Composite Medicine “Azisal” Based on Azithromycin and Salicylic Acid

Salicylic acid essentially is obtained under the pressure by the method of Kolbe-Schmidt. One of the biggest drawbacks of this method is the necessity of synthesizing sodium phenolate in advance which involves considerable technological difficulties: water predistillation under vacuum and also the dry sodium phenolate getting very hygroscopic. It is therefore of interest to look for more convenient alternative pathways for the synthesis of salicylic acid, excluding the use of sodium phenolate and this drawback is eliminated by using sodium and potassium salts of ethyl carbonic acid as carboxylation body. Consequently, according to the more convenient method we obtained the salicylic acid. In medicine, 1% solution of salicylic acid in 70 % alcohol called salicylic alcohol is used as an antiseptic. We investigated the antimicrobial activity of a 1% solution of salicylic acid in various concentrations of ethanol (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%) in order to determine the effect of different concentrations of ethanol on the antimicrobial activity of salicylic acid. The experiment proved that 1% solution of salicylic acid in various concentrations of ethanol (40-90%) to the appropriate strains of bacteria acts with the same activity regardless of the concentration of ethanol (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%). These actions of the acid are due to its solubility in alcohols of different concentrations and complete disintegration of salicylic acid molecules into ions. Thus, on the basis of antimicrobial research the necessity of preparation of 1% solution of salicylic acid in 40% alcohol is proved as the drug is cheaper and cost-effective to produce. The technology of the new composition of the drug “Azisal” consisting of 0.25 g azithromycin and 1.0 g salicylic acid in 60% ethanol was developed, in a similar way solution of azithromycin in different concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0% in 60% ethanol were prepared and their antimicrobial activities were defined. The comparison of their antimicrobial activity shows the effectiveness of the composite product called “Azisal”.

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Exogenous Production of Silver Nanoparticles by Tephrosia apollinea Living Plants under Drought Stress and Their Antimicrobial Activities

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano9121716 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1716 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muna Ali ◽

Kareem Mosa ◽

Ali El-Keblawy ◽

Hussain Alawadhi

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Visible Spectrum ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Living Plant ◽

X Ray ◽

Toxicological Effect ◽

Tephrosia Apollinea

Nanoparticle (NP) synthesis by biological systems is more cost-effective, safe, and environmentally friendly when compared to currently used chemical and physical methods. Although many studies have utilized different plant extracts to synthesize NPs, few studies have incorporated living plants. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized exogenously by Tephrosia apollinea living plant system under the combined stresses of silver nitrate and different levels of drought stress simulated by Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (0, −0.1, −0.2, and −0.4 MPa for three and six days). Biomass, cell death, and H2O2 content were evaluated to determine the toxicological effect of the treatments on the plant. More severe effects were detected in day 6 plants compared to day 3 plants, and at higher drought levels. UV-visible spectrum, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to detect and characterize the T. apollinea synthesized NPs. The shapes of the NPs were spherical and cubic with different phytochemicals being the possible capping agents. Broth microdilution was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the NPs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In this case, antimicrobial activity increased at higher PEG concentrations. Bactericidal effects were observed against E. coli, while only bacteriostatic effects were detected against S. aureus.

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Photocatalytic Nanofiber Membranes for the Degradation of Micropollutants and Their Antimicrobial Activity: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11090678 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 678

Author(s):

Mandla B. Chabalala ◽

Nozipho N. Gumbi ◽

Bhekie B. Mamba ◽

Mohammed Z. Al-Abri ◽

Edward N. Nxumalo

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Hydroxyl Radicals ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Support Materials ◽

Activity Form ◽

Nanofiber Membranes ◽

And Performance

This review paper systematically evaluates current progress on the development and performance of photocatalytic nanofiber membranes often used in the removal of micropollutants from water systems. It is demonstrated that nanofiber membranes serve as excellent support materials for photocatalytic nanoparticles, leading to nanofiber membranes with enhanced optical properties, as well as improved recovery, recyclability, and reusability. The tremendous performance of photocatalytic membranes is attributed to the photogenerated reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, and superoxide anion radicals introduced by catalytic nanoparticles such as TiO2 and ZnO upon light irradiation. Hydroxyl radicals are the most reactive species responsible for most of the photodegradation processes of these unwanted pollutants. The review also demonstrates that self-cleaning and antimicrobial nanofiber membranes are useful in the removal of microbial species in water. These unique materials are also applicable in other fields such as wound dressing since the membrane allows for oxygen flow in wounds to heal while antimicrobial agents protect wounds against infections. It is demonstrated that antimicrobial activities against bacteria and photocatalytic degradation of micropollutants significantly reduce membrane fouling. Therefore, the review demonstrates that electrospun photocatalytic nanofiber membranes with antimicrobial activity form efficient cost-effective multifunctional composite materials for the removal of unwanted species in water and for use in various other applications such as filtration, adsorption and electrocatalysis.

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Comparative evaluation of hydrophilic bases for improved delivery of Benzoic acid and Salicylic acid in antimicrobial ointment

African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ◽

10.4314/ajcem.v22i1.10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 74-87

Author(s):

A.O. Oyedele ◽

E.O. Akinkunmi

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Benzoic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Activité Antimicrobienne ◽

Candida Pseudotropicalis

Background: Benzoic acid (BA) and salicylic acid (SA) combined are used as choice topical treatment for fungal and bacterial infections but their delivery is affected by ointment vehicle, among other factors. With aim to achieve improved release and antimicrobial activity in ointment formulation of these medicaments through selection of more efficient vehicle(s), this study comparatively evaluated prospective alternatives to thecompendium-specified base for delivery potential and relevant physical properties.Methodology: Water-sorption capacity, rheological characteristics and heat-tolerance limits of six hydrophilic bases [hydrous ointment (HO), hydrous sheabutter (HS), neat sheabutter (NS), lanolin anhydrous (LA), lanolin hydrous (LH), and emulsifying ointment (EO)] and their ointment products containing 1, 2, 3, or 6% w/w of BA or SA were determined. Drug delivery propensity of the products was evaluated by agar diffusion colorimetric assay, while their antimicrobial activities were determined by hole-in-plate agar diffusion assay against selected type organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Candida pseudotropicalis).Results: BA was released in relatively larger quantity and demonstrated greater antimicrobial activity than SA in most bases. The released quantities of each medicament correlated directly with concentration and antimicrobial activities. The rates and extents of drug release followed a similar trend in different vehicles namely, HO > HS > NS ≥ EO > LA ≈ LH. Water number of base, ointment preparation method, viscosity, or heat-tolerance showed no influence on drug release or antimicrobial activity.Conclusion: HO and HS are better vehicles for delivery of BA and SA in ointment than EO which is the prototypical base. Keywords: Benzoic acid, Salicylic acid, Antimicrobial activity, Ointment base, Delivery factors French Title: Évaluation comparative des bases hydrophiles pour une meilleure administration d'acide benzoïque et d'acide salicylique dans une pommade antimicrobienne Contexte: L'acide benzoïque (BA) et l'acide salicylique (SA) combinés sont utilisés comme traitement topique de choix pour les infections fongiques et bactériennes, mais leur administration est affectée par le véhicule de la pommade, entre autres facteurs. Dans le but d'améliorer la libération et l'activité antimicrobienne dans la formulation de pommade de ces médicaments grâce à la sélection de véhicules plus efficaces, cette étude a évalué comparativement des alternatives potentielles à la base spécifiée dans le compendium pour le potentiel d'administration et les propriétés physiques pertinentes.Méthodologie: Capacité de sorption de l'eau, caractéristiques rhéologiques et limites de tolérance à la chaleur de six bases hydrophiles [pommade hydratée (HO), beurre de karité hydraté (HS), beurre de karité pur (NS), lanoline anhydre (LA), lanoline hydratée (LH), et onguent émulsifiant (EO)] et leurs produits de pommade contenant 1, 2, 3 ou 6% p/p de BA ou SA ont été déterminés. La propension à l'administration de médicaments des produits a été évaluée par un essai colorimétrique de diffusion sur gélose, tandis que leurs activités antimicrobiennes ont été déterminées par un essai de diffusion sur gélose en plaque contre des organismes de type sélectionné (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans et Candida pseudotropicalis).Résultats: BA a été libéré en quantité relativement plus grande et a démontré une plus grande activité antimicrobienne que SA dans la plupart des bases. Les quantités libérées de chaque médicament étaient directement liées à la concentration et aux activités antimicrobiennes. Les taux et l'étendue de la libération de médicaments ont suivi une tendance similaire dans différents véhicules, à savoir HO> HS> NS ≥ EO> LA ≈ LH. Le nombre d'eau de base, la méthode de préparation de la pommade, la viscosité ou la tolérance à la chaleur n'ont montré aucune influence sur la libération du médicament ou l'activité antimicrobienne.Conclusion: HO et HS sont de meilleurs véhicules pour la livraison de BA et SA en onguent que EO qui est la base prototypique. Mots-clés: acide benzoïque, acide salicylique, activité antimicrobienne, base de pommade, facteurs de délivrance

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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT FROM UNIDENTIFIED SPONGE ASSOCIATED BACTERIA IN LEMUKUTAN ISLAND, KALIMANTAN BARAT

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis ◽

10.28930/jitkt.v1i2.7871 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Risa Nofiani ◽

Siti Nurbetty ◽

Ajuk Sapar

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Agar Medium ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Antimicrobial Compounds ◽

Associated Bacteria ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Sponge Associated Bacteria

<p>The increase of issues on the antibiotics resistant pathogenic bacteria has triggered high exploration for new antimicrobial compounds. One of the potential sources is sponge-associated bacteria. The aim of this study was to get sponge-associated bacteria extract containing antimicrobial activities. On the basis screening of antimicrobial activity using by streaking on agar medium, there were two potential isolates with antimicrobial activities namely LCS1 and LCS2. The two isolates were cultivated,then secondary metabolite product were extracted using methanol as a solvent. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extract LCS 1 were 1,000 μg/well for S. aureus, 950 μg/well for Salmonella sp.and 800 μg/well for Bacillus subtilis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of extract LCS 2 were 500 μg/well for S. aureus, 1,050 μg/well for Salmonella sp., 750 μg/well for Bacillus subtilis, 350 μg/well for P. aeruginosa, 750 μg/sumur terhadap B. subtilis. Based on the MIC values, the two assay extracts have a relatively low antimicrobial activity.</p> <p>Keywords:Antimicrobial,Sponges associated bacteria,MICs</p>

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Synthesis of Novel 3(N,N-dialkylamino)alkyl/phenyl Substituted Thieno [2,3-d]pyrimidinones as H1-Anti-Histaminic and Antimicrobial Agents

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407214666180226130957 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 63-70

Author(s):

Shiv Dev Singh ◽

Arvind Kumar ◽

Firoz Babar ◽

Neetu Sachan ◽

Arun Kumar Sharma

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Potassium Hydroxide ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Pyrimidine Ring ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Chlorpheniramine Maleate ◽

In Vivo Screening

Background: Thienopyrimidines are the bioisoster of quinazoline and unlike quinazoline exist in three isomeric forms corresponding to the three possible types annulation of thiophene to the pyrimidine ring viz thieno[2,3-d] pyrimidine, thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidine and thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine. Heterocyclic containing the thienopyrimidinone moiety exhibits various pronounced activities such as anti-hypertensive, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antiviral, platelet aggregation inhibitory, antiprotozoal bronchodilatory, phosphodiesterase inhibitory, antihistaminic, antipsychotic and antimicrobial activity. Objective: Synthesis of novel 3(N,N-dialkylamino)alkyl/phenyl substituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinones as H1-anti-histaminic and antimicrobial agents. Methods: A series of 3-[(N,N-dialkylamino)alkyl/phenyl]-2-(1H)thioxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo(b) thieno(2,3-d)pyrimidine-4(3H)-ones[4a-d], their oxo analogous [5a-d] and 3-[(N,N-dialkylamino)alkyl]- 2-chlorophenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo(b)thieno(2,3-d)pyrimidine- 4 (3H)-ones[6a-d]derivative were synthesized from 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo(b)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid by nucleophilic substitution of different N,N-dialkyl alkylene/phenylene diamines on activated 3-acylchloride moiety followed by cyclocondensation with carbon disulfide and ethanolic potassium hydroxide to get [4a-d] and in second reaction by condensation with 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride to get [6a-d] by single pot novel innovative route. The oxo analogous [5a-d] were prepared by treating derivatives [4a-d] with potassium permagnate in ethanolic KOH. The synthesized compound were evaluated for H1-antihistaminic and antimicrobial activities. Results: All synthesized compounds exhibited significant H1-antihistaminic activity by in vitro and in vivo screening methods and data were verified analytically and statistically. The compound 4a, 4b, 5a and 5b showed significant H1-antihistaminiic activity than the reference standard chlorpheniramine maleate. The compound 6d, 6c, 5c and 4c exhibited significant antimicrobial activity.

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Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel 1,2-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines bearing amino acid moiety

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d0ra08189b ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 2905-2916

Author(s):

Mounir A. A. Mohamed ◽

Adnan A. Bekhit ◽

Omyma A. Abd Allah ◽

Asmaa M. Kadry ◽

Tamer M. Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Green Chemistry ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Amino Acid Derivatives ◽

Acid Moiety ◽

Amino Acid Moiety

A new series of [1,2,4]-triazole bearing amino acid derivatives were synthesized under green chemistry conditions and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities.

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Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Combinations of Vanillin and Essential Oils of Cinnamon Bark, Cinnamon Leaves and Cloves

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061406 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1406

Author(s):

Rita Cava-Roda ◽

Amaury Taboada-Rodríguez ◽

Antonio López-Gómez ◽

Ginés Benito Martínez-Hernández ◽

Fulgencio Marín-Iniesta

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Cinnamon Bark ◽

E Coli ◽

Pure Compounds ◽

Main Component

Plant bioactive compounds have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities that allow them to be used as a substitute for synthetic chemical additives in both food and food packaging. To improve its sensory and bactericidal effects, its use in the form of effective combinations has emerged as an interesting possibility in the food industry. In this study, the antimicrobial activities of essential oils (EOs) of cinnamon bark, cinnamon leaves, and clove and the pure compounds vanillin, eugenol, and cinnamaldehyde were investigated individually and in combination against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The possible interactions of combinations of pure compounds and EOs were performed by the two-dimensional checkerboard assay and isobologram methods. Vanillin exhibited the lowest antimicrobial activity (MIC of 3002 ppm against L. monocytogenes and 2795 ppm against E. coli O157:H7), while clove and cinnamon bark EOs exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity (402–404 against L. monocytogenes and 778–721 against E. coli O157:H7). For L. monocytogenes, pure compound eugenol, the main component of cinnamon leaves and clove, showed lower antimicrobial activity than EOs, which was attributed to the influence of the minor components of the EOs. The same was observed with cinnamaldehyde, the main component of cinnamon bark EO. The combinations of vanillin/clove EO and vanillin/cinnamon bark EO showed the most synergistic antimicrobial effect. The combination of the EOs of cinnamon bark/clove and cinnamon bark/cinnamon leaves showed additive effect against L. monocytogenes but indifferent effect against E. coli O157:H7. For L. monocytogenes, the best inhibitory effects were achieved by cinnamon bark EO (85 ppm)/vanillin (910 ppm) and clove EO (121 ppm)/vanillin (691 ppm) combinations. For E. coli, the inhibitory effects of clove EO (104 ppm)/vanillin (1006 ppm) and cinnamon leaves EO (118 ppm)/vanillin (979 ppm) combinations were noteworthy. Some of the tested combinations increased the antimicrobial effect and would allow the effective doses to be reduced, thereby offering possible new applications for food and active food packaging.

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Plant antimicrobial peptides: structures, functions, and applications

Botanical Studies ◽

10.1186/s40529-021-00312-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Junpeng Li ◽

Shuping Hu ◽

Wei Jian ◽

Chengjian Xie ◽

Xingyong Yang

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Peptides ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Food Additives ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Potential Applicability ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

Positively Charged

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of short, usually positively charged polypeptides that exist in humans, animals, and plants. Considering the increasing number of drug-resistant pathogens, the antimicrobial activity of AMPs has attracted much attention. AMPs with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against many gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi are an important defensive barrier against pathogens for many organisms. With continuing research, many other physiological functions of plant AMPs have been found in addition to their antimicrobial roles, such as regulating plant growth and development and treating many diseases with high efficacy. The potential applicability of plant AMPs in agricultural production, as food additives and disease treatments, has garnered much interest. This review focuses on the types of plant AMPs, their mechanisms of action, the parameters affecting the antimicrobial activities of AMPs, and their potential applications in agricultural production, the food industry, breeding industry, and medical field.

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Isolation and Optimization of Culture Conditions of Thraustochytrium kinnei for Biomass Production, Nanoparticle Synthesis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse9060678 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 678

Author(s):

Kaliyamoorthy Kalidasan ◽

Nabikhan Asmathunisha ◽

Venugopal Gomathi ◽

Laurent Dufossé ◽

Kandasamy Kathiresan

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Petroleum Ether Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Gold And Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Optimization Of Culture Conditions ◽

Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities

This work deals with the identification of a predominant thraustochytrid strain, the optimization of culture conditions, the synthesis of nanoparticles, and the evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in biomass extracts and nanoparticles. Thraustochytrium kinnei was identified as a predominant strain from decomposing mangrove leaves, and its culture conditions were optimized for maximum biomass production of 13.53 g·L−1, with total lipids of 41.33% and DHA of 39.16% of total fatty acids. Furthermore, the strain was shown to synthesize gold and silver nanoparticles in the size ranges of 10–85 nm and 5–90 nm, respectively. Silver nanoparticles exhibited higher total antioxidant and DPPH activities than gold nanoparticles and methanol extract of the strain. The silver nanoparticles showed higher antimicrobial activity than gold nanoparticles and petroleum ether extract of the strain. Thus, Thraustochytrium kinnei is proven to be promising for synthesis of silver nanoparticles with high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

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Molecular identification and antimicrobial activities of some wild Egyptian mushrooms: Bjerkandera adusta as a promising source of bioactive antimicrobial phenolic compounds

Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s43141-021-00200-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elham R. S. Soliman ◽

Heba El-Sayed

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Micrococcus Luteus ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Bjerkandera Adusta ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽

Agrocybe Aegerita ◽

Encoding Gene ◽

Promising Source ◽

Related Compounds

Abstract Background The discovery of potential, new cost-effective drug resources in the form of bioactive compounds from mushrooms is one way to control the resistant pathogens. In the present research, the fruiting bodies of five wild mushrooms were collected from Egypt and identified using internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rRNA encoding gene and their phylogenetic relationships, antimicrobial activities, and biochemical and phenolic compounds were evaluated. Results The sequences revealed identity to Bjerkandera adusta, Cyclocybe cylindracea, Agrocybe aegerita, Chlorophyllum molybdites, and Lentinus squarrosulus in which Cyclocybe cylindracea and Agrocybe aegerita were closely related, while Chlorophyllum molybdites was far distant. Cyclocybe cylindracea and Agrocybe aegerita showed 100% similarity based on the sequenced ITS-rDNA fragment and dissimilar antimicrobial activities and chemical composition were detected. Bjerkandera adusta and Cyclocybe cylindracea showed strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. This activity could be attributed to the detected phenolic and related compounds’ contents. Conclusion Our finding provides a quick and robust implement for mushroom identification that would facilitate mushroom domestication and characterization for human benefit.

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