The Effect of Movement Control Order During Covid19 Pandemic on Air Quality and Gas Emissions: A Review

Introduction: Since the COVID-19 or novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) happened in December 2019, the number of cases has been rapidly increasing. To reducing the speed of infection, nations around the world have been doing movement control order (MCO) to their city for some time. The evidence shows that MCO can help many countries controlling the pandemic. The other effects of MCO is a change in air quality and gas emissions. The current study made for collecting evidence of how MCO affect air quality and gas emissions in several areas. This study aimed to explore if there are any positive and negative effects of movement control order (MCO) to air quality and gas emissions of areas that doing so. Discussion: During the movement control order (MCO) period, human outdoor activities have significantly reduced, affecting industrial operations reduction significantly, transportations, and other activities like constructions that leads to reduction of emissions. But there is increase of O3 and indoor pollution because of household activities increase. Many countries show that there are changes in air quality because of changes in human behaviour during movement control order. Conclusion: Current Studies concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic brings changes in air quality and emissions, as MCO, quarantine, and lighter traffic affect to better air quality outdoor, but, there is also increase of indoor pollutions. It is recommended that human should to maintain air quality by making reduction of unnecessary activities that make air quality worse.

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Monsoon Impact on the Air Quality During SAR-CoV-2 Pandemic Spread in Central Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah: Pre, During and Post Lockdown Scenarios

Journal of Climate Change ◽

10.3233/jcc210019 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 57-68

Author(s):

M.V. Prasanna ◽

S. Chidambaram

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Movement Control ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Hysplit Model ◽

High Precipitation ◽

Control Order ◽

Time Frames ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Malaysia is considered as one of the countries with the highest novel corona virus (COVID-19) infected cases in Southeast Asia. Recent studies have identified that the air quality of a region also governs the transmission of the virus through pollutants. Hence, a study was conducted to assess the influence of air quality on the COVID-19 pandemic spread in central Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. An attempt was also made to infer the effect of monsoonal precipitation on air quality. Central Peninsular Malaysia consists of major cities like Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Putrajaya. These cities are highly populated, with the expansion of industrial activities, rapid urbanisation and greater usage of vehicles has resulted in air quality deterioration. Such conditions have led to related public health issues, compared to Sabah in east Malaysia. In this study, COVID-19 infected cases, air quality index (AQI) and precipitation data were collected from 25 January to August 2020 to infer the relationship of air quality to the pandemic spread before, during and after the implementation of lockdown periods in the country, referred as movement control order (MCO). The lockdown periods fall under various monsoon climate patterns in the country. Interpretation of data reveals that the variation in air quality correlates with the infected cases. Improved air quality was observed during the last phase of MCO with a lesser number of infected cases. The HYSPLIT model was adopted to study the backward air mass trajectories for different time frames to identify the variation in the sources of pollutants reaching the study area. The study determined that the air pollutants have reached the study area from various directions, reflecting a mixed contribution from the ocean and land area. The relationship between high precipitation (during inter-monsoon and SW monsoon) and improved air quality reveals the washout effect of air pollutants. The outcome of this study inferred that the variation of air quality and precipitation rates facilitate the pandemic spread in this region in addition to the other meteorological factors, apart from individual immune capacity and social distancing.

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The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and Recovery Strategies for the Travel and Tourism Sector in Bangladesh

Hospitality & Tourism Review ◽

10.38157/hospitality-tourism-review.v2i1.209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

S.M. Shariful Haque

Keyword(s):

Secondary Data ◽

Movement Control ◽

Research Area ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Travel And Tourism ◽

Tourism Sector ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

Recovery Strategies ◽

Travel Restrictions ◽

Control Order

Purpose: This study's purpose is twofold: first, to examine the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on Bangladesh's travel and tourism sector and second, to suggest some recovery strategies to reduce the negative effects of this pandemic so that the travel and tourism sector of Bangladesh can bounce back. Methods: This study is qualitative in nature, applying secondary data analysis technique to collect data from various sources, which includes academic journals, news articles, and websites of different professional bodies like the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), Travel Owners Association of Bangladesh (TOAB), etc. Results: The findings indicate that Bangladesh's travel and tourism sector has been impacted considerably by the pandemic due to travel restrictions, movement control order, apprehension of Covid-19 contamination, etc. Some recovery strategies are also suggested to minimize the pandemic's detrimental consequences. Implications: This research provides guidelines for tourism marketers, which will help them to revise their strategies so that they will be able to remove anxiety from travelers’ minds and influence their visit intention. Originality: Covid-19 pandemic and its effects on the travel and tourism sector have been an emergent research area since travel and tourism is one of the severely affected sectors during the pandemic. However, so far insufficient studies related to this area in the context of Bangladesh are available. Hence, this research is an attempt to bridge this gap in the literature.

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Air quality status during 2020 Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO) due to 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pandemic

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 729 ◽

pp. 139022 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Samsuri Abdullah ◽

Amalina Abu Mansor ◽

Nur Nazmi Liyana Mohd Napi ◽

Wan Nurdiyana Wan Mansor ◽

Ali Najah Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Movement Control ◽

Control Order ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Quality Status

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The Impact of Movement Control Order (MCO) during Pandemic COVID-19 on Local Air Quality in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia

Aerosol and Air Quality Research ◽

10.4209/aaqr.2020.04.0163 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 1237-1248 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir ◽

Maggie Chel Gee Ooi ◽

Kemal Maulana Alhasa ◽

Mohd Aftar Abu Bakar ◽

Anis Asma Ahmad Mohtar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Urban Area ◽

Movement Control ◽

Klang Valley ◽

Control Order ◽

The Impact

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The impact of MCO (Movement Control Order) towards air quality in selected cities in Malaysia

10.1063/5.0075302 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Saratha Sathasivam ◽

Shehab Abdulhabib Alzaeemi ◽

Law Yong Seng ◽

Chen Yi

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Movement Control ◽

Control Order ◽

The Impact

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Risk Assessment and Air Quality Study during Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132112217 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 12217

Author(s):

Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir ◽

Mohd Zaim Mohd Nor ◽

Mohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd Nor ◽

Muhamad Ikram A Wahab ◽

Sawal Hamid Md Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Movement Control ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

The World ◽

Klang Valley ◽

Air Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Control Order

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had both positive and negative impacts on humans and the environment. In general, a positive impact can be seen on the environment, especially in regard to air quality. This positive impact on air quality around the world is a result of movement control orders (MCO) or lockdowns, which were carried out to reduce the cases of COVID-19 around the world. Nevertheless, data on the effects on air quality both during and post lockdown at local scales are still sparse. Here, we investigate changes in air quality during normal days, the MCOs (MCO 1, 2 and 3) and post MCOs, namely the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) and the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO) in the Klang Valley region. In this study, we used the air sensor network AiRBOXSense that measures carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) at Petaling Jaya South (PJS), Kelana Jaya (KJ) and Kota Damansara (KD). The results showed that the daily average concentrations of CO and NO2 mostly decreased in the order of normal days > MCO (MCO 1, 2 and 3) > CMCO > RMCO. PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and O3 showed a decrease from the MCO to RMCO. PJS showed that air pollutant concentrations decreased from normal days to the lockdown phases. This clearly shows the effects of ‘work from home’ orders at all places in the PJS city. The greatest percentage reductions in air pollutants were observed during the change from normal days to MCO 1 (24% to 64%), while during MCO 1 to MCO 2, the concentrations were slightly increased during the changes of the lockdown phase, except for SO2 and NO2 over PJS. In KJ, most of the air pollutants decreased from MCO 1 to MCO 3 except for CO. However, the percentage reduction and increments of the gas pollutants were not consistent during the different phases of lockdown, and this effect was due to the sensor location—only 20 m from the main highway (vehicle emissions). The patterns of air pollutant concentrations over the KD site were similar to the PJS site; however, the percentage reduction and increases of PM2.5, O3, SO2 and CO were not consistent. We believe that local burning was the main contribution to these unstable patterns during the lockdown period. The cause of these different changes in concentrations may be due to the relaxation phases during the lockdown at each station, where most of the common activities, such as commuting and industrial activities changed in frequency from the MCO, CMCO and RMCO. Wind direction also affected the concentrations, for example, during the CMCO and RMCO, most of the pollutants were blowing in from the Southeast region, which mostly consists of a city center and industrial areas. There was a weak correlation between air pollutants and the temperature and relative humidity at all stations. Health risk assessment analysis showed that non-carcinogenic risk health quotient (HQ) values for the pollutants at all stations were less than 1, suggesting unlikely non-carcinogenic effects, except for SO2 (HQ > 1) in KJ. The air quality information showed that reductions in air pollutants can be achieved if traffic and industry emissions are strictly controlled.

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Kesan Bekerja Sambilan Terhadap Pencapaian Akademik Pelajar Ketika Pandemik Covid-19

Sains Insani ◽

10.33102/sainsinsani.vol6no2.320 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Azlan Shaiful Baharum ◽

Nur Zabidi Md Shar ◽

Ummu-Hani Abbas

Keyword(s):

Participant Observation ◽

Movement Control ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Online Study ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Current Period ◽

Language Studies ◽

Lack Of Sleep ◽

Islamic Science ◽

Control Order

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan persepsi pelajar tentang bekerja sambil belajar ketika suasana pandemik Covid-19 ini. Ia juga mengkaji kesan positif dan negatif bekerja semasa belajar dan meneroka cabaran yang dihadapi oleh pelajar yang bekerja semasa belajar dan cara mereka mengatasi masalah. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dalam situasi menemubual pelajar tahun tiga, Fakulti Pengajian Bahasa Utama dari Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai, Negeri Sembilan secara dalam talian. Kajian ini melibatkan 3 responden. Pengkaji menggunakan kaedah persampelan rawak mudah untuk memilih sampel. Data penyelidikan dikumpulkan melalui pemerhatian, analisis dokumen dan temuduga. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan terdapat kelebihan dan kekurangan kepada pelajar USIM yang bekerja semasa belajar. Antara kelebihannya adalah dapat menambah pendapatan dari segi kewangan. Mereka juga mendapat pengalaman baharu untuk kerjaya dalam dunia pekerjaan. Ini penting agar mereka tidak menganggur pada masa akan datang. Kelemahannya adalah boleh menyebabkan tekanan emosi seperti keletihan dan kurang tidur kerana kesukaran membahagikan masa antara waktu belajar secara dalam talian dan bekerja terutama berdepan dengan cabaran semasa ketika Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP) yang dilaksanakan kerajaan sekarang. This study aims to determine the students’ perceptions on working while studying during the current period of Covid-19 pandemic. It also examines the positive and negative effects of working while studying and explores the challenges faced by students who are working while studying, and how do they overcome the problems. This study uses a qualitative approach by interviewing third year students, Faculty of Major Language Studies from Islamic Science University of Malaysia (USIM), Nilai, Negeri Sembilan via online. This research involved 3 respondents whereby the researchers used the purposive sampling method for USIM students. Research data were collected through participant observation, document analysis and interviews via Telegram application. The results of this study show that there are advantages and disadvantages for USIM students who work while studying. The advantage is that for USIM students who work while studying are financially capable because they are working. They also get new experience for their career in the world of employment, which is important to avoid being unemployed in the future. The disadvantage is that it can cause emotional stress such as fatigue and lack of sleep due to the difficulty of dividing time between online study and work especially during the Movement Control Order (MCO).

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Positive and Negative Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Aquatic Environment: A Review

Sains Malaysiana ◽

10.17576/jsm-2021-5004-28 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 1187-1198

Author(s):

Meng Chuan Ong ◽

Adiana Ghazali ◽

Roswati Md Amin ◽

Kesaven Bhubalan ◽

Jen Nie Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aquatic Environment ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Movement Control ◽

World Health ◽

Anthropogenic Activity ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Environmental Consequences ◽

Industrial Operations ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak was reported for the first time in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. This coronavirus has been referred as Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 by World Health Organization (WHO). The spread of COVID-19 has become unstoppable, infecting around 93.5 million people worldwide, with the infections and deaths still increasing. Today, the entire planet has changed due to the greatest threat on the planet since the introduction of this lethal disease. This pandemic has left the world in turmoil and various measures have been taken by many countries including movement control order or lockdown, to slow down or mitigate the infection. Since the lockdown has been implemented almost in all affected countries, there has been a significant reduction in anthropogenic activity, including a reduction in industrial operations, vehicle numbers, and marine-related activities. All of these changes have also led to some unexpected environmental consequences. As a result of this lockdown, it had a positive and negative impact on the environment including the aquatic environment. Hence this review will therefore focus on the good and bad perspectives of the lockdown toward the aquatic environment.

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Public knowledge, perception and communication behavior surrounding COVID-19 in Malaysia

10.31124/advance.12102816 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Khayriyyah Mohd Hanafiah ◽

Chang Da Wan

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Employment Status ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Movement Control ◽

Education Level ◽

Public Knowledge ◽

Communication Behavior ◽

Positive Communication ◽

The Face ◽

Control Order

The COVID-19 pandemic is the first to occur in an age of hyperconnectivity. This paper presents results from an online anonymous survey conducted in Malay, English, and Chinese, during the first week of the Movement Control Order in Malaysia (n=1075), which aimed to examine public knowledge, perception and communication behavior in the Malaysian society in the face of a sudden outbreak and social distancing measures. Although the level of public knowledge, risk perception and positive communication behavior surrounding COVID-19 was high, a majority of respondents reported receiving a lot of questionable information. Multinomial logistic regression further identified that responses to different items varied significantly across respondent survey language, gender, age, education level and employment status.

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Forecast of COVID-19 Trend Following Countrywide Movement Control Order in Malaysia: SEIR Model Approach (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.22304 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Aidalina Mahmud ◽

Poh Ying Lim ◽

Hayati Kadir Shahar

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Movement Control ◽

Seir Model ◽

Infection Incidence ◽

Contact Rates ◽

Exposed Population ◽

Control Order ◽

Future Work ◽

Model Approach

BACKGROUND On March 18, 2020, the Malaysian government implemented Movement Control Order (MCO) to limit the contact rates among the population and infected individuals. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to forecast the trend of the COVID-19 epidemic in Malaysia in terms of its magnitude and duration. METHODS Data for this analysis was obtained from publicly available databases, from March 17 until March 27, 2020. By applying the Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious and Removed (SEIR) mathematical model and several predetermined assumptions, two analyses were carried out: without and with MCO implementation. RESULTS Without MCO, it is forecasted that it would take 18 days to reach the peak of infection incidence. The incidence rate would plateau at day 80 and end by day 94, with 43% of the exposed population infected. With the implementation of the MCO, it is forecasted that new cases of infection would peak at day 25, plateau at day 90 and end by day 100. At its peak, the infection could affect up to about 40% of the exposed population. CONCLUSIONS It is forecasted that the COVID-19 epidemic in Malaysia will subside soon after the mid-year of 2020. Although the implementation of MCO can flatten the epidemiological curve, it also prolongs the duration of the epidemic. The MCO can result in several unfavorable consequences in economic and psychosocial aspects. A future work of an exit plan for the MCO should also be devised and implemented gradually. The exit plan raises several timely issues of re-infection resurgence after MCO are lifted.

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