In 1999, there were 22,945 age-adjusted excess deaths among Black women <65 and in 2019 there were 14,444, deaths that would not have occurred had their risks been the same as those of White women. Among Black men, 38,882 age-adjusted excess <65 deaths occurred in 1999 and 25,850 in 2019. When compared to the top 5 causes of deaths among <65 Black people, death related to disparities would be the highest mortality rate among both <65 Black men and women. Comment: In the US, over the recent 20-year period, disparities in mortality rates resulted in between 61,827 excess deaths in 1999 and 40,294 excess deaths in 2019 among <65 Black people. The race-based disparity in the US was the leading cause of death among <65 Black people. Societal commitment and investment in eliminating disparities should be on par with those focused on other leading causes of death such as heart disease and cancer.

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Abstract 15: Trends in Atrial Fibrillation-related Cardiovascular Mortality Rates in The United States: 1999-2017

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.15 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yoshihiro Tanaka ◽

Nilay Shah ◽

Rod Passman ◽

Philip Greenland ◽

Sadiya Khan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Black Men ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Age Groups ◽

White Men ◽

The United States ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Men And Women ◽

Black And White

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in adults and the prevalence is increasing due to the aging of the population and the growing burden of vascular risk factors. Although deaths due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) death have dramatically decreased in recent years, trends in AF-related CVD death has not been previously investigated. Purpose: We sought to quantify trends in AF-related CVD death rates in the United States. Methods: AF-related CVD death was ascertained using the CDC WONDER online database. AF-related CVD deaths were identified by listing CVD (I00-I78) as underlying cause of death and AF (I48) as contributing cause of death among persons aged 35 to 84 years. We calculated age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 100,000 population, and examined trends over time estimating average annual percent change (AAPC) using Joinpoint Regression Program (National Cancer Institute). Subgroup analyses were performed to compare AAMRs by sex-race (black and white men and women) and across two age groups (younger: 35-64 years, older 65-84 years). Results: A total of 522,104 AF-related CVD deaths were identified between 1999 and 2017. AAMR increased from 16.0 to 22.2 per 100,000 from 1999 to 2017 with an acceleration following an inflection point in 2009. AAPC before 2009 was significantly lower than that after 2009 [0.4% (95% CI, 0.0 - 0.7) vs 3.5% (95% CI, 3.1 - 3.9), p < 0.001). The increase of AAMR was observed across black and white men and women overall and in both age groups (FIGURE), with a more pronounced increase in black men and white men. Black men had the highest AAMR among the younger decedents, whereas white men had the highest AAMR among the older decedents. Conclusion: This study revealed that death rate for AF-related CVD has increased over the last two decades and that there are greater black-white disparities in younger decedents (<65 years). Targeting equitable risk factor reduction that predisposes to AF and CVD mortality is needed to reduce observed health inequities.

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Adolescent HIV and infection

Oxford Textbook of Global Health of Women, Newborns, Children, and Adolescents ◽

10.1093/med/9780198794684.003.0015 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 74-77

Author(s):

Rashida Ferrand

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Age Group ◽

Chronic Infections ◽

Major Barrier ◽

The Social ◽

Health Programmes

Infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death in adolescents despite the improvements in public health that have occurred in the past decades. While mortality rates from infections are slowly declining in this age group, an exception is HIV, with HIV-related deaths having tripled in the last decade. As with other infections, the risk of acquiring HIV is partly explained by the biological and physical environment. However, the biological changes and the social and behavioural context of adolescence play an important role in determining risk. Notably, infections can result in long-term complications and consequent disability. While effective methods to prevent and treat many common infections do exist, the major challenges are to make these accessible to adolescents, an age-group that is often neglected by health programmes. In addition, adherence to treatment for chronic infections such as HIV, remains a major barrier to ensuring successful outcomes.

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THE EFFECT OF COAGULATIOU CHANGES ON THE OUTCOME OF GASTROINTESTINAL HAEMORRHAGE

10.1055/s-0038-1644799 ◽

1987 ◽

Author(s):

S D Blair ◽

K K Tan ◽

C N McCollum ◽

R M Greenhalgh

Keyword(s):

Blood Transfusion ◽

Clinical Outcome ◽

Vascular Disease ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Clotting Time ◽

Normal Range ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

The Relationship

Blood is hypercoagulable following GI haemorrhage [1], and vascular thrombosis has been reported to be the main cause of death [2]. To study the relationship between coagulation and clinical outcome, Impedance Clotting Time (ICT) wac measured daily using the Biobridge [1] and clinical outcome prospectively recorded in 125 patients with acute severe GI haemorrhage.Mean (±se mean) ICT on admission was markedly shortened at 4.8±0.2 mins (normal range 8-12 mins) (p<0.001, t-Cest). Sixty patients received blood transfusion within 24 hours resulting in significantly prolonged ICT of 6.2±0.4 mins compared to 4.0±0.3 mins in the 56 not transfused (p<0.01). In 23 patients who rebled, the ICT at 24 hours of 6.7±0.4 mins demonstrated reduced hypercoagulability. Twenty of these 23 patients had bee:: transfused prior to rebleeding, a significantly greater proportion than in those who did not rebleed (p<0.00l). Six patients died, 3 of myocardial infarction, 1 of stroke, and 2 of continued haemorrhage. Mean ICT in the 4 patients dying from thrombotic vascular disease was 2.3±0.1 mins although 2 had also rebled.Clinical outcome in GI haemorrhage is strongly related to coagulation changes. The main cause of death was thrombotic vascular disease.1. Blair SD, Janvrin SB, McCollum CN, Greenhalgh RM. The effect of early blood transfusion on gastrointectinal haemorrhage. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 792-4.2. Allan R, Dykes P. A study of the factors influencing mortality rates fron gastrointestinal haenorrhage. Quart JMed 1976; 180: 533-50.

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