scholarly journals Morphological and physicochemical characterization of biochar produced by gasification of selected forestry species

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Suárez-Hernández ◽  
Alba N. Ardila-A. ◽  
Rolando Barrera-Zapata
Keyword(s):  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bet Method ◽  
Gasification Temperature

In this study, biochar samples acquired as by-product by downdraft gasification at 700 °C from Eucalyptus grandis (BC-EG), Acacia magnium (BC-AM) and Gmelina arborea (BC-GA) were characterized. The morphological characteristics and physicochemical properties of biochar were studied using nitrogen physisorption by the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The surface area (SA) of the materials was in the 2.0-50.0 m2/g range, with the biochar obtained from BC-EG showing the highest SA (50.0 m2/g), while the biochar derived from BC-GA showed the lowest SA (2.0 m2/g). In addition, all samples can be classified as mesoporous materials because their pore sizes were between 2 and 50 nm. This indicates that these materials can be used in absorption processes; however, the biochar obtained from BC-AM is expected to be the most suitable for absorption applications. FTIR biochar spectra did not exhibit characteristic peaks for cellulose or hemicellulose in any sample due to decomposition of these compounds at the gasification temperature. Moreover, according to SEM/EDX analyzes, all the samples presented well-defined pore structure and contained minerals as Na, K and Ca, suggesting that the biochar could also be useful for soil amendment applications.

scholarly journals Assay and physicochemical characterization of the antiparasitic albendazole

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noely Camila Tavares Cavalcanti ◽  
Giovana Damasceno Sousa ◽  
Maria Alice Maciel Tabosa ◽  
José Lamartine Soares Sobrinho ◽  
Leila Bastos Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Complementary Techniques

The aim of this study was to characterize three batches of albendazole by pharmacopeial and complementary analytical techniques in order to establish more detailed specifications for the development of pharmaceutical forms. The ABZ01, ABZ02, and ABZ03 batches had melting points of 208 ºC, 208 ºC, and 209 ºC, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed that all three batches showed crystalline behavior and the absence of polymorphism. Scanning electron microscopy showed that all the samples were crystals of different sizes with a strong tendency to aggregate. The samples were insoluble in water (5.07, 4.27, and 4.52 mg mL-1, respectively) and very slightly soluble in 0.1 M HCl (55.10, 56.90, and 61.70 mg mL-1, respectively) and additionally showed purities within the range specified by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia 5th edition (F. Bras. V; 98% to 102%). The pharmacopeial assay method was not reproducible and some changes were necessary. The method was validated and showed to be selective, specific, linear, robust, precise, and accurate. From this characterization, we concluded that pharmacopeial techniques alone are not able to detect subtle differences in active pharmaceutical ingredients; therefore, the use of other complementary techniques is required to ensure strict quality control in the pharmaceutical industry.

Structure Characterization of Sintered CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 Glass-Ceramic Reinforced with Spodumene

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 309-314
Author(s):  
Zi Fan Xiao ◽  
Jin Shu Cheng ◽  
Jun Xie
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ceramic ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystalline Phases ◽  
X Ray

A glass-ceramic belonging to the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2(CAS) system with different composition of spodumene and doping the Li2O with amount between 0~2.5 % (mass fraction) were prepared by onestage heat treatment, under sintering and crystallization temperature at 1120 °C for two hours. In this paper, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry and bending strength test were employed to investigate the microstructure and properties of all samples. β-wollastonite crystals were identified as the major crystalline phases, and increasing Li2O was found to be benefit for the crystallization and tiny crystalline phases remelting, resulting in the content of major crystalline phases increased first and then decreased with increasing the expense of spodumene. Meanwhile, the crystal size can be positively related with the content of Li2O. The preferable admixed dosage of spodumene can be obtained, besides the strength of glass-ceramics can be more than 90 MPa.

The Effect of Ethanol Solvent on Characterization of MAPbI3 Perovskite

2021 ◽  
Vol 1039 ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
Mohammad Malik Abood ◽  
Osama Abdul Azeez Dakhil ◽  
Aref Saleh Baron
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Lead Iodide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Photovoltaic Technologies ◽  
Perovskite Photovoltaic

Methyl ammonium lead iodide CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite was synthesized by a new method mixing between one and two steps, in addition, the ethanol solvent was used to dissolve CH3NH3I and compared with isopropanol solvent. The characterizations of synthesized perovskite samples included the structural properties, morphological characteristics and optical properties. The intensity and orientation in X-ray diffraction patterns appear clearly in ethanol solvent while disappearing at a peak at 12o due to the speed reaction of perovskite in this solvent. Additionally, the ethanol solvent increasing the grain size of perovskite which homogeneity of the surface morphology. the ethanol solvent cause a decrease in the wavelength of absorbance edge in addition to an increase in the energy bandgap value. Keywords: Ethanol Solvent, Perovskite, Photovoltaic Technologies, X-ray diffraction.

Preparation and Characterization of Cubic and Rod-Shaped Indium Tin Oxide Powders Using the Hydrothermal Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 311 ◽  
pp. 430-434
Author(s):  
Kuo Chin Hsu ◽  
Jiunn Der Liao ◽  
Zheng Zhong Xie ◽  
Yaw Shyan Fu
Keyword(s):  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Powder Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Oxide Powders

The cubic and rod-shaped powders of indium tin oxide were synthesized at a stable temperature reaction for 18h using the surfactant aid hydrothermal method under various conditions. The cubic and rod-shaped powder size changes with the concentration of the precursor. The finished products of indium tin oxide can be obtained by calcination at 500°C for 2h in air. Characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). XRD analysis shows that the conditions of this experiment can produce pure ITO powders. The characterization of cubic and rod-shaped ITO powders is also discussed.

scholarly journals Obtention and Characterization of Ferrous Chloride FeCl2·4H2O from Water Pickling Liquors

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 4840
Author(s):  
Lorena Alcaraz ◽  
Belén Sotillo ◽  
José F. Marco ◽  
Francisco J. Alguacil ◽  
Paloma Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Aged Sample ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ferrous Chloride ◽  
Photoluminescence Study ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

As a hazardous waste, water pickling liquors must be properly treated. An alternative consists of promoting the formation of ferrous salts from this residue due to their higher ferrous content. Since FeCl2·4H2O is widely used in several applications, obtaining pure crystals of this material appears to be an interesting prospect. However, this compound has scarcely been investigated. In the present work, FeCl2·4H2O crystals were obtained from water pickling liquors. Their structural and morphological characteristics were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy as well as Mössbauer spectroscopy. In addition, the photoluminescence study of the obtained samples was also assessed. It was observed that after some aging time, the obtained crystals changed in colour from green to more yellowish. As such, the aged sample was also evaluated, and their structural characteristics were compared with the original crystals. Despite this, the obtained crystals exhibit a FeCl2·4H2O structure, which is not modified with the aging of the sample.

scholarly journals Characterization of the powder obtained from wasted tires reduced by pyrolysis and thermal shock process

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mis-Fernandez ◽  
J.A. Azamar-Barrios ◽  
C.R. Rios-Soberanis
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Shock Process ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Phase Production

This paper reports on the physicochemical characterization of solid powder obtained directly from wasted tires through pyrolysis and thermal shock process. Two different processes to reduce wasted tires were performed in order to acquire the residuals in powder to be characterized and compared.During this research, three phases were observed when pyrolysis was applied to rubber: the first one a solid black phase formed by organic and inorganic compounds such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc sulphur (ZnS); secondly a gaseous phase containing hydrocarbons i.e. aromatic compounds and, finally, a liquid phase formed by heavy and light oils. By using X-ray diffraction technique, the relationship between temperature and the presence of inorganic compounds was determined varying the temperature of pyrolysis. In addition to X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to fully characterize the samples. Comparing the results observed in both processes, it was found that thermal shock process presents some advantages over the pyrolytic, i.e. energy consume and solid black phase production; however, by pyrolytic egradation a powder richer in carbon compounds is obtained.

scholarly journals Iron Ore Tailings: Characterization and Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottávio Carmignano ◽  
Sara Vieira ◽  
Ana Paula Teixeira ◽  
Fernando Lameiras ◽  
Paulo Roberto Brandão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Ceramic Industry ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
New Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Iron Ore Tailings ◽  
Iron Ore Tailing

Currently, approximately 1.4 billion tons per year of iron ore tailing wastes (IOT) are generated, mainly in Australia, Brazil, and China. This work describes the characterization and application of two typical IOT, i.e., fine and coarse wastes. The physicochemical characterization of these IOT by different techniques such as XRF (X-ray fluorescence), XRD (X-ray diffraction), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and granulometry, indicates for the fine tailing a composition of Fe2O3/FeOOH (10-55%), SiO2 (18-65%) and Al2O3 (up to 15%) with particles of 6-40 μm, whereas the coarse tailing presents 40-150 μm particles with the composition of 8-48% Fe2O3/FeOOH, 30-90% SiO2 and Al2O3 (up to 20%). The main IOT applications discussed in this review are related to civil construction (aggregates for concrete, mortar, Portland cement additives), ceramic industry, geopolymer, synthesis of new materials such as zeolites, mesoporous silica, carbon nanotubes, adsorbents, catalysts for different reactions, in batteries and in fuel cells. It was also carried out an analysis of patents related to IOT applications and the main technological and market barriers that hinder the industrial and commercial uses of these wastes.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Characterization of Moroccan Natural Clays and the Study of their Adsorption Capacity for the Methyl Orange and Methylene

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1258-1267
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Calcined Clay ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Equilibrium Data ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Natural Clays

The objective of this work was the physicochemical characterization of a Moroccan natural clay from the Jorf Arfoud region (Lampert Coodinates: x = 595610, y = 101578) and its valorization in the elimination of organic pollutants (methyl orange MO and methylene blue MB) from aqueous solutions, with the adsorption technique on raw and calcined clay at 500°C. The clay was characterized by chemical analysis such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Crude and purified clays, consisting essentially of silica and alumina, are a characteristic property of phyllosilicates and also contain amounts of quartz, kaolinite and calcite as associated minerals. The experiments were performed after optimization of the parameters influencing the system, such as pH, adsorbent mass, initial dye concentration and temperature. The clays used absorb better the MB than MO, for an initial concentration of 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption isotherms were applied to fit experimental equilibrium data. Results have showed that the adsorption of MB and MO followed very well the second order kinetic model on raw clay. The adsorption process was found to be exothermic in the case of MB. However, the adsorption of MO was endothermic.

Synthesis, crystal structure and physicochemical characterization of a Hg(II) complex with 6-methoxyquinoline as ligand

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Villa-Pérez ◽  
Isabel C. Ortega ◽  
Angélica M. Payán-Aristizábal ◽  
Gustavo Echeverría ◽  
Gloria C. Valencia-Uribe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Oxygen ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Oxygen Production ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Singlet Molecular Oxygen ◽  
X Ray

AbstractA new complex of Hg(II) with 6-methoxyquinoline (C10H9NO-6MQ) has been synthesized and characterized. The structure of the complex Hg(6MQ)Cl2 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 3.9139(3), b = 26.3400(2), c = 10.9090(9) Å, β = 89.833(6)°, V = 1124.6(1) Å3 and Z = 4 molecules per unit cell. The coordination geometry of the mercury(II) center can be described as a distorted square pyramid formed by one nitrogen atom of the 6MQ and four chlorine atoms. Fourier transform infrared, Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopic studies have been carried out to characterize the compound, using theoretical calculations for the assignment of the experimentally observed bands. The thermal behavior was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The quantum yield of singlet molecular oxygen production ΦΔ was measured with steady-state methods in ethanol, using 9,10-dimethylanthracene (DMA) as actinometer and Bengal rose as reference photosensitizer. The resultant singlet molecular oxygen was detected indirectly by photooxidation reactions of DMA. The luminescence properties have also been studied.

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