scholarly journals Medical and social factors of the possibility of spreading coronavirus infection among fertile aged women

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
V.V. Podolskyi ◽  
Y.H. Antypkin ◽  
Vl.V. Podolskyi ◽  
T.R. Umanets ◽  
T.M. Kaminska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Research objective: to determine the risk factors for the spread of coronavirus infection among women of fertile age.Materials and methods. Authors analyzed the medical records (case histories and questionnaires) of 60 women of fertile age who were treated for coronavirus disease. After analysis of medical and social factors women were divided into age groups. Analysis of risk factors for coronavirus disease was determined by calculating the odds ratio according to Wald at p < 0.05.Results. Evaluation of the odds ratio of the COVID-19 chances depending on the nature of work of women of different ages showed that with intense work the risk of disease increases 2.5 times in the age group up to 30 years, which also confirms the analysis of previous indicators, that younger women with moderate workloads have more opportunities to attend mass events and crowds. In the structure of extragenital diseases in women with coronavirus disease, the chances of disease increased 2.6 times in those women who had a history of chronic tonsillitis. Among the history of infectious diseases, the chance ratio of coronavirus disease was increased in women over 30 years of age who had pertussis. Such data may indicate a similar mechanism of development of these diseases, because the causative agent of pertussis also penetrates the upper respiratory tract and may be accompanied by neurological symptoms – the appearance of seizures and bronchospasm.Conclusions. The data obtained in this way allow us to separate a narrower cohort of women of fertile age who may develop coronavirus disease. This will further allow developing proposals for a more efficient distribution of vaccines among the female population of Ukraine and reduce the prevalence of coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals Predicting COVID-19 mortality with electronic medical records

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Estiri ◽  
Zachary H. Strasser ◽  
Jeffy G. Klann ◽  
Pourandokht Naseri ◽  
Kavishwar B. Wagholikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Prognostic Models ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Clinical Expertise ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis study aims to predict death after COVID-19 using only the past medical information routinely collected in electronic health records (EHRs) and to understand the differences in risk factors across age groups. Combining computational methods and clinical expertise, we curated clusters that represent 46 clinical conditions as potential risk factors for death after a COVID-19 infection. We trained age-stratified generalized linear models (GLMs) with component-wise gradient boosting to predict the probability of death based on what we know from the patients before they contracted the virus. Despite only relying on previously documented demographics and comorbidities, our models demonstrated similar performance to other prognostic models that require an assortment of symptoms, laboratory values, and images at the time of diagnosis or during the course of the illness. In general, we found age as the most important predictor of mortality in COVID-19 patients. A history of pneumonia, which is rarely asked in typical epidemiology studies, was one of the most important risk factors for predicting COVID-19 mortality. A history of diabetes with complications and cancer (breast and prostate) were notable risk factors for patients between the ages of 45 and 65 years. In patients aged 65–85 years, diseases that affect the pulmonary system, including interstitial lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and a smoking history, were important for predicting mortality. The ability to compute precise individual-level risk scores exclusively based on the EHR is crucial for effectively allocating and distributing resources, such as prioritizing vaccination among the general population.

scholarly journals Incidence of elevated intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection in Japanese patients with age-related macular degeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiko Maruyama-Inoue ◽  
Tatsuya Inoue ◽  
Shaheeda Mohamed ◽  
Yoko Kitajima ◽  
Shoko Ikeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Intravitreal Injection ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Elevated Intraocular Pressure ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to report the incidence of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) after intravitreal injection (IVI) of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in Japanese patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A retrospective study of chart review of patients who underwent ≥ 10 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections between April 2009 and December 2019 was conducted. Elevated IOP was defined as IOP ≥ 25 mmHg at one visit. Cases with elevated IOP resulting from IVI were identified. Furthermore, the association between elevated IOP and some parameters, as the risk factors that influence elevated IOP, was investigated. A total of 402 eyes of 370 patients were included in this study. Twenty-eight eyes of 26 patients (7.0%) were identified as cases with elevated IOP after IVI. The mean time of elevation after baseline was 50.6 ± 26.5 months. History of glaucoma (p = 0.021; odds ratio, 5.85), treatment modality (p = 0.019; odds ratio, 6.32), and total number of injections (p = 0.003; odds ratio, 1.03) were significantly associated with elevated IOP. A late complication of elevated IOP is associated with IVI in patients with AMD. Particularly, history of glaucoma and treat and extend regimen with frequent injections were found to be risk factors of elevated IOP.

Abstract P292: Cardiovascular Risk Factors in U.S. Men With and Without History of Prostate Cancer: NHANES 1999-2014

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Hassoon ◽  
Lawrence Appel ◽  
Hsin-Chieh Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Prevalence Odds Ratio ◽  
Cancer History ◽  
Prostate Cancer Survivors ◽  
History Of

In 2017 161,000 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed in the U.S. With improved survival from prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease has emerged as competing cause of morbidity and mortality. However, few studies have assessed CVD risk factors among prostate cancer survivors. We analyzed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999-2014 to assess CVD risk factors, as defined by AHA/ACC, in adult men with and without a history of prostate cancer. A total of 602 men, age 50 years and older, with prostate cancer history and 8,226 men without cancer history were included in the analysis. Among men with prostate cancer history, the mean (SE) age at survey was 72.3(0.4); 41% of the survivors had their diagnoses less than 5 years ago, while 31% survived more than 10 years after diagnosis. Compared to men without cancer, prostate cancer survivors were older (mean age 72 (0.4) vs 62y (0.1)), but with similar education level ( p =0.41). For CVD risk factors, prostate cancer survivors were less likely to be current smokers (6.5% vs 20.3%), but more likely to have hypertension and on anti-hypertensive medication (95.6% vs 88.9%) with age-adjusted prevalence odds ratio of 1.53 ([95% CI, 1.2 - 1.9]; p =0.001) and 1.78 ([95% CI, 1.1 - 2.9]; p =0.024), respectively. There were no differences in lipids profiles between men with and without prostate cancer. In stratified analysis, non-Hispanic blacks’ survivors have almost two times the prevalence of hypertension compared to non-Hispanic blacks free of cancer, with age-adjusted prevalence odds ratio of 1.9 ([95% CI, 1.2 - 2.96]; p=0.005). In conclusion, CVD risk factors were prevalent in prostate cancer survivors. Improving cardiovascular health through lifestyle change and preventive strategies is a public health priority, particularly among non-Hispanic Blacks.

Abstract 3667: Comparison of Risk Profiles between Survivors and Victims of Sudden Cardiac Death of an Acute Coronary Event

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari S Kaikkonen ◽  
Marja-Leena Kortelainen ◽  
Heikki V Huikuri
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Coronary Event ◽  
Acute Coronary Event ◽  
Risk Profiles ◽  
History Of

Introduction. There is little information on the specific risk factors leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD) during an acute coronary event, because the risk variables may overlap with those of non-fatal coronary event. This study was designed to compare the risk profiles of SCD victims and survivors of an acute coronary event. Methods and Results. A case-control study included consecutive victims of SCD (n=425, mean age 64±11 years) verified to be due to an acute coronary event at medicolegal autopsy and consecutive patients surviving an acute myocardial infarction (AMI, n=644, mean age 62±10 years). Common cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac hypertrophy, and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) were assessed in both groups. Family history of SCD (odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.2, p=0.03), male gender (odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.4, p<0.001), current smoking (odds ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.6, p<0.001), cardiac hypertrophy (odds ratio 3.0, 95% CI 2.3 to 3.9, p<0.001) and 3-vessel CAD (odds ratio 5.4, 95% CI 3.6 to 8.2, p<0.001) were more common among the victims of SCD as compared to survivors of AMI. On the contrary, history of hypercholesterolemia (p<0.001) was less common among the SCD victims. There was a cumulative increase of risk of being a SCD victim vs. AMI survivor when more than one risk factor was present, the odds ratio being 44.3 (95% CI 8.0 to 246.7) in a current male smoker with a family history of SCD and cardiac hypertrophy. When 3-vessel CAD was added to the combined risk score, all subjects (7% of the SCD victims) were in the group of SCD giving a 100% sensitivity and specificity, respectively, in differentiating between the SCD victims and AMI survivors. Conclusions. There are specific features that differentiate the victims of SCD from survivors of an acute coronary event. Clustering of several variables, such as family history of SCD, smoking, cardiac hypertrophy, and 3-vessel CAD indicate a very high risk of SCD.

Stroke in women

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi Rantanen ◽  
Karoliina Aarnio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Oral Contraception ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Major Stroke

Young women who suffer from stroke face multiple challenges regarding child rearing, future pregnancies, and ability to return to work or education. Women in general have a higher lifetime risk of stroke than men (1 in 5 vs 1 in 6), which is partly explained by longer life expectancy in the female population. The incidence of ischaemic stroke in non-pregnant women aged 15–44 years has been around 5 per 100,000 women-years. Women have lower stroke mortality than men except in the older age groups. Women have unique stroke risk factors such as oral contraception, pregnancy, puerperium, and menopausal hormone therapy. It remains unresolved why oestrogen, thought to be neuroprotective, actually can turn out to be harmful in regard to stroke risk. A number of major stroke risk factors such as hypertension, migraine with aura, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atrial fibrillation are more common in women than men.

scholarly journals Risk factors for cancer-associated thrombosis in patients undergoing treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1200-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Ando ◽  
Takahiro Hayashi ◽  
Reiko Sugimoto ◽  
Seira Nishibe ◽  
Kaori Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cancer Associated Thrombosis

SummaryPurpose Anticancer agents are known to increase cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) onset. CAT onset rate is reported to be 1.92% in cisplatin-based therapy, 6.1% in paclitaxel plus ramucirumab combination therapy, and 11.9% in bevacizumab monotherapy. Because immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) cause a sudden increase in T cell number, an association between administration of these drugs and increase in CAT incidence is likely. However, the extent to which ICI administration affects CAT incidence remains unclear. Further, risk factors for CAT incidence have not yet been identified. The present study investigated CAT incidence and associated risk factors in patients receiving ICI. Methods Patients administered nivolumab or pembrolizumab at Fujita Health University Hospital from April 2017 to March 2018 were enrolled. We collected retrospective data regarding age, sex, cancer type, BMI, medical history, laboratory data at treatment initiation, medications, and computed tomography (CT) interpretations from electronic medical records. Results We identified 122 eligible participants from 135 patients receiving nivolumab or pembrolizumab. Ten patients (8.2%) developed CAT. A history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) or arterial thromboembolism (ATE) was a risk factor for CAT incidence (odds ratio: 6.36, P = 0.039). A history of heart disease may be a risk factor for CAT incidence (odds ratio 6.56, P = 0.052). Significantly higher usage of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy was noted in patients who developed CAT (60%) than in those who did not (13.4%, p < 0.01). Conclusion High (8.2%) CAT incidence during ICI administration suggested that ICI is not associated with a lower blood clot risk than other anticancer agents investigated in previous studies. For patients with VTE, ATE, or heart disease history, it is crucial to consider the possibility of CAT even with antiplatelet therapy.

scholarly journals Factors Associated With Early-Onset Esophageal Cancer in Tanzania: A Case-Control Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 29s-29s
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Buckle ◽  
Elia J. Mmbaga ◽  
Alan Paciorek ◽  
Larry Akoko ◽  
Katrina Deardorff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Abstract 89 Purpose Previous studies have characterized geographic clusters of esophageal cancer (EC) in East Africa. Many of the epidemiologic features of EC in this context are shared globally with other clusters, including high rates, male predominance, and squamous cell histology. A unique feature in East Africa is the high proportion of young patients, with a recent case series reporting up to 24% of patients age < 45 years. The aim of the current study was to assess factors that are associated with early-onset EC in Tanzania (TZ). Methods We performed a secondary analysis of a previous case-control study. Patients with newly diagnosed EC were recruited at Muhimbili National Hospital and Ocean Road Cancer Institute in 2014 to 2016. Hospital controls were identified from patients with nonmalignant conditions and matched 1:1 for gender and age ± 10 years. Risk factors were assessed through interviews. Logistic regression was used to estimate age-specific odds ratios (ORs) of EC for exposures across age groups (30 to 44 years, 45 to 59 years, and ≥ 60 years) and for interactions with age. Results A total of 473 cases and 473 controls were enrolled. Median ages were 59 years (range, 30 to 91 years) for cases and 55 years (range, 31 to 88 years) for controls. Among cases, 102 patients (22%) were age 30 to 44 years, 144 patients (30%) were age 45 to 59 years, and 227 patients (48%) were age ≥ 60 years. High household income was protective for those age 30 to 44 years (OR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.69) and 45 to 59 years (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.45), but not for those age ≥ 60 years (effect modification P = .047). Family history of EC was associated with a higher risk of EC among those age 45 to 59 years (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.02 to 14.47) and age ≥ 60 years (OR, 6.63; 95% CI, 1.50 to 29.37), with no effect among those age 30 to 44 years (effect modification P = .019). Second-hand smoke and infrequent teeth cleaning were also associated with early-onset EC, but did not differ significantly across age groups. Additional factors associated with EC risk across all ages were firewood use (cooking), kerosene use (lighting), work on a maize farm, and in-home grain and nut storage. Protective factors were the regular use of medication, surrogates of high socioeconomic status (TV, radio, refrigerator, indoor toilet, and electricity), and charcoal or gas cooking. Conclusion Multiple exposures were identified as risk factors for early-onset EC in TZ. In age-stratified analyses, household income, second-hand smoke, and poor dental hygiene emerged as possible risk factors, whereas family history of EC had strong associations among the older but not the young age group. Our results suggest that environmental factors may underlie the high incidence of young patients with EC in TZ. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No COIs from the authors.

scholarly journals Assessment of Breast Cancer Risk Based on Mammary Gland Volume Measured with CT

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. BCBCR.S5248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Kuchiki ◽  
Takaaki Hosoya ◽  
Akira Fukao
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated the relationship between mammary gland volume (MGV) of the breast as measured with three-dimensional chest computed tomography (CT) and breast cancer risk. Univariate analysis was used to assess the relationship between MGV and known risk factors in 427 healthy women. A case control study (97 cases and 194 controls) was conducted to assess breast cancer risk. MGV was significantly smaller for postmenopausal women than for premenopausal women, and was significantly larger for women with a family history of breast cancer than for women without. MGV, body mass index (BMI), and rate of family history of breast cancer were significantly higher among breast cancer patients than among healthy women, and number of deliveries was significantly lower among breast cancer patients. In postmenopausal women, age at menarche was significantly younger for breast cancer patients. MGV correlated well with breast cancer risk factors. The highest odds ratio was 4.9 for premenopausal women with the largest MGV. Regardless of menopausal status, the greater the MGV, the higher the odds ratio. Our results constitute the first reliable data on the relationship between MGV and breast cancer obtained through exact volume analysis.

Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Pain In Children and Adolescent with Sickle Cell Anemia.

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 1651-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepika Darbari ◽  
Onyinye Onyekwere ◽  
Mehdi Nouraie ◽  
Gregory J. Kato ◽  
Caterina Minniti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pain Crisis ◽  
Thalassemia Trait

Abstract Abstract 1651 Background: Pain crises are the most common symptom experienced by individuals with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Frequency of pain crises varies significantly and high rate is a risk factor for higher mortality in adults with SCA. The risk factors for pain crises in children and adolescents with SCA are not completely understood. To determine factors associated with frequent severe pain crises, we analyzed the cohort of children and adolescents with SCA who were enrolled in the prospective study “The Pulmonary Hypertension and the Hypoxic Response in SCD (PUSH)”. All children were evaluated in their steady, non-crisis state. Methods: Family-reported history of number of severe pain crises in the preceding 12 months was recorded prospectively in 365 children and adolescents with SCA. Severe pain crises were defined as painful vaso-occlusive episodes requiring evaluation in Emergency Department (ED) or in-patient hospitalization. Lifetime history of red cell transfusions, echocardiography, and laboratory studies were obtained. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of study subjects who had ≥3 severe pain crises in the preceding year were compared to subjects with < 3 severe pain crises. Results: Study subject ranged in age from 3–20 years and 175 (48%) were female. Seventy two children (20 %) had ≥3 severe pain crises in the preceding year (frequent pain crisis group); 293 (80%) children had < 3 severe pain crises (infrequent pain crisis group), including 224 (61%) subjects who had no admissions/ ED visits for pain. Associated factors for frequent pain crisis included older age (odds ratio 1.2; 95% confidence interval 1.12–1.35; P <0.001) and α-thalassemia trait (odds ratio 3.22; 95% confidence interval 1.55–6.69; P =0.002) while higher steady state serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was associated with infrequent pain crisis (odds ratio 0.35; 95% confidence interval 0.13–0.98; P =0.045). In a group of patients without α-thalassemia trait, older age and low LDH were linked to frequent pain crisis. Subjects in the frequent pain crisis group had higher median hemoglobin (9.0 vs. 8.5 gm/dL; p=0.003) and higher ferritin (median 455 vs. 191 ng/mL; p=0.008). Higher ferritin in the frequent pain crisis group was mirrored by the higher percentage who reported >10 lifetime transfusions (42% vs. 22%; p=0.001). Median tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity (TRV) was higher in the frequent pain crisis group (2.41 vs. 2.31; p= 0.001) but the proportion of children with TRV>2.5 was not different (19.4% vs.11.5% in infrequent crises group; p=0.09). Hydroxyurea use was not different between the groups (51% vs. 40%; p=0.08) nor was fetal hemoglobin (10% vs. 12%; p=0.2). Conclusions: The occurrence of severe pain crisis varies among children and adolescents with SCA with a large number of children experiencing no severe painful episodes. Consistent with the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease report, the risk of severe pain crisis increases with age. Individuals with α-thalassemia trait are likely to experience more frequent pain crises possibly related to higher hemoglobin concentration and viscosity. However, even after controlling for α-thalassemia trait, children and adolescents who reported more frequent severe pain crises showed evidence of less hemolysis, consistent with a hypothetical model associating the hemolytic subphenotype of SCA with less frequent vasoocclusive pain crises. Further studies are indicated to identify the molecular mechanisms of pain in sickle cell anemia. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

A case-control study of risk factors of chronic venous ulceration in patients with varicose veins

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gohar Abelyan ◽  
Lusine Abrahamyan ◽  
Gayane Yenokyan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Venous Ulceration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Background/objectives Venous ulcers carry psychological and high financial burden for patients, causing depression, pain, and limitation of mobility. The study aimed to identify factors associated with an increased risk of venous ulceration in patients with varicose veins in Armenia. Methods A case-control study design was utilized enrolling 80 patients in each group, who underwent varicose treatment surgery in two specialized surgical centers in Armenia during 2013–2014 years. Cases were patients with varicose veins and venous leg ulcers. Controls included patients with varicose veins but without venous leg ulcers. Data were collected using interviewer-administered telephone interviews and medical record abstraction. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors of venous ulceration. Results There were more females than males in both groups (72.5% of cases and 85.0 % of controls). Cases were on average older than controls (53.9 vs. 39.2 years old, p ≤ 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, the estimated odds of developing venous ulcer was higher in patients with history of post thrombotic syndrome (odds ratio = 14.90; 95% confidence interval: 3.95–56.19; p = 0.001), with higher average sitting time (odds ratio = 1.32 per hour of sitting time; 95% confidence interval: 1.08–1.61; p = 0.006), those with reflux in deep veins (odds ratio = 3.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.23–10.31; p = 0.019) and history of leg injury (odds ratio = 3.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.18–8.23; p = 0.022). Regular exercise in form of walking (≥5 days per week) was found to be a protective factor from venous ulceration (odds ratio = 0.26; 95% confidence interval: 0.08–0.90; p = 0.034). Conclusion We found that reflux in deep veins, history of leg injury, history of post thrombotic syndrome, and physical inactivity were significant risk factors for venous ulceration in patients with varicose veins, while regular physical exercise mitigated that risk. Future studies should investigate the relationships between the duration and type of regular exercise and the risk of venous ulceration to make more specific recommendations on preventing ulcer development.

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