scholarly journals Measurement of Radiation Exposure to Caregivers of Patients with Thyroid Diseases Treated with Iodine-131: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Abdulhasan Kadhim ◽  
Peyman Sheikhzadeh ◽  
Saeed Farzanefar ◽  
Shima Yavari ◽  
Majdi Mousa Jber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Critical Groups ◽  
Annual Dose ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dose Limits ◽  
Iodine 131 ◽  
Prospective Risk ◽  
Higher Doses

This review paper aimed to examine radiation safety issues related to relatives as well as caregivers of patients with thyroid diseases treated with radioiodine (I-131). During I-131 therapy for thyroid disorders such as hyperthyroidism, patients receiving I-131 doses (200-800 MBq) emit radioactive radiations which pose a prospective risk to other people. Critical groups are patients’ visitors and families, especially children. Following the updated international guidelines, the doses received by members of the public as a proportion of the therapy of a patient have been decreased. The public annual dose limits are 1 mSv, although higher doses are permitted for adults in the patient’s family, provided that the maximum 5 mSv is not surpassed for 5 years. Without compliance with the current recommendations, extended hospitalizations for patients are essential. Family members should therefore limit close interactions with an individual for some duration following thyroid therapy with I-131.

Genetic manipulation on human beings

2010 ◽  
pp. 52-72
Author(s):  
Serena Zacchigna ◽  
Mauro Giacca
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Definition Of

Since the early days of gene therapy, both the scientific community and the public have perceived the ethical challenges intrinsic to this discipline. First, the technology exploited by gene therapy is still experimental and burdened by important safety issues. Second, in several instances gene therapy aims at stably modifying the genetic characteristics of individuals. Third, the same modifications could in principle be applied also to embryos, foetuses or germ cells. Finally, while gene therapy applications are generally accepted for therapeutic purposes, the same gene transfer technologies could also be exploited to improve the aesthetic appearance, or the physical and intellectual performance of people. The definition of suitable guidelines for a controlled, ethically accepted translation of gene therapy to the clinics remains a major challenge for the near future.

Cisco Secured Virtual Private Networks: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Yusera Farooq Khan
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
Virtual Private Network ◽  
Virtual Private Networks ◽  
Public Network ◽  
The Public ◽  
Internal Network ◽  
Private Network ◽  
A Site ◽  
Destination Address

Now-a-days the significance of security has been greater than before because of the fact that data has been accessed and transferred through public network. The data which has been transferred could be sniffed which may be a loss for us. When data is transferred in to public network we need confidentiality, integration and authentication. In this review paper we will discuss all these factors that keep our data safe enough. In order to provide this factor a site-to-site virtual private network has been designed which provide more security to data and made the public network into private network. The virtual private network hides the source and destination address as well as it also hides the internal network so that our network would be safe enough.

Optimization of Radiation Shielding Concrete for Radiotherapy Treatment Room at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University

2016 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 338-344
Author(s):  
Debojit Sarker ◽  
Arnab Biswas ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Muhammad Mohsin Mehedi
Keyword(s):  
Side Wall ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Radiation Shielding ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Slab Thickness ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dose Limits ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Shield Design

The objective of this study is to recommend optimized shield design from the shielding viewpoint for installation of the Cyclotron,Cyberknife and Linear Acceleration (LINAC) facility at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The shield design for Cyclotron, Cyberknife and LINAC has been performed considering ICRP-103 (2007) recommendations for occupational and public dose limits. The optimized design parameters for Radiation Shielding Concrete (RSC) with hardened density of 2.35 gm/cm3 are: 254 cm thickness of RSC as primary barrier for LINAC on both side of the source, 198 cm and 178 cm thickness of RSC on parking side and earthen side wall for Cyclotron, a maze wall of thickness 198 cm and 122 cmRSC for Cyclotron and LINAC, 168 cm and 152 cm thickness of RSC from opposite to the maze wall, slab thickness 152 cm excluding a false ceiling of thickness 122 cm with RSC having a functional story height of 503 cm for LINAC, 122 cm and 259 cm slab thickness of RSC for Cyberknife and Cyclotron. The use of RSC in the shield design of wall and roof shows that it limits radiation exposure of staff, patients, visitors and the public to acceptable level, thus optimizing radiation protection.

Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with Nonintact Blade-Tenderized Frozen Steaks Sold by Door-to-Door Vendors

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1198-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELLEN SWANSON LAINE ◽  
JONI M. SCHEFTEL ◽  
DAVID J. BOXRUD ◽  
KEVIN J. VOUGHT ◽  
RICHARD N. DANILA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

Steaks have not been recognized as an important vehicle of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. During 11 to 27 June 2003, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) identified four O157 infection cases with the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtype. All four case patients consumed brand A vacuum packed frozen steaks sold by door-to-door vendors. The steaks were blade tenderized and injected with marinade (i.e., nonintact). Information from single case patients in Michigan and Kansas identified through PulseNet confirmed the outbreak. The MDH issued a press release on 27 June to warn consumers, prompting a nationwide recall of 739,000 lb (335,506 kg) of frozen beef products. The outbreak resulted in six culture-confirmed cases (including one with hemolytic uremic syndrome) and two probable cases in Minnesota and single confirmed cases in four other states. The outbreak PFGE subtype of O157 was isolated from unopened brand A bacon-wrapped fillets from five affected Minnesota households. A fillet from one affected household was partially cooked in the laboratory, and the same O157 subtype was isolated from the uncooked interior. The tenderizing and injection processes likely transferred O157 from the surface to the interior of the steaks. These processing methods create new challenges for prevention of O157 infection. Food regulatory officials should reevaluate safety issues presented by nonintact steak products, such as microbiologic hazards of processing methods, possible labeling to distinguish intact from nonintact steaks, and education of the public and commercial food establishments on the increased risk associated with undercooked nonintact steaks. Information on single cases of O157 infection in individual states identified through PulseNet can be critical in solving multistate outbreaks in a timely manner.

scholarly journals A critical look at UNEP reports concerning depleted uranium on Yugoslav territory

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-90
Author(s):  
Marko Ninkovic ◽  
Ruzica Glisic
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Depleted Uranium ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
External Exposure ◽  
Dose Limit ◽  
Annual Dose ◽  
Uranium Contamination ◽  
The Public ◽  
Scientific Mission

A critical look at UNEP Reports concerning depleted uranium on Yugoslav territory is presented in this paper. The subjects of the analysis are summarized as remarks high-lighting the following three points: (a) those concerning the use of terms significant and insignificant doses (risks), (b) those concerning the use of 1 mSv as a border between these two risk types and (c) those concerning the composition of ex pert UNEP Teams investigating the depleted uranium issue. To start with, the assumption that it should be possible to express the risks (con sequences) caused by the in take of depleted uranium ( by ingestion/ inhalation and/ or external exposure) to b and g rays from depleted uranium as insignificant or significant for comparison purposes is, in our view, in collision with the linear non thresh old hypothesis, still valid in the radiation protection field. Secondly, the limit of 1 mSv per year as a reference dose level between insignificant and significant risks (con sequences) is not accept able in the case of military depleted uranium contamination. This is because the reference level of 1 mSv, according to the ICRP Recommendation, can be used in the optimization of radiation protection as an additional annual dose limit for members of the public solely for useful practices. Military usage of depleted uranium can not be classified as being useful for both sides - the culprit and the victim alike. Our third objection concerns the composition of ex pert UNEP teams for Kosovo (Desk Assessment Group, Scientific Reviewer Group, and UNEP Scientific Mission) as not being representative enough, bearing in mind all UN member-countries. This last objection may be rather difficult to understand for any one viewing it from the perspective other than that of the victims.

Risk Ranking: Investigating Expert and Public Differences in Evaluating Food Safety Hazards

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1875-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEVIN WEBSTER ◽  
CINDY JARDINE ◽  
SEAN B. CASH ◽  
LYNN M. MCMULLEN
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Risk Ranking

The allocation of resources with respect to food safety issues requires that decision makers prioritize these issues, which may conflict with the public's opinions on these matters. The purpose of this study was to compare how Canadian expert and lay respondents rank different food hazards, with a view to better understanding their underlying rationales for making decisions on food safety. A Carnegie Mellon risk ranking model was adapted for use by individuals with different backgrounds to rank six food safety issues: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, botulism, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), and acrylamide. Focus groups were conducted using public (n = 29) and expert (n = 21) participants. Key themes were identified from the focus groups as reasons why issues were rated high or low. The most common themes for high rankings were prevalence (of an agent) and/or severity (of a disease) and knowledge and control of a food safety issue. For the lowest rankings, common themes included low prevalence and severity and personal control over an issue. Explanations for why choices were made included availability, affect, numeracy, and optimistic bias. The majority of the rationales used by all participants were similar with the exception of the high ranking given to acrylamide by the public participants. The effect of attribute framing seemed to be the most influential in a participant's choices. Understanding that comparable reasoning is used in food safety decisions by both experts and the public has important implications for developing productive risk communication dialogues about issues and priorities.

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND BEHAVIORS TOWARD ANTIBIOTICS OF NON-MEDICAL STUDENTS JOUF UNIVERSITY, SAUDI ARABIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Gomaa Mostafa-hedeab
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Wrong Answer ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Previous Prescription ◽  
Higher Doses

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the knowledge and attitude of non-medical students, Jouf University toward antibiotic.Methods: Data were collected from male and female students using a self-prepared questionnaire then tabulated and analyzed using SPSS program.Results: This study included 1035 students; 573 (55.3%) male and 462 (44.6%) female, aged (21.5±2.2) years. About 533 (51.5%) used antibiotic during the year 2015. 705 (68.12%) of the student display wrong answer regarding the uses of the antibiotic. 53.5% depending on the previous prescription on self-medicated antibiotic (SAM), followed by their experience (14.5%) and pharmacy advice (11.3%). 45.9% did not have any idea about the antibiotic name they used. Majority of the students (62.6%) stop antibiotic once improvement is achieved, whereas (28.1%) complete the course till the end of the last dose. 75.4% of the studied populations saving at least one antibiotic at home while 62.7% sharing antibiotic with others. 35.3% of the studied population did not experienced antibiotic-related side effects, while 19.3% experience nausea. About 57.6% believed that broad spectrum is better than narrow-spectrum antibiotic, 70.4% deny that higher doses enhance recovery, (57.3%) believes that low dose decrease side effect. 51.9% depend on their good medical knowledge for SMA, while 20.3% was to save time, 18.8% dependent on pharmacy expert where only 9% was to save money cost.Conclusion: The majority of the sample had a fair level of knowledge in relation to antibiotics. Initiation of national program and campaigns toward antibiotic uses to raise the public awareness about the hazardous of antibiotic misuse/abuse is essential to decrease the gap between antibiotic use and attitude.

scholarly journals Waste management scheme and way forward for during and post COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Rabindra Prasad Dhakal
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Major City ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
And Behavior

The SARS-CoV-2 or/andCOVID-19 may have contaminated the wastes, which need especial precaution as suggested by WHO guidelines. WHO also suggested that no cases have been reported of infection from the waste workers working on infected wastes so far. However, in case of Nepal, 50% wastes used to be collected at the time 2011, which seems significantly improving as high as 81% in sampled areas. In COVID period, the concern was raised on safety issues of waste workers as suggested by RDT positive, hence, the public perception of waste management, the scope of recycling of wastes and up streaming of waste materials as economical commodities with proper intervention of technologies, awareness and behavior is incorporated in this study. It is estimated that the total Plastic wastes of major city centers could be significantly turned into useful products including fuel. For example, Kathmandu Valley can extract 24,298 KL oil from wastes plastics, which is based on calculation of waste per capita, waste composition and conversion ratio. Hence, the COVID-19 pandemic could be turn into opportunities in the sector of waste management provided we act wisely.

Control of radioactive substances

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Reay ◽  
David Sutton ◽  
Colin J Martin
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Competent Authority ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Critical Groups ◽  
Radioactive Materials ◽  
Security And Protection ◽  
The Public ◽  
Radioactive Substances ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
The Impact

The possession, use, transport, and disposal of radioactive materials are controlled through regulation to limit exposure of the public and workers. This chapter describes the methodologies employed. Regulation is enacted through a system of notification and licensing, based upon recommendations from the IAEA and ICRP. A competent authority is empowered to permit an organization to hold, use, or dispose of any radionuclide, provided certain conditions are met. These take the form of limits on the quantities of different radioactive materials held, and requirements for security and protection. They require an evaluation of the impact of waste disposal. Methodologies for estimating doses received by critical groups from release of radioactive material into the environment are explained. Minimization of the waste produced and regulation of its disposal are essential components in the overall strategy to protect the environment. Controls over the transport of radioactive materials and medical administrations to patients are considered.

UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION IN MEASUREMENT OF THE PERSONAL DOSE EQUIVALENT AT NINE INDIVIDUAL MONITORING SERVICES IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-225
Author(s):  
Chadia Rizk ◽  
Panagiotis Askounis ◽  
H Burçin Okyar ◽  
John Konsoh Sangau ◽  
Samaneh Baradaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Evaluation ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Dose Equivalent ◽  
Annual Dose ◽  
Uncertainty In Measurement ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Dose Limits ◽  
Relevant Dose

Abstract This paper presents the results of the evaluation of the uncertainty in measurement of the personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), at nine individual monitoring services (IMSs) in Asia and the Pacific region. Different types of passive dosemeters were type-tested according to the International Electrotechnical Commission 62387 requirements. The uncertainty in measurement was calculated using the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement approach. Expanded uncertainties ranged between 24 and 86% (average = 38%) for Hp(10) values around 1 mSv and between 14 and 40% (average = 27%) for doses around the annual dose limit, Hp(10) = 20 mSv. The expanded uncertainties were lower than the 1.5 factor in either direction proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection for doses near the relevant dose limits. This indicates an acceptable level of uncertainty for all participating IMSs. Uncertainty evaluation will help the IMSs to acknowledge the accuracy of their measurements.

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