scholarly journals Pap smear in antepartum women: an opportunity to screen and create awareness

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 4093
Author(s):  
Shanthi Ethirajan ◽  
Srinidhi R. ◽  
Jayashree K.
Keyword(s):  
Pap Smear ◽  
Past History ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Cancer Cervix ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Genital Infections ◽  
Pap Smear Screening ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background: Cervical and breast cancers are the leading malignancies in females in India. Cancer cervix is preventable and treatable if detected at premalignant stage. Pap smear is a recommended screening method for cancer cervix and its precursors. Pap smear screening in antenatal period presents an opportunity to screen for premalignant cervical lesions and genital infections. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of abnormal cervical smears and genital infections among antenatal women.Methods: It is a prospective study in which, 200 antenatal mothers at booking visit, were included in the study. Details on their demographic characteristics, obstetric profile, and past history of Pap test were collected. Liquid based cytology was used for the test. The cytological results were reported based on the Bethesda classification system 2001.Results: Among 200 antenatal women 57% were between 21-25 yrs of age and 18% were less than 20 years. 38% of women were less than 20 years of age at the time of beginning of sexual activity. 56% were primi gravida and others were multi gravida. 95.5 % of women were literate. 89% of women were unaware of Pap smear test. Among the 200 Pap smear reports, 23% were normal, 55.5% nonspecific inflammatory changes, 8.5% Candida infection and 13% bacterial vaginosis. None were reported with premalignant changes.Conclusions: In a population where people do not undergo Pap test due to varied reasons, antenatal Pap test not only provides an excellent opportunity to screen and create awareness for further screening, also helps detect genital infections.

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF CERVICAL PAP SMEARS IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
S. Preetika ◽  
Sahayaraj Sahayaraj
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common gynaecological cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the less developed countries. Cervical cancer may be prevented or diagnosed at early stages due to the easy accessibility and clinical evaluation of the cervix. A pap test is a simple, easy, painless procedure which can be carried out as an outpatient procedure to detect specic, nonspecic inammations, precancerous and cancerous lesions In our study we have analysed the results of PAP smears of women in all age groups and have tried to evaluate the prevalence of cervical lesions and the importance of cervical cancer screening. Material And Methods: Our study was conducted between October 2020 to JULY 2021 and patients who have visited the Gynaec OP during this period were included for this study. We received Pap smears from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, stained the slides with Pap stain and studied the smears according to the new Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology 2014. Results: In our study, majority of the patients were in the age group of 41-50 years. Smears showing ASCUS were 14 , LSIL reports were 5, HSIL reports were 4. No Smears showed squamous cell carcinoma in our study. Reports in our study like many other studies has shown the importance of Pap smear test in screening cervical cancer. By conducting health camps, increasing health awareness and performing Pap smear screening programmes the incidence of cervical carcinoma can be decreased.

scholarly journals A Descriptive Review of the Community-Based Cervical Cancer Screening Programme at the Singapore Cancer Society

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 52s-52s
Author(s):  
B. Srilatha ◽  
Q. Huang ◽  
M.S. Hafidza ◽  
N.K. Asarpota
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Past History ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Papanicolaou Test ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth common malignancy in women worldwide and clinical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test is a relatively inexpensive yet efficacious screening method for the detection of precancerous or cancerous lesions. Aim: Herein, we sought to quantify the incidence and prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology in asymptomatic women who underwent routine Papanicolaou test screening at the community-based clinical setting of our Singapore Cancer Society's Multi-Service Centre. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed a total of 15,195 reports of cervical Pap smears performed from January 2015 to December 2017 to delineate epithelial abnormalities. Additionally, a descriptive cross-sectional analysis was carried out on the corroborative demographic and clinical data retrieved from the relevant case notes. Results: The mean age of women recruited for screening in this period was 49.0 ± 11.1 years. A total of 623 (4.1%) were identified with abnormal Papanicolaou test results viz., i. atypical squamous/glandular cells of undetermined significance (n=592; 3.9%), ii. low/high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (n=28; 0.18%) and iii. high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, suspicious of squamous cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma (n=3; 0.02%). Clinical history in the latter two cohorts (n=31; 0.2%) revealed first sexual encounter at age ≤ 20 years (54.8%), ≥ 2 sexual partners (38.7%) or abnormal vaginal discharge (29.0%). An 80.6% and 6.5% had undergone Papanicolaou test or HPV - human papillomavirus - vaccination in the past. History of smoking, long-term contraceptive use and treatment of STI(s) were reported by 22.6%, 3.2% and 6.5% respectively. Conclusion: Cervical cancer originates in the transformation zone of the uterine cervix and screening for abnormal cytology is the cornerstone in early detection. The low percentage of epithelial cell abnormality identified in this large population sampling over three years confirms that routine Papanicolaou test testing would suffice as a cost-effective screening approach to detect precancerous cervical lesions. Where imperative, necessary follow-up on unsatisfactory Papanicolaou test result(s), HPV genotyping and/or due referral procedures would significantly aid in reducing the cervical cancer burden for women in the susceptible age range.

scholarly journals A Clinicopathological study of uterine cervical lesions in a Tertiary Care Centre

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5860-5866
Author(s):  
Sujata Kumbhar ◽  
Sujata Kanetkar ◽  
Avinash Mane ◽  
Akanksha Gore
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Histopathological Results

Pap test is a simple yet effective screening method to detect cervical cancer in its early stage, and thus it helps to reduce morbidity and mortality from cancer. A total of 430 cases were studied after taking ethical clearance. The cytological diagnoses were made by Cytopathologist using Bethesda 2014 system for categorization of cervical smears. Cytological results were correlated with clinical features and histopathological results wherever biopsy was available. The total of the 430 cases studied 24 (5.58%) were inadequate to report, excluding these, of the total 406 cases 260 (64.04%) cases were symptomatic, and 146 (35.96%) were asymptomatic. Cytologic diagnoses were NILM –normal- 140 (55.23%)with a mean age of 38.48 years, NILM- inflammatory 128 (47.76%) with a mean age of 35.96 years, ASC-US 36 (8.86%) with a mean age of 36.69 years, ASC-H 18 (4.43%) with a mean age of 45 years, LSIL 42 (10.34%) with a mean age of 41.90, HSIL 22 (5.42%) with a mean age of 51.22 years, and invasive cancer 20 (4.92%) with a mean age of 61.8 years. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of Pap test were 89.79%, 95.34%, and 95.65%, 89.13% and 83.33% respectively. Pap smear test is a simple, rapid, economical, still practical screening test to detect cervical intraepithelial lesions and cancer.

scholarly journals Breakthroughs and Issues in HPV Genital Infections in relation to Cervical Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Farhat Hussain ◽  
Khairun Nahar ◽  
Kaniz Fatema ◽  
Mahbuba Khan
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Related Condition ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
Neoplastic Process

The field of cervical cancer prevention is rapidly evolving because of identification of the cause of disease. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been recognized as a necessary cause of cervical cancer, and the association applies equally to both squamous cell and adenocarcinoma and is consistent worldwide. HPV 16 and 18 together attribute 70% of world's cervical cancer. HPV is highly prevalent among sexually active women and traceable in its natural history with technology that can detect HPV DMA at all stages of infection and neoplastic process. HPV DMA testing represents the scientifically obvious next step after Pap test for secondary prevention. A clinically validated and FDA approved HPV test has proven a substantial gain in sensitivity with a limited loss in speciality as compared to the standard Pap smear. We are now in the fortunate position of having two highly promising HPV vaccines in the pipeline. These vaccines today represent new hope for protection against cervical cancer, pre-cancerous cervical lesions and other HPV related condition for the current generation of adolescents, for the young and middle aged women as well as for the future generations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v1i2.12163 Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Vol.1, No.2, December 2009 p.27-30

scholarly journals ABNORMAL FINDING OF PAP SMEAR AMONG WOMEN HOSPITAL VISITORS IN CITY OF MOSUL, IRAQ

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 174-178
Author(s):  
Sanaa Rajab ◽  
Wasnaa A Elias ◽  
Layla G Saeed ◽  
Thukaa T Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Cervical Cytology ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Abnormal Finding ◽  
Pap Smear Screening ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
Glandular Cells

Objective: The research aims to test the use of the Pap smear screening system to identify precancerous lesions among women in City of Mosul, Iraq. Methods: This prospective study was carried out over 1 year at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Mosul Teaching Hospital, city of Mosul, Iraq. We screened 100 sexually active women who were more than 21 years of age. Women with different complaints, including vaginal discharge, blood‑mixed discharge, foul-smelling discharge, postcoital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding, abdominal pain, infertility, and secondary amenorrhea, were included in this study. The glass slides had been sent for cytopathological review to the pathology department. The laboratory results have been reported by the new Bethesda Cervical Cytology Reporting System 2014. The device divided the lesions narrowly into certain negative ones for intraepithelial neoplasia and with epithelial cell abnormalities (ECA) that involve squamous and glandular cells. Upon pap smear, the patient was treated accordingly. Results: The study had enrolled a total of 100 cases. All of these patients had an abnormal Pap smear finding that fell according to TBS-2014 criteria in the category of Epithelial Cell abnormality. We interviewed all patients in Detail by proforma. The data reported were statistically analyzed and were collected following observations and tests. Among the study subject, the most common abnormal findings (68.9%) were negative findings. Inflammatory constitute (15.4), and Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (7%) followed by LSIL (5.9) and HSIL (2.9). Conclusion: Pap smear is an effective method for screening for Cervical Lesions Precancerous and cancerous. Nevertheless, a cervical biopsy must be performed which Is gold standard if any epithelial defects are found to be confirmed in cervical cytology.

Comparison of efficacy of pap smear cytology with lugol’s iodine guided cervical biopsy in evaluation of unhealthy cervix

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indira Surya Kumari Kothapalli ◽  
Sindhuja Dogga
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Punch Biopsy ◽  
Cancer Cervix ◽  
Lugol’S Iodine ◽  
Cervical Biopsy ◽  
Pap Smear Screening ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background: Carcinoma cervix is the 3rd most common cancer in the world. In India alone, 130000 new cases occur with the death toll of 70000 cases every year. This study is done to compare the efficacy of pap smear cytology with lugol’s iodine guided cervical biopsy in detecting pre-malignant and malignant lesions of unhealthy cervix.Methods: The study comprises of 100 women aged between 18-65 years with clinically unhealthy cervix. They were subjected to pap smear, cervical punch biopsy, followed by visual inspection with lugol’s iodine (VILI). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and accuracy were calculated for pap smear and VILI using cervical biopsy as the standard diagnostic test.Results: Pap smear revealed that 64% had inflammatory smear and 17% had positive pap smear. On visual inspection of cervix with lugol’s iodine, 19 cases (19%) were VILI positive and 81 cases were VILI negative. Among 100 cases, 19 cases were biopsy positive and 81 cases were biopsy negative. Sensitivity of pap smear is 78.95% and specificity is 97.53%. Sensitivity of VILI is 94.74 and specificity is 98.77. For detecting all grades of CIN, VILI had an accuracy of 98%.Conclusions: Visual inspection with lugol’s iodine is more sensitive and accurate than pap smear. Screening of cancer cervix in low resource settings could be carried out by visual inspection of Lugol’s iodine (VILI) as it has good sensitivity and specificity. By combining pap smear with VILI and cervical biopsy, we can further maximize the sensitivity and specificity of cancer cervix screening.

scholarly journals Cytomorphometric Analysis of Cervical Papanicolaou Smear for Females with Gynecological Clinical Complaints

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Sahar Osman ◽  
Ehab Elmadenah ◽  
Osman Elmahi ◽  
Mubarak Alkarsani ◽  
Lienda Eltayeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Gynecological Diseases ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background: Limited information is provided on the quantitative cytomorphometric study of the cervical Pap test. The cervical Pap test is an important screening program for cervical cancer. A quantitative cytomorphometric examination of cervical Pap is used to accurately identify precancerous and cancerous lesions early and to reduce the occurrence and avoidance of invasive cancer. This study was aimed to assess the cytomorphological parameters (nuclear diameter [ND], cytoplasm diameter [CD], and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio [N/C ratio]) of squamous epithelial cells from a cervical Pap smear. Methods and Results: A prospective study was performed on 142 consecutive cervical Pap smears from women with gynecological clinical complaints. The ND and CD were determined by the Optika optical microscope camera using a digitizer cursor in both axes. The final images were taken with an X40 magnification. The ND, CD, and the N/C ratio were then measured and expressed in micrometers. The women were classified into 5 age groups: 5(3.5%) in the age group of <19 years, 46(32%) in the 20-29 group, 67(47.2%) in the 30-39 group, 23(16.2%) in the 40-49 group, and 1(0.7%) woman was over age 50. There were no significant differences in the N/C ratio of superficial cells between age groups. The ND, CD, and the N/C ratio were significantly higher in women with clinical complaints than in women without clinical complaints Conclusion: Cytomorphometic analysis might assist in the identification of cellular alterations due to gynecological diseases and increase the sensitivity and accuracy of the Pap smear technique.

scholarly journals Genetic Screening of Cervical Cancer

OBM Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Ciro Comparetto ◽  
◽  
Franco Borruto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Pap Smear Screening ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
Screening And Prevention

Medical genetics plays an important role in the screening and prevention of numerous diseases. Thus, it is important to develop effective screening and prevention programs and improve the assessment of the susceptibility of diseases. The development of screening and prevention programs depends on the identification of early biomarkers (including functional and behavioral) for the risk and onset of the disease, and such programs need to be designed according to internationally accepted criteria. Cervical cancer represents a very relevant disease from the health and social perspective; around 528,000 new cases are diagnosed every year globally, of which, 85% are from developing countries, representing almost 12% of all cancers in females. Substantial reductions in the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer have been observed after the introduction of prevention campaigns with the implementation of cervical screening programs through Papanicolaou (Pap) tests and, in particular, following the introduction of organized programs which guarantee a high level of screening coverage, as well as, the quality and continuity of diagnostic-therapeutic procedures. It is estimated that Pap smear screening every 3-5 years provides 80% protection against the onset of cancer. Advances in diagnostic techniques, particularly the development of easy-to-use molecular genetic tests, are replacing the use of the established Pap smear as a screening tool. This is possible owing to the discovery in 1975 that some cellular morphological changes (koilocytosis) were related to the presence of a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV test is performed on a small sample of cells taken from the cervix, similar to the Pap test; however, it is not a morphological exam but a molecular biology exam that detects the presence of HPV by identifying its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). The results of numerous experimental studies have demonstrated a greater sensitivity of this test compared to the sensitivity of the traditional Pap test. However, the HPV test has a lower specificity due to two main factors: 1) The HPV test is based on the search for the types of viruses that have a greater oncogenic potential, and 2) It does not discriminate between transient infections and persistent and productive infections. The most widely used molecular tests are based on the search for HPV sequences and genotyping using molecular biology techniques, such as direct hybridization, qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and viral nucleotide sequencing.

scholarly journals The value of Pap test in women with endometrial cancer

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-125
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Petrić ◽  
Vekoslav Lilić ◽  
Radomir Živadinović ◽  
Predrag Vukomanović ◽  
Olivera Dunjić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Transvaginal Sonography ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Atypical Glandular Cells ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Endometrial cancer is the second most common gynecological tumor. There is still no recommended screening method for endometrial cancer. The application of transvaginal sonography, hysteroscopy and Pap test may prove useful in screening for this disease. Atypical glandular cells represent an important finding in Pap tests and they are related to histopathological verification of the endometrium. The aim of the study was to determine the usefulness of the Pap test in assessing the cervical infiltration, as well as to determine the significance of hormonal status and histopathological type of tumor in a pathological Pap test in patients with endometrial cancer.Methods: The study was retrospective. The analysis included the data obtained from 62 operated patients diagnosed with enometrial cancer, medical history (menopausal status), histopathological findings after surgery (type and stage of the disease) and a preoperative Pap smear. The chi squared and Fisher’s test were used.Results: The difference in the prevalence of pathological Pap test in premenopausal and postmenopausal group of patients was not statistically significant. The difference in the prevalence of pathological Pap test in the group of endometrioid and non-endometrioid tumours of the uterine corpus had statistical significance. The difference in the prevalence of pathological Pap test compared to the present stage (I and II) was not statistically significant.Conclusion: Pap smear does not correlate with menopausal status in women with endometrial carcinoma. Abnormal Pap test is more commonly found in cases of non-endometroid tumours. Pap smears cannot beused to assess cervical involvement.

scholarly journals Cervical Dysplasia and High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infections among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Adolescent Females in South Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Adler ◽  
Melissa Wallace ◽  
Thola Bennie ◽  
Megan Mrubata ◽  
Beau Abar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervical Dysplasia ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Increased Risk

Background.HIV-infected adolescents may be at higher risk for high-grade cervical lesions than HIV-uninfected adolescents. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infections and Pap smear abnormalities between these two groups.Methods.In this cross-sectional study, we compared the HPV DNA and Pap smear results between 35 HIV-infected and 50 HIV-uninfected adolescents in order to determine the prevalence of HR-HPV genotypes and cervical cytological abnormalities. Comparisons were made using Pearsonχ2and independent-samplest-tests analyses, and associations between demographic and behavioral characteristics and HPV infections were examined.Results.HIV-infected participants were more likely to be infected with any HPV (88.6% versus 48.0%;P<0.001) and with at least one HR-HPV (60.0% versus 24.0%;P=0.001), and to have multiple concurrent HPV infections (68.6% versus 22.0%;P<0.001). HPV 16 and 18 were relatively underrepresented among HR-HPV infections. Abnormal Pap test results were more common among HIV-infected participants (28.8% versus 12.0%;P=0.054). A history of smoking was associated with HR-HPV infection.Conclusions.HIV-infected adolescents have an increased risk of infection with HR-HPV and of Pap test abnormalities. The majority of HR-HPV infections among our participants would not be prevented by the currently available vaccinations against HPV.

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