Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Protozoan Infections among the Tea Estates Workers of Ilam District, Nepal

Introduction: Intestinal protozoan infections continue to remain a global public health challenge, particularly in developing countries. Since diagnosis of these parasites is difficult, prevalence data on intestinal protozoa is scarce. Objectives: To measure the prevalence of intestinal Protozoan Infections and to identify risk factors associated with Protozoan Infections among the tea garden workers in Ilam district of Nepal. Materials and Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study was conducted among tea garden workers in Ilam district of Nepal. Out of 4 tea estates in Ilam District, 2 tea estates (Ilam Municipality and Kanyam) were selected randomly. Out of total 150 tea workers (30 in Ilam Municipality and 120 in Kanyam), 98 workers participated in the study. Semi-structured questionnaire was used and routine examination of stool was done. Collected data was entered in Microsoft excel and analysed. Results: Prevalence of protozoan infections among the Tea Estates workers of Ilam District was 22.4%. Giardia lamblia was seen higher (12.2%) than Entamoeba histolytica (10.2%). Regarding ethnicity, the protozoan infection was seen higher among Dalit (40%) than Janajati (18.8%) and Brahmin/Chhetri (11.1%) (P<0.05). The protozoan infections was seen lower who use of soap and water after defecation (6.2%) than those using only water (60%) (P<0.001). The protozoan infections was also seen lower who wear sandals or shoes (17.3%) than those did not wear (47.1%) (P<0.05). The protozoan infection was seen higher among those having the habit of nail biting and thumbs sucking. Conclusions: There is relatively high prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection among the Tea garden workers in Ilam District of Nepal. This obviously suggests that there is possible poor personal hygiene, sanitation, and behavior oriented risk factors which predispose the workers to these parasites.

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A Study of Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Infections and Associated Risk Factors Among the School Children of Itahari, Eastern Region of Nepal

Journal of Chitwan Medical College ◽

10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8463 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 32-36

Author(s):

Ram Bilakshan Sah ◽

IS Paudel ◽

R Baral ◽

P Poudel ◽

N Jha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

School Children ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

School Age Children ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Intestinal Protozoan ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nail Biting ◽

Protozoan Infection ◽

Protozoan Infections

Intestinal parasites, notably the protozoa are among the most common infections of school age children where they cause morbidity in developing countries.The objective of the study was to measure the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection and to identify risk factors associated with protozoan infection among the school children of Itahari.The cross sectional study was conducted in Grade VI, VII and VIII in schools of Itahari Municipality. Stratified random sampling method was applied to choose the schools and the study subjects. Semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the study subjects and microscopic examination of stool was done.The Chi-square test was used to measure the association of risk factors and intestinal protozoan infections.Overall intestinal protozoan infection was found to be 18.5 percent. Giardia lamblia was found high (10.5%) in comparison to Entamoeba histolytica (8%). Almost (18.4%) of male and (18.6%) of female were infected with protozoan parasites. The use of soap and water after defecation had lower prevalence of protozoan infections (16%) than only use of water (28.9%). The protozoan infection was significantly lower among having clean nail (6%) in comparison to having not clean (24.8%) respectively. We conclude that the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection was found to be high in school children of Itahari and those having unhygienic skin, nail and clothes, and the habit of nail biting and thumb sucking was found to have significant relationship in the causation of intestinal protozoan infection. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(1): 32-36 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i1.8463

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Prevalence and pre-disposing factors associated to gastro intestinal protozoan infections among diarrheal children under 5 years in kisii county, kenya.

10.21203/rs.2.13014/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Caleb Okeri Ondara ◽

Benson Omweri Nyachong’i ◽

Vincent Obino Orucho

Keyword(s):

Giardia Lamblia ◽

Health Issues ◽

Diarrheal Diseases ◽

Intestinal Protozoan ◽

Intestinal Protozoa ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Protozoan Infection ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Protozoan Infections ◽

Children Under 5

Abstract ABSTRACT. Objectives: Mortality and morbidity due to diarrheal diseases among children below the age of five has been increasing especially in the developing countries. This infection has not got attention like other health issues at national or regional levels. Documenting the risk prevalence and factors that influence the occurrence of the diarrheal diseases help to inform the and to develop preventive strategies for the county of study and the country at large. Results: There was high prevalence of gastro intestinal protozoan infection with 34(28.3%) children infected with either Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia or both (co infections). Female children were 2.1 times less likely to be infected with gastro intestinal protozoa than their male counterparts, though not statistic ally different (P=0.392). Keywords: Gastro intestinal protozoans, diarrhea, children under 5 years

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Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal protozoan infection among symptomatic and asymptomatic populations in rural and urban areas of southern Algeria

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06615-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Soumia Sebaa ◽

Jerzy M. Behnke ◽

Djamel Baroudi ◽

Ahcene Hakem ◽

Marawan A. Abu-Madi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Intestinal Protozoan ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Protozoan Infection ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Asymptomatic Subjects

Abstract Background Intestinal parasitic infections are amongst the most common infections worldwide and have been identified as one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality among disadvantaged populations. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and to identify the significant risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections in Laghouat province, Southern Algeria. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 623 symptomatic and 1654 asymptomatic subjects. Structured questionnaires were used to identify environmental, socio demographic and behavioral factors. Stool specimens were collected and examined using direct wet mount, formalin-ether concentration, xenic in vitro culture and staining methods. Results A highly significant difference of prevalence was found between symptomatic (82.3%) and asymptomatic subjects (14.9%), with the majority attributable to protozoan infection. The most common species in the symptomatic subjects were Blastocystis spp. (43.8%), E. histolytica/dispar (25.4%) and Giardia intestinalis (14.6%) and more rarely Enterobius vermicularis (02.1%), Teania spp. (0.6%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.2%), while in asymptomatic population Blastocystis spp. (8%), Entamoeba coli (3.3%) and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (2.5%) were the most common parasites detected with no case of helminth infection. Multivariate log-linear analysis showed that contact with animals was the main risk factor for transmission of these protozoa in both populations. Furthermore, living in rural areas was significantly associated with combined protozoan infection in the asymptomatic population, whereas, in the symptomatic population an increasing trend of protozoan infection was detected in the hot season. In addition, Blastocystis spp. and G. intestinalis infection were found to be associated with host sex and contact with animals across the study period. Conclusions Based on these results, several strategies are recommended in order to effectively reduce these infections including good animal husbandry practices, health education focused on good personal hygiene practices and adequate sanitation.

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Identifikasi Protozoa Usus Oportunistik dan Faktor Risikonya Pada Anak Panti Asuhan Kota Pekanbaru

Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran ◽

10.26891/jik.v13i2.2019.55-62 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Esy Maryanti ◽

M. Reyhan Ahza Hamidy ◽

Lilly Haslinda

Keyword(s):

Analytical Study ◽

Immunocompromised Patients ◽

Food Hygiene ◽

Defense System ◽

Blastocystis Hominis ◽

Intestinal Protozoan ◽

Intestinal Protozoa ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Protozoan Infections ◽

Cross Sectional Design

Opportunistic intestinal protozoa are protozoa that can infect humans at a time when the body’s defense system isdeclining (immunocompromising). Opportunistic protozoan infections are infections by intestinal protozoa that werenot previously considered important, but now can cause disease in humans. Opportunistic intestinal protozoan infectionsbesides being found in immunocompromised patients are also reported to infect children. Some of the intestinalprotozoan species that have been identified to cause infection are Cryptosporidium sp, Isospora belii, Cyclospora sp,and Blastocystis hominis. This study was an analytical study with a cross sectional design conducted in June 2018until January 2019. In this study, modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining was used and the results were 25.6% of orphanagesinfected with opportunistic intestinal protozoa, which consisted of Cryptosporidium sp. as much as 14.1%, Blastocystishominis as much as 4.6%, infection with a mixture of Cryptosporidium sp and Blastocystis hominis as much as 4.6%,Isospora belii as much as 2.3%, and no infection by Cyclospora cayetanensis. There was no association betweenopportunistic intestinal protozoan infections with poor handwashing habits, bowel habits, food hygiene, drinkingwater treatment, and bad animal raising habits.

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Effects of Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Intestinal Protozoan Infections on Haemoglobin Levels among School-Aged Children in Belo and Bui, North West Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2021/8873555 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Frederick Nchang Cho ◽

Humphrey Ngala Ngala ◽

Ranibell Tung Bongazi ◽

Rogers Sanga Kinsam ◽

Beltha Tahnteng Tata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Schools ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Intestinal Protozoan ◽

Intestinal Protozoa ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

North West ◽

Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Protozoan Infections

Introduction. Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) remain a public health problem worldwide especially in low-income countries. Soil-transmitted helminths are known to affect both growth and haemoglobin levels. In this study, we determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and explored its association with anaemia in school-aged children (SAC). Methodology. A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst pupils selected from 18 primary schools in four communities of the North West Region. Stool samples were examined using direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques, while finger prick was performed for the measurement of haemoglobin with a haemoglobinometer. Results. The results showed significant variation of STHs, intestinal protozoan prevalence, and anaemia between age, sex, and communities. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms was 15.1%, 0.8%, and 2%, respectively, with an overall STH prevalence of 18.3% across the four communities. Soil-transmitted helminths were more prevalent in Mbessa (30.2%) in comparison to Nkor (26.7%), Djottin (17.5%), and Kumbo (9.6%) communities. The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar was 25.4% and Giardia duodenalis (6.9%), with an overall intestinal protozoa prevalence of 31% across the four communities. The prevalence of anaemia in the study population was 23.1%. Conclusion. Soil-transmitted helminths, intestinal protozoan infections, and anaemia are prevalent in the study area. Anaemia was observed to be associated with STH, intestinal protozoa, and the communities under study. This study recommends continuous deworming and health education on personal sanitation and environmental sanitation.

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Molecular Detection of Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Enteric Protozoa Infection in Children and Its Association with Household Water and Sanitation in Manhiça District, Southern Mozambique

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10070838 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 838

Author(s):

Berta Grau-Pujol ◽

Inocencia Cuamba ◽

Chenjerai Jairoce ◽

Anelsio Cossa ◽

Juliana Da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Control Program ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽

Protozoan Infection ◽

Household Water ◽

Protozoan Infections ◽

Enteric Protozoa

Intestinal parasite infections can have detrimental health consequences in children. In Mozambique, soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are controlled through mass drug administration since 2011, but no specific control program exists for enteric protozoa. This study evaluates STH and protozoan infections in children attending healthcare in Manhiça district, Southern Mozambique, and its association with water and sanitation conditions. We conducted a cross-sectional study in children between 2 and 10 years old in two health centers (n = 405). A stool sample and metadata were collected from each child. Samples were analyzed by multi-parallel real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). We fitted logistic regression-adjusted models to assess the association between STH or protozoan infection with household water and sanitation use. Nineteen percent were infected with at least one STH and 77.5% with at least one enteric protozoon. qPCR detected 18.8% of participants with intestinal polyparasitism. Protected or unprotected water well use showed a higher risk for at least one protozoan infection in children (OR: 2.59, CI: 1.01–6.65, p-value = 0.010; OR: 5.21, CI: 1.56–17.46, p-value = 0.010, respectively) compared to household piped water. A high proportion of children had enteric protozoan infections. Well consumable water displayed high risk for that.

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Analysis of Hepatitis A Outbreak in High School X Lamongan District 2018

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v6i22018.112-121 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 112

Author(s):

Fitrah Bintan Harisma ◽

Fariani Syahrul ◽

Teguh Mubawadi ◽

Yudied Agung Mirasa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High School ◽

Hepatitis A ◽

Water Source ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Common Source ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

District Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: Hepatitis A outbreaks were reported by the Lamongan District Health Office to the Surabaya Center for Environmental Health and Disease Control Engineering on January 16, 2018, indicated by an increase in hepatitis A cases in of G and S areas, B village. One of initial sufferer was students in High School X.. Purpose: This study aims to identify the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis A outbreaks that occur in High School X and the risk factors. Methods: The investigation was carried out in an observational manner with a cross sectional approach. Data were collected by structured interviews, hepatitis A antibodies in blood samples assay, environmental observation, and water samples assay. Data were collected with purposive determination of respondents. Results: Hepatitis A outbreaks at High School X in Lamongan District take place from November 2017 to january 2018, with a target group of 33 students. The epidemic cased tends to be extend common source. Risk factors are contact history with patients, eating habits together in same place, mutual exchange and sharing same eating utensils, the lack of hygiene habit (such as washing hands with soap for students and food handlers), lack of hand washing facilities, bad sanitation, bad food hygiene management, and inadequate clean and hygienis water source. Conclusion: The outbreaks of hepatitis A was extended with the most important risk factors, i.e. lack of personal hygiene and sanitation of water sources.

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PERSONAL HYGIENE AND ANTHELMINTIC CONSUMPTION IN PREVENTION OF ENTEROBIASIS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v8i32020.265-274 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 265

Author(s):

Ratna Muliawati ◽

Mushidah Mushidah ◽

Siti Musyarofah

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

First Grade ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Prevalence Odds Ratio

Background: Pinworm infection remains a global public health problem in Indonesia, with the highest prevalence in primary school–aged children. The government has made helminthiasis control efforts through annual deworming every six months, yet data on the enterobiasis prevalence and its risk factors are still limited. Purpose: This research aimed to determine the role of personal hygiene and anthelmintic or worm medicine consumption in the prevention of enterobiasis among primary school children. Methods: This research employed an analytic observational method with a cross-sectional design. The population used was primary school children in the Public Health Center (PHC) of Kaliwungu area, Kendal District, Central Java Province. The research sample was 150 students from first grade to third grade at 1 Primary Elementary School 1 Kutoharjo. The data sources were obtained from interviews of risk factors and perianal swab examinations. The data were analyzed by a chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of pinworm infection among primary school children remains high (37.33%). The results of the multivariate analysis showed that there are three determinant variables of pinworm infections: not washing hands with soap before eating (p < 0.01; Prevalence Odds Ratio (POR) = 6.47; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 2.87 < POR < 14.59); not washing hands with soap after defecation (p = 0.01; POR = 3.36; 95% CI = 1.40 < POR < 8.05); and not consuming anthelmintic drugs within the past six months (p = 0.03; POR = 2.43; 95% CI = 1.08 < POR < 5.50). Conclusion: Hand washing habits and annual deworming are important factors to prevent pinworm infections.

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The Relationship Between Personal Hygiene Behavior With The Incidence Of Scabies In Pondok Pesantren Modern Darul Hikmah Kota Medan

Sumatera Medical Journal ◽

10.32734/sumej.v4i1.5587 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Farid Zulkhair Damanik ◽

Hemma Yulfi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Strong Correlation ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Climate Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hygiene Behavior ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Personal Behavior ◽

The Relationship

Introduction. Scabies is often found in Indonesia, which is due to its tropical climate. Data showed that the prevalence of scabies Indonesia in 2013 was 6%. Poor personal hygiene, low socioeconomic status, and non-supporting health behavior are also some of the risk factors. Objectives. To identify the relationship between personal hygiene behavior with scabies in Pondok Pesantren Modern Darul Hikmah Kota Medan. Methods. This is an analytical study using cross sectional design. The sample was all the students from grade 7-12. The data was taken cardinal signs of scabies and microscopic examination towards the scrapped skin. The risk factors on personal behavior was taken thru questionnaire and direct observation on the research site. Results. The incidence of scabies in Pondok Pesantren Modern Darul Hikmah Kota Medan is 81 out of 220 respondent (36,8%). There is a strong correlation between personal hygiene behavior with incidence of scabies in Pondok Pesantren Modern Darul Hikmah Kota Medan (p=0,001). The environmental sanitation is categorized poor according to 3 aspects including clean water availability, occupant density, and personal storage availability. Conclusion. There is a strong correlation between personal hygiene behavior with the incidence of scabies in Pondok Pesantren Modern Darul Hikmah Kota Medan.

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