scholarly journals The Influence of Ecological Variables on Archaeological Site Density in the Owyhee Region, Southwest Idaho

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cuthbertson
Keyword(s):  
Great Basin ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Resource Location ◽  
Ecological Variables ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Processing Site ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Basin Area

Vegetational resources are reported to have had multiple uses in indigenous groups who were present in the Great Basin area throughout the Archaic periods. Resource acquisition and position of resources is documented to have had impacts on settlement patterns, but the impact of the range of vegetational resources, specifically, is lacking thorough study in the northern Great Basin area. Due to fluctuating climates, modern development, and other factors both anthropogenic and otherwise, Archaic vegetation ranges may not be wholly visible in the same locations today; however, the environments surrounding sites may be determined by observing a variety of ecological variables, including soil type, hydrology, slope, and elevation. Using Owyhee County, Idaho for an example, this study seeks to evaluate if known locations of archaeological sites have any visible correlation to four variables reported to have critical importance to the ecology and ranges of vegetation communities: soil type, groundwater accessibility, slope, and elevation. I analyze how ecological variables heavily associated with vegetation types can be mapped against known archaeological resource location ‘hotspots’, and use them to create a well-informed analysis of the vegetations correlated with these variables and estimate a general assessment of the resources most likely to have been available in these locations. Observing how these variables are associated with vegetation that correlates to documented ethnographic usages, this thesis advances possible factors that influence the selection of residential, temporary camp, and resource-specific processing site locations, and provides strong evidence for the need to consider environmental factors when conducting archaeological surveys.

scholarly journals Dampak Pembangunan Modern Terhadap Keberadaan Situs Buni

HUMANIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Husein Abudrrahim ◽  
I Nyoman Wardi ◽  
Zuraidah .
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Metal Artifacts ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Collection Methods

Buni site is one of the prehistoric relics in Bekasi Regency which has an important role for the development of history in the northern part of Java Island.There are several potential archeological remains at the Buni Site in the form of metal artifacts, stone axes, gold jewelery, beads, earthenware and conch shells. The existence of modern development around the Buni Site makes the Buni Site threatened its preservation. There are two modern developments flanking the Buni Site, which is a ship factory managed by PT. Tesco Indomaritim and PLTU (Steam Power Plant) managed by PT. Cikarang Listrikindo. This study aims to address the formulation of the problem the impact of modern development on the existence of the Buni Site and conservation efforts at the Buni Site. This study use the Archeology Resource Management theory. Data collection methods used were observation, literature study, and interviews. Data analysis techniques used ware qualitative and SWOT. There are two impacts given by modern development on the Buni Site. First, the damage and lost of the Buni site, the lost of the site area has made the Buni site narrow and lost the findings that have the potential to be left behind in the area of ??the ship factory and the power plant. Secondly, Muara Bakti Village, where Buni Site is located, is no longer known by the wider community as the Archaeological Site. Buni site is currently not used as a cultural heritage site, which can affect its preservation. Development of the Buni Site area as a tourist attraction, in the form of the Buni Cultural Museum can help preserve the Buni Site from damage.  

scholarly journals The malaria burden of Amerindian groups of three Venezuelan states: a descriptive study based on programmatic data

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Gabaldón-Figueira ◽  
Carlos Chaccour ◽  
Jorge Moreno ◽  
Maria Villegas ◽  
Leopoldo Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Fifty-three percent of all cases of malaria in the Americas in 2019 came from Venezuela, where the epidemic is heavily focused south of the Orinoco river, and where most of the country’s Amerindian groups live. Although the disease is known to represent a significant public health problem among these populations, little epidemiological data exists on the subject. This study aims to provide information on malaria incidence, geospatial clustering, and risk factors associated to Plasmodium falciparum infection among these groups. Methods This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of published and unpublished programmatic data collected by Venezuelan health authorities and non-government organizations between 2014 and 2018. The Annual Parasite Index among indigenous groups (API-i) in municipalities of three states (Amazonas, Bolivar, and Sucre) were calculated and compared using the Kruskal Wallis test, risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection were identified via binomial logistic regression and maps were constructed to identify clusters of malaria cases among indigenous patients via Moran’s I and Getis-Ord’s hot spot analysis. Results 116,097 cases of malaria in Amerindian groups were registered during the study period. An increasing trend was observed between 2014 and 2016 but reverted in 2018. Malaria incidence remains higher than in 2014 and hot spots were identified in the three states, although more importantly in the south of Bolivar. Most cases (73.3%) were caused by Plasmodium vivax, but the Hoti, Yanomami, and Eñepa indigenous groups presented higher odds for infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusion Malaria cases among Amerindian populations increased between 2014 and 2018 and seem to have a different geographic distribution than those among the general population. These findings suggest that tailored interventions will be necessary to curb the impact of malaria transmission in these groups.

scholarly journals Google Earth Engine as Multi-Sensor Open-Source Tool for Supporting the Preservation of Archaeological Areas: The Case Study of Flood and Fire Mapping in Metaponto, Italy

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1791
Author(s):  
Carmen Fattore ◽  
Nicodemo Abate ◽  
Farid Faridani ◽  
Nicola Masini ◽  
Rosa Lasaponara
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Unsupervised Classification ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Cultural Properties ◽  
Google Earth Engine ◽  
Archaeological Areas ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, the impact of Climate change, anthropogenic and natural hazards (such as earthquakes, landslides, floods, tsunamis, fires) has dramatically increased and adversely affected modern and past human buildings including outstanding cultural properties and UNESCO heritage sites. Research about protection/monitoring of cultural heritage is crucial to preserve our cultural properties and (with them also) our history and identity. This paper is focused on the use of the open-source Google Earth Engine tool herein used to analyze flood and fire events which affected the area of Metaponto (southern Italy), near the homonymous Greek-Roman archaeological site. The use of the Google Earth Engine has allowed the supervised and unsupervised classification of areas affected by flooding (2013–2020) and fire (2017) in the past years, obtaining remarkable results and useful information for setting up strategies to mitigate damage and support the preservation of areas and landscape rich in cultural and natural heritage.

Bone Cave: A Severely Disturbed Cave Site in Central Oregon

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Ferguson ◽  
Craig E. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Processing Site ◽  
Disturbed Site

The presence of obsidian artifacts available for hydration and sourcing analysis, a high concentration of well-preserved faunal remains, a limited time span of occupation, and a wealth of obsidian research in the region, make Bone Cave an ideal example of an often ignored class of archaeological site. Although highly disturbed, analysis of the excavation results allowed us to determine that Bone Cave served as a probable pre-Mazama (prior to 6850 B.P.) rabbit processing site during the Early Holocene. The disturbed site of Bone Cave shows that field research is possible even in a region or political environment in which the excavation of intact sites is not.

Soil Type Modifies the Impacts of Warming and Snow Exclusion on Carbon and Nutrient Losses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Juice ◽  
Paul G. Schaberg ◽  
Alexandra M. Kosiba ◽  
Carl E. Waite ◽  
Gary J. Hawley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The varied and wide-reaching impacts of climate change are occurring across heterogeneous landscapes. Despite the known importance of soils in mediating biogeochemical nutrient cycling, there is little experimental evidence of how soil characteristics may shape ecosystem response to climate change. Our objective was to clarify how soil characteristics modify the impact of climate changes on carbon and nutrient leaching losses in temperate forests. We therefore conducted a field-based mesocosm experiment with replicated warming and snow exclusion treatments on two soils in large (2.4 m diameter), in-field forest sapling mesocosms. We found that nutrient loss responses to warming and snow exclusion treatments frequently varied substantially by soil type. Indeed, in some cases, soil type nullified the impact of a climate treatment. For example, warming and snow exclusion increased nitrogen (N) losses on fine soils by up to four times versus controls, but these treatments had no impact on coarse soils. Generally, the coarse textured soil, with its lower soil-water holding capacity, had higher nutrient losses (e.g., 12-17 times more total N loss from coarse than fine soils), except in the case of phosphate, which had consistently higher losses (23-58%) from the finer textured soil. Furthermore, the mitigation of nutrient loss by increasing tree biomass varied by soil type and nutrient. Our results suggest that potentially large biogeochemical responses to climate change are strongly mediated by soil characteristics, providing further evidence of the need to consider soil properties in Earth system models for improving nutrient cycling and climate projections.

Postcolonialism

Geography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Accumulation By Dispossession ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
British Colonies ◽  
Independence Movements

In the colonial period imperialism advanced in uneven ways across time and space globally. European exploration in the late 15th century first brought destructive, exploitative, and deadly changes to what became known as the Americas. The subjugation and elimination of Indigenous groups, which commenced during this period, created the conditions for accumulation by dispossession, enslavement (of both Indigenous groups and people stolen from Africa), plantation-style production systems, and the extraction of resources—the legacies of which still mark political, social, economic, and environmental landscapes today. Following rebellion and successful de jure (legal) independence from Europe in the late 1700s and early 1800s (starting with the radical uprising of enslaved peoples in Haiti), Western powers turned to new regions to regain such systems of control and resource extraction. In 1848, the Berlin Conference was held— also called the “Scramble for Africa,” where European powers divided the continent and created new sites of extraction. Such patterns followed in South and Southeast Asia as well as North Africa and Central Asia in the latter parts of the 19th century. As a result of these violent campaigns, there are very few places on the globe that did not sustain, at some point, a form of colonial-imperial relation. Independence movements were ongoing and by the end of the 20th century, de jure colonial control had all but disappeared. Decolonization had occurred and the global periphery entered the period of being postcolonial. Former British colonies were assembled into the Commonwealth, which changed relations from direct control and subjugation to allegiance to the Queen and for some, drastic changes in economic relations, (this had the effect of marginalizing Indigenous struggles in many of these places). Notwithstanding the legal separation of the colonies from imperial powers, de facto (in effect) colonial arrangements lingered and remain today, giving rise to a series of critiques and new ways of thinking about imperialism and the impact of colonialism, such as the theory of postcolonialism.

scholarly journals Indigenous Groups and Influenza: Protocol For A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Evelin Alves ◽  
Ole Røgeberg ◽  
Svenn-Erik Mamelund
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Influenza Pandemics ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Academic Search ◽  
Historical Periods

Abstract Background: Several studies have documented that indigenous groups have been disproportionally hit by previous pandemics, with some exceptions. The objective of this review and meta-analysis is to provide a comprehensive historical overview of pre-COVID impact of influenza on indigenous groups by combining data from the last five influenza pandemics and seasonal influenza up to date. Methods/Principle Findings: The review will include peer-reviewed original studies published in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian. Records will be identified through systematic literature search in eight databases: Embase, Medline, Cinahl, Web of Science, Academic Search Ultimate, SocIndex, ASSIA and Google Scholar. Results will be summarized narratively and using meta-analytic strategies. Discussion: To our knowledge, there is no systematic review combining historical data on the impact of both seasonal and pandemic influenza on indigenous populations. By summarizing results across indigenous groups in different countries and historical periods, we aim to provide information on how strong the risk for influenza is among indigenous people, and how consistent this risk is across groups, areas and time. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021246391

scholarly journals Hydrological Response Unit Analysis Using AVSWAT 2000 for Keuliling Reservoir Watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
. Azmeri ◽  
Alfian Yulianur ◽  
Maimun Rizalihadi ◽  
Shafur Bachtiar
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
Hydrologic Response ◽  
Response Unit ◽  
Area 5 ◽  
Soil Erodibility Factor ◽  
Hydrologic Response Unit ◽  
Factor C ◽  
Basin Area

<p>Sediments deposition derived from the erosion in upstream areas can lead to river siltation or canals downstream irrigation. According to the complexity of erosion problem at Keuliling reservoir, it is essential that topography, hydrology, soil type and land use to be analyzed comprehensively. Software used to analyze is AVSWAT 2000 (Arc View Soil and Water Assessment Tools-2000), one of the additional tool of ArcView program. The results obtained are the watershed delineation map, soil type map to produce soil erodibility factor (K) which indicates the resistance of soil particles toward exfoliation, land use map to produce crop management factor (C) and soil conservation and its management factors (P). Hydrology analysis includes soil type, land use and utility for the erosion rate analysis through Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU). The biggest HRU value of sub-basin is on area 5 and the lowest one is on area 10. All four HRU in sub-basin area 5 are potentially donating high value for HRU. In short, this area has the longest slope length so that it has a large LS factor. About 50% of the land was covered by bushes which gain higher C factor rather than forest. Moreover, it has contour crop conservation technique with 9-20 % declivity resulting in having dominant factor of P. Soil type is dominated by Meucampli Formation which has soil erodibility factor with high level of vulnerable toward the rainfall kinetic energy. All in all, the vast majority of HRU parameters in this sub-basin area obtain the highest HRU value. Hydrology analysis, soil type, and use-land are useful for land area analysis that is susceptible to erosion which was identified through Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU) using GIS. As the matter of fact, spatially studies constructed with GIS can facilitate the agency to determine critical areas which are needed to be aware or fully rehabilitated.</p>

scholarly journals Long-term trends of land use and demography in Greece: A comparative study

The Holocene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Weiberg ◽  
Andrew Bevan ◽  
Katerina Kouli ◽  
Markos Katsianis ◽  
Jessie Woodbridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Impact

This paper offers a comparative study of land use and demographic development in northern and southern Greece from the Neolithic to the Byzantine period. Results from summed probability densities (SPD) of archaeological radiocarbon dates and settlement numbers derived from archaeological site surveys are combined with results from cluster-based analysis of published pollen core assemblages to offer an integrated view of human pressure on the Greek landscape through time. We demonstrate that SPDs offer a useful approach to outline differences between regions and a useful complement to archaeological site surveys, evaluated here especially for the onset of the Neolithic and for the Final Neolithic (FN)/Early Bronze Age (EBA) transition. Pollen analysis highlight differences in vegetation between the two sub-regions, but also several parallel changes. The comparison of land cover dynamics between two sub-regions of Greece further demonstrates the significance of the bioclimatic conditions of core locations and that apparent oppositions between regions may in fact be two sides of the same coin in terms of socio-ecological trajectories. We also assess the balance between anthropogenic and climate-related impacts on vegetation and suggest that climatic variability was as an important factor for vegetation regrowth. Finally, our evidence suggests that the impact of humans on land cover is amplified from the Late Bronze Age (LBA) onwards as more extensive herding and agricultural practices are introduced.

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