scholarly journals Legal Guarantees for the Protection of Public Health Against the Spread of Infectious Diseases - New Challenges and Threats

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Sebastian Czechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
New Challenges

Public health is considered a social value. Effective laws are critical to achieving high levels of public health. The legislature faces many challenges in protecting human life and health. The COVID-19 pandemic is the best evidence of this. Effective prevention of infectious diseases and epidemic threats should not escape the legislature's attention. Both preventive measures and effective fight against already existing threats are essential for their elimination. This work presents the results of research on the doctrine of public health and the legal guarantees of its protection. The paper presents the most recent threats to human life and health associated with the spread of infectious diseases. The paper also presents the results of statistical research on the effectiveness of the fight against the spread of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Spread of Epidemic Disease on Edge-Weighted Graphs from a Database: A Case Study of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4432
Author(s):  
Ronald Manríquez ◽  
Camilo Guerrero-Nancuante ◽  
Felipe Martínez ◽  
Carla Taramasco
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Weighted Graph ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Weighted Graphs ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
The Real

The understanding of infectious diseases is a priority in the field of public health. This has generated the inclusion of several disciplines and tools that allow for analyzing the dissemination of infectious diseases. The aim of this manuscript is to model the spreading of a disease in a population that is registered in a database. From this database, we obtain an edge-weighted graph. The spreading was modeled with the classic SIR model. The model proposed with edge-weighted graph allows for identifying the most important variables in the dissemination of epidemics. Moreover, a deterministic approximation is provided. With database COVID-19 from a city in Chile, we analyzed our model with relationship variables between people. We obtained a graph with 3866 vertices and 6,841,470 edges. We fitted the curve of the real data and we have done some simulations on the obtained graph. Our model is adjusted to the spread of the disease. The model proposed with edge-weighted graph allows for identifying the most important variables in the dissemination of epidemics, in this case with real data of COVID-19. This valuable information allows us to also include/understand the networks of dissemination of epidemics diseases as well as the implementation of preventive measures of public health. These findings are important in COVID-19’s pandemic context.

Cauzele justificative și transmiterea unor boli infectocontagioase

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2020) ◽  
pp. 319-347
Author(s):  
Dorel HERINEAN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Times ◽  
Near Future

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this article analyses some possibilities provided by the law in order to protect the public health or the health of an individual, respectively the commission of certain actions sanctioned by the criminal law under the incidence of the justification causes, with the consequence of their lack of criminal character. Whether it is the means of retaliation or rescue that can be used by a person facing the transmission of infectious diseases, the actions necessary to prevent or combat the pandemic that the law authorizes or the availability or not of a person's health as a social value, the situations that may appear in the near future in the legal practice have not been previously studied by the doctrine and have an element of novelty. Thus, the article makes, based on some theoretical exercises, a punctual analysis of some problems of application and interpretation that could intervene and for which are offered, most of the times, generic, principled landmarks, but also some concrete solutions on the incidence or exclusion from the application of the justification causes.

scholarly journals Influencing public health policy with data-informed mathematical models of infectious diseases: Recent developments and new challenges

Epidemics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 100393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amani Alahmadi ◽  
Sarah Belet ◽  
Andrew Black ◽  
Deborah Cromer ◽  
Jennifer A. Flegg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Data Informed

scholarly journals Urgensi Pembentukan Aturan Terkait Pencegahan Covid-19 di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Dalinama Telaumbanua
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Contagious Disease ◽  
Health Regulations

Covid-19 is a contagious disease that has the potential to cause a public health emergency. Therefore, preventive measures against these types of infectious diseases are mandatory as soon as possible. Indonesia as a nation of law, the prevention of infectious diseases is mandatory to be formed in a rule or regulation. The urgency of forming rules related to the prevention of Covid-19 is obliged to be formed in government regulation and regulation of the Minister of Health because both regulations are the implementation rules of Law No. 6 of 2018 concerning Health. Based on the author's analysis, there are 5 government regulations that must be established in order to perform countermeasures and prevention of infectious disease threats such as Covid-19 and there are 11 mandatory ministerial health regulations that are required to be established In anticipation of the Covid19 threat. Both types of regulations are very useful in anticipating health emergency that ultimately leads to the health of Indonesian people. It is expected that both of rules can be made immediately in order to give legal certainty in preventing the spread of Covid-19 widely. Keyword: Forming Rules, Management, Covid-19   Abstrak Covid-19 merupakan penyakit menular yang berpotensi menimbulkan kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat. Oleh sebab itu, tindakan pencegahan terhadap jenis penyakit menular tersebut wajib dilakukan secepat mungkin. Indonesia sebagai negara hukum, maka pencegahan terhadap jenis penyakit menular tersebut wajib dibentuk dalam sebuah aturan atau regulasi. Urgensi pembentukan aturan terkait dengan pencegahan Covid-19 ini wajib dibentuk dalam Peraturan Pemerintah dan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan karena kedua peraturan tersebut merupakan peraturan pelaksanaan daripada Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan. Berdasarkan analisis penulis, ada 5 Peraturan Pemerintah yang wajib dibentuk dalam rangka melakukan tindakan penanggulangan dan pencegahan ancaman penyakit yang mudah menular seperti Covid-19 dan ada 11 Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan terkait yang wajib dibentuk dalam rangka mengantisipasi ancaman Covid-19. Kedua jenis peraturan tersebut sangat berguna dalam hal mengantisipasi kedaruratan kesehatan yang pada akhirnya menjurus pada kekarantinaan kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia. Kiranya kedua jenis peraturan ini segera dibuat dalam rangka memberi kepastian hukum dalam mencegah menularnya Covid-19 secara meluas. Kata Kunci: Pembentukan Aturan, Penanggulangan, Covid-19

scholarly journals Workshop: Reaching out to engaging the risk groups: online respondent-driven methods for public health

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Hard To Reach Populations

Abstract Hard-to-reach populations (i.e. those stigmatised, marginalised, underrepresented, or otherwise disadvantaged) such as men who have sex with men and immigrants are at higher risk for infectious diseases. Reaching these populations, studying their behaviour and/or testing individuals for infectious diseases is essential for developing effective prevention programmes and disease surveillance. These populations, however, lack sampling frames making it difficult to collect representative quantitative data using common probability-based sampling methods. Respondent-driven sampling (RDS), a variant of snowball sampling, is an effective method to recruit these populations and to make unbiased population estimates using a statistical model. RDS starts with recruiting a convenience sample of the target population (so-called “seeds”). These seeds are then asked to recruit a number of other eligible individuals of their social network. This process continues which leads to chains of recruitment, with several waves of recruits. The process of respondent-driven recruitment is very similar to the way infectious diseases such as influenza and mumps transmit through populations. This provides opportunities to use the method with a different aim: the detection of cases within networks. Finding infectious cases is an essential element for prevention of further spread in the population and individual health consequences. Essential as it is to public health, conventional contact tracing is a rather timely, costly and, up to a certain degree, really frustrating activity. Studying and making use of social networks may help to understand and control the spread of infectious diseases transmitted via direct contact. These diseases do not spread at random through a population, but follow the underlying patterns of contact networks. This entails that cases tend to cluster by time and space, and their contact persons are at a higher risk for infection. Same as with RDS, respondent-driven detection (RDD) starts with individuals being asked to recruit relevant contact persons from their network. These contact persons are then asked to do the same, resulting in successive waves of contact persons. A case is reached through contact with a known case, similar to pathogens spreading through these contact relationships. RDD may therefore enhance conventional contact tracing, providing further insight in the extent of outbreaks, in a quick and less laborious manner for public health professionals. Using three examples from public health practice, this workshop provides participants insights in the methodology of online respondent-driven methods (RDS and RDD), how these provide behavioural and epidemiological knowledge on networks and the spread of infectious diseases, and highlights pre-requisites for successful implementation in practice. Lastly, an interactive discussion will be held with the audience on how attendees can apply these methods for their own public health challenges. Key messages RDS is used to sample hard-to-reach populations to collect their social, sexual and behavioural information, and to make unbiased population estimates. RDD is used to detect infectious cases or clusters of disease.

scholarly journals Innovative technology of information analysis of electrocardiosignals for the purpose of diagnostics of diseases of internal organs at any stage of their development

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
V. M. Uspenskiy
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Information Analysis ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Russian Federation

Given the results of years of research information on the properties of electrocardiosignals, set their properties, characteristic of the impulse nature, the proposed methods of information analysis of electrocardiosignals to diagnose diseases of internal organs at any stage of development, protected by patents of the Russian Federation. The main stages of the technology of information analysis of electrocardiosignals for the purpose of diagnostics of diseases of internal organs are described. The rationale for the diagnosis of these diseases at any stage of their development is given. Data were obtained according to which targeted therapeutic and preventive measures at the initial stage of disease development can provide effective prevention of their final stage, which is dangerous for human life due to its complications.

scholarly journals The imperative of vaccination: a public Europe-wide debate around mandatory vaccination

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination

Abstract In a recent editorial the Lancet Infectious Diseases referred to “The imperative of vaccination” to reflect on the principles, practice and impact of mandatory vaccination. As European and global data report decreasing vaccine coverages and large outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), international institutions recognize the waning of public confidence in vaccination as a major public health concern and are reinforcing their support to national vaccination strategies. As countries in Europe consider policy responses to this situation, some, including Italy and France, have recently opted to introduce strengthened mandatory law-enforced programmes for infant immunization. Preliminary data show a positive impact of mandatory vaccination both on coverage and attitudes towards vaccine. On the contrary, other countries in Europe have made the deliberate choice to focus on making vaccination the easy and right choice for their citizens, and have managed to maintain high vaccine coverage. The law is indeed a powerful tool States have to stop the spread of preventable infectious diseases and protect collective health, but is compulsory vaccination the right way to go? Is mandating vaccines a mere sign of public health resignation? Or worse, it this an admission of guilt for having failed to promote the individual and social value of immunization trough health education, empowerment and people-centred prevention? The proposed workshop is structured as a pro/con session aimed at engaging with the audience and stimulate a lively debate on the principles, practice and impact of mandatory vaccination, moderated by a firm and charismatic chair (Aura Timen). We plan to have two provocative “pros” and “cons” panels with short and effective presentations by the President and Vice-presidents of the EUPHA Section on Infectious Diseases Control, representing - respectively - the “pros” (the Italian and Polish cases by Anna Odone and Maria Ganczak) and the “cons (The UK and Portuguese cases by Michael Edelstein and Ricardo Mexia). During the presentations the following content will be covered: i) the state of play in Europe with regard to both mandatory immunization and alternative approaches, and their the technical characteristics, ii) the presumptive impact of both approaches on VPDs epidemiology and immunization coverage, by different vaccine and target population. Most importantly, the four European case studies will offer ground to discuss the public health principles behind mandatory vaccination and provide pros and cons arguments to be further expanded and explored in two consecutive workshops moments: i) a structured and challenging “Q&A” session, ii) an open discussion with the audience, both moderated by the chair. The audience will be engaged in an interactive voting session (through the Conference app) to survey opinions on mandatory vaccination both prior to the presentations and after the discussion. Key messages Mandatory vaccination was introduced by EU countries to protect collective health, still the debate is ongoing at the scientific, but also political and community level on its principles and impact. European public health imperative is to promote the individual and social value of immunization trough health education, empowerment and people-centred prevention. Panellists Anna Odone - Italy Maria Ganczak - Poland Michael Edelstein - United Kingdom Ricardo Mexia - Portugal

scholarly journals Health care of hunting dogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 259-268
Author(s):  
Ljubica Spasojevic-Kosic ◽  
Sara Savic
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Hunting Dogs ◽  
Hunting Dog ◽  
Awareness Level

There are two basic aspects of hunting dog?s health care: infectious diseases of hunting dogs and dog?s hunting performance. Concerning infectious diseases of hunting dogs, special attention is paid to public health, preventing possible dangers that could possibly arise. On the other hand, hunting performance of dogs depends on their nutrition. A complete analysis of hunting dogs? health care in our country requires an assessment of awareness level in hunters about dangers which both humans and hunting dogs are exposed to, evaluation of preventive measures implementation in dogs by hunters, the prevalence of certain infections in dogs and determination of health risk for dogs and people related to hunting. This paper shows the results of a survey conducted among hunters with the objective to perceive their awareness of medical risks that hunters and hunting dogs could possibly be exposed to during hunting.

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