scholarly journals Profil Darah Ikan Gelodok (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) dan (Boleophthalamus boddarti) di Desa Kuala Tambangan Pelaihari, Kalimantan Selatan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Nita Azhari ◽  
Hidayaturrahmah Hidayaturrahmah
Keyword(s):  
Normal Limit ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Range Type ◽  
Periophthalmodon Schlosseri ◽  
The Village ◽  
Mean Cell Hemoglobin

Profil darah memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam fisiologi metabolisme dan aktifitas tubuh hewan. Kuala Tambangan memiliki banyak potensi sumber daya ikan salah satunya ikan gelodok. Ikan gelodok di kawasan ini mudah ditemukan, akan tetapi sampai sekarang belum dimanfaatkan dengan baik oleh masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui profil darah ikan gelodok jenis Periophthalmodon schlosseri dan Boleophthalamus boddarti pada ekosistem mangrove yang berada di desa Kuala Tambangan, Kabupaten Tanah Laut, Kalimantan Selatan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu metode penangkapan hewan langka yaitu line transek, metode hemositometer dan metode sahli parameter yang dihitung hemoglobin, eritrosit, leukosit, hematokrit, MCV (Mean Corpusculla Volume), MCH (Mean Cell Hemoglobin), MCHC (Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration) pada 2 jenis ikan gelodok 34 ekor P. schlosseri dan 34 ekor B. boddarti. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah eritrosit P. schlosseri 3,87±0,58 x 106 sel/μL; B. boddarti 3,78±0,73 x 106 sel/μL 2 jenis ikan gelodok ini memiliki nilai eritrosit diatas batas normal; leukosit P. schlosseri 11,91±5,61 x103 sel/μL dan B. boddartii 9,72±4,24 x103 sel/μL nilai leukosit pada 2 jenis ikan gelodok ini berada di atas batas normal; hemoglobin P. schlosseri 11,59±1,75 % dan B. boddartii 11,75±1,96 % dari hasil yang didapat kadar hemoglobin pada 2 jenis ikan gelodok ini berada di atas batas normal kadar hemoglobin ikan pada umumnya; hematokrit P. schlosseri 34,32±5,57 % dan B. boddartii 35,71±5,44 % hasil hematokrit yang didapat dari 2 jenis ikan gelodok ini yaitu di atas batas normal; jenis P. schlosseri memiliki nilai MCV 88,72±6,62 μm3 yang berada di bawah batas normal; MCH 29,92±0,69 pg/sel yang berada di bawah batas normal; MCHC 33,99±3,97 g/dL pada jenis ini nilai MCHC masih berada pada batas normal; jenis B. boddartii memiliki nilai MCV 96,16±17,96 μm3 yang berada di bawah batas normal; MCH 31,51±5,50 pg/sel yang masih berada di batas normal; MCHC 32,87±1,77 g/dL nilai MCHC pada jenis ini masih berada pada batas normal. Blood profile has a very important role in the physiology of metabolism and animal body activities. Kuala Tambangan has a lot of potential fish resources, one of which is the fish Mudskipper. Mudskipper fish in this area are easy to find, but until now it has not been utilized properly by the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the blood profile of the Periophthalmodon Schlosseri and Boleophthalamus boddarti fish species in the mangrove ecosystem in the village of Kuala Tambangan, Tanah Laut District, South Kalimantan . The method used in this study is the method of catching endangered animals namely trasnek line, hemocytometer method and parameter Sahli method which is calculated hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematocrit, MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume), MCH (Mean Cell Hemoglobin), MCHC (Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration) on 2 types of fish, 34 Periophthalmodon schlosseri and 34 Boleophthalmus boddarti. The results obtained were P. schlosseri erythrocytes 3.87 ± 0.58 x 106 cells / μL; B. boddarti 3.78 ± 0.73 x 106 cells / μL 2 types of fish Mudskipper has erythrocyte values above the normal limit; P. schlosseri leukocytes 11.91 ± 5.61 x103 cells / μL and B. boddartii 9.72 ± 4.24 x103 cells / μL leukocyte values in these 2 types of jagged fish are above normal limits; hemoglobin P. schlosseri 11.59 ± 1.75 % and B. boddartii 11.75 ± 1.96 % from the results obtained by the hemoglobin levels in these 2 types of fishes are above the normal limit of fish hemoglobin levels in general; hematocrit P.schlosseri 34.32 ± 5.57 % and B. boddartii 35.71 ± 5.44 % hematocrit results obtained from these 2 types of mudskipper fish are above normal limits; P.schlosseri species had MCV values of 88.72 ± 6.62 μm3 which were below normal limits; MCH 29.92 ± 0.69 pg / cell that is below the normal range; MCHC 33.99 ± 3.97 g / dL in this type the MCHC value is still in the normal range; type B. boddartii has a MCV value of 96.16 ± 17.96 μm3 which is below normal limits; MCH 31,51 ± 5.50 pg / cell which is still in the normal range; MCHC 32.87 ± 1.77 g / dL MCHC values in this type are still within normal limits.Keywords: gelodok, blood, kuala tambangan

Chronic sodium cyanate treatment induces "hypoxia-like" effects in rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1145-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Teisseire ◽  
C. C. Vieilledent ◽  
L. J. Teisseire ◽  
M. O. Vallez ◽  
R. A. Herigault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Sodium Cyanate ◽  
Mean Cell Hemoglobin

Three weeks of sodium cyanate (NaCNO) intraperitoneal treatment in rats (n = 15) induced high hemoglobin O2 affinity, i.e., low PO2 at 50% hemoglobin saturation (P50), 20.5 +/- 1.4 Torr, in comparison with the mean control values, 34.5 +/- 1.6 Torr (n = 15). NaCNO rats showed a reduction in mean body weight, 376 +/- 27 g, in comparison with controls, 423 +/- 23 g (P less than 0.001). Despite arterial O2 partial pressure (PaO2) within normal limits NaCNO-treated rats had a higher systolic right ventricular pressure (SRVP), 33.7 +/- 3.1 Torr, in comparison with control value, 29.0 +/- 2.5 Torr (P less than 0.001). Right ventricle weights were significantly increased (P less than 0.001). After 60 min of an hypoxic challenge (fractional concentration of inspired O2 = 0.10) NaCNO-treated rats increased SRVP of only 7 +/- 4% compared with 46 +/- 9% in the control animals. Inducing high hemoglobin affinity in rats (n = 10; 6 wk NaCNO treatment) resulted in increases in hematocrit ratio and hemoglobin concentration (P less than 0.001). The characteristics of the red blood cell (RBC) itself changed; values of mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, and mean cell hemoglobin concentration being significantly increased (P less than 0.001) when compared with mean control values. The count of nucleated RBC′s appeared to be significantly higher from the 2nd wk of NaCNO treatment. Chronic NaCNO treatment was demonstrated to exert “hypoxia-like” effects since it induced prevention of normal growth, polycythemia, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and blunted pulmonary pressor response to acute hypoxia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Relationship between a Mild α1 Proteinase Inhibitor Deficiency and Respiratory Symptoms in a Family

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillemette Huet-Duvillier ◽  
Malika Balduyck ◽  
Yves Watrigant ◽  
Richard Sesboue ◽  
Carole Thiebaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteinase Inhibitor ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Normal Limit ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Pancreatic Elastase ◽  
Inhibitory Capacity ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pi Deficiency

A 34-year-old man with pulmonary emphysema was found to have a mild α1 proteinase inhibitor (α1 PI) deficiency. α1 PI status was investigated in this patient and in 35 members of his family. The α1 PI investigations included α1 PI concentration and phenotype and serum inhibitory capacity for trypsin and pancreatic elastase. Fifteen members of the family had α1 PI concentration and inhibitory capacities below the lower normal limit. Five of these members were characterized by the heterozygous MP phenotype and the 10 others by an apparently homozygous M phenotype, in which the M allele may be associated with another unidentified deficiency allele. Two members of the family had α1 PI concentration and elastase inhibitory capacity below the lower normal limits and trypsin inhibitory capacity within the normal range. They were both characterized by the MP phenotype. Six of these 17 members (three of PI type M and three of PI type MP) showed chronic pulmonary symptoms, whereas among the 19 α1 PI non deficient members, no member had a history of significant pulmonary symptoms.

Measurement of the Cellular Hemoglobin Concentration by Laser Scatter Method from Excessive Lipemic Sample: CASE REPORT

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 502-505
Author(s):  
Ataman Gönel ◽  
Ismail Koyuncu
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Acute Tonsillitis ◽  
Scatter Method ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Pediatric Clinic ◽  
Automated Hematology Analyzer ◽  
Familial Hyperlipidemia ◽  
Sample Case

A 33-month old female child presented at a pediatric clinic with acute tonsillitis, and it was subsequently discovered that she had familial hyperlipidemia. Measurement of the patient’s whole blood tests was performed by a multiparameter automated hematology analyzer, the CELLDYN Ruby System® (Abbott, Lake Forest, USA) using venous blood extracted from a tube containing 3.0 mL of EDTA. Although her hematocrit levels were within normal limits, the hemoglobin (Hgb) level, mean corpuscular volume (MCH) and mean corpuscular Hgb concentration (MCHC) could not be determined using the spectrophotometric method. The results of these tests could not be measured when repeated using dilution. When the sample was left to rest for several minutes, it was observed to be excessively lipemic. The measurements were repeated using the Alinity HQ Analyzer® (Abbott), which determines Hgb concentration using laser scatter and spectrophotometry. Hgb cellular concentration was incorrectly measured as being 21.9 mg/dL using routine spectrophotometry (denoted by a flag indicating Hgb interference) and correctly found to be 10.8 mg/dL. Thus, in samples of excessive lipemia, Hgb, MCH, and MCHC levels cannot be measured accurately using spectrophotometry. Hematology analyzers that can measure cellular hemoglobin (cHGB) and average erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (cHCM) by laser scatter method may be recommended when analyzing a blood sample that contains excessive lipemia.

Inflammatory cytokine inhibition of erythropoiesis in patients implanted with a mechanical circulatory assist device

Perfusion ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher N Pierce ◽  
Douglas F Larson
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Circulatory Assist Devices ◽  
Cytokine Inhibition ◽  
Normal Measure ◽  
The University

Mechanical circulatory assist devices (MCADs) are increasingly utilized independently of cardiac transplantation in the management of heart failure. Though MCAD use incorporates inherent mechanical risks, the inevitable onset of chronic anemia, with its associated morbidity and mortality, is also a significant concern. MCAD support has been correlated with elevated plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1b, and IL-6, which have separately been found to inhibit erythropoietin (Epo)-induced erythrocyte (RBC) maturation. Previous analysis of hematological parameters for MCAD-sup-ported patients concluded that an amplified inflammatory response impedes RBC proliferation and recovery from hemolytic anemia. Additional analysis may bolster this assertion. Hemoglobin concentration (HC), RBC distribution width (RDW), mean cell volume (MCV), and cardiac index were retrospectively analysed for 78 MCAD-supported patients implanted for greater than 30 days at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center from 1996 to 2002. Analysis confirms that the HC, a conventional marker for anemia, declines with MCAD placement and remains below the clinically defined, minimum normal value. Inversely, the RDW rises above maximum normal measure, signifying an increased fraction of juvenile RBCs. The MCV remains unchanged and within normal limits, demonstrating adequate substrate for RBC formation. MCAD performance also stabilizes as adequate perfusion returns. These results further support our previously published conclusion that a sufficient response of erythropoiesis occurs in reaction to the onset of anemia by an increased production of immature RBCs. However, the cells never fully mature and join circulation. The patient’s inflammatory cytokine response to the implanted device most likely mediates the chronic MCAD-induced anemia by inhibition of Epo effects.

Assessment of the drinking water quality for planning endogenic prevention of dental caries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
A. B. Shashmurina ◽  
O. L. Mishutina ◽  
V. R. Shashmurina
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Normal Limits

Relevance. Dental caries is a leading dental disease in children. Aim – to study the quality of drinking water in Smolensk and its region to provide evidence for implementing dental caries preventive measures in children.Materials and methods. We took tap water samples from ten water intake points in seven districts of Smolensk and six Smolensk regions. An accredited testing laboratory of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Smolensk Region carried out water chemical analysis. The study analyzed standard parameters of drinking water quality: pH 6.5-8.5, fluoride content 0.60-1.2 mg/l; water hardness 7.0-9.0 (Sanitary Regulations and Standards 2.1.4.1116-02). The parameter was considered normal if its 95% confidence interval was within the reference range.Results. In Smolensk, the hydrogen ion concentration in centralized drinking water supply systems is within normal limits and amounts to 7.39 (95% CI: 7.32-7.46; р < 0,05) pH units. The mean fluoride concentration in the Smolensk water is 0.19 (95% CI: 0.14-0.23; р < 0,05) mg/l, which is below the normal range. In most Smolensk districts, water hardness is within normal limits, 8.21 mmol/l (95% CI: 7.03-9.39; р < 0,05). However, the upper limit of the confidence interval of 9.39 mg/l and the maximum of 12.0 mg/l exceed the normal range. In the Smolensk region cities, the hydrogen ion concentration is 7.2 (95% CI: 7.02-7.38; р < 0,05) pH units in the centralized drinking water supply. The fluoride concentration in the Smolensk region water is 0.45 mg/l (95% CI: 0.23-0.68; р < 0,05), which demonstrates the fluoride deficiency in water. In the Smolensk region cities, mean water hardness is 6.66 mmol/l (95% CI: 6.00-7.03; р < 0,05), which is below the normal values. However, the CI upper limit of 7.03 mmol/l and the maximum of 7.05 mmol/l are within normal limits.Conclusions. The water of the centralized drinking water supply system in Smolensk and the Smolensk region is low in fluorides. Urgent community and individual preventive measures should be taken to expose children to fluoride.

Chronic physical stress differences between genders in a military training on the Amazon jungle

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Y.R. de Souza ◽  
F.B. Feitosa
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Physical Stress ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Before And After

This study aimed to investigate the gender difference in the manifestation of physical stress in a strenuous military training on Amazon jungle, using alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) markers, measured before and after an adaptation to jungle training. The sample consisted of 49 military volunteers, 35 male and 14 female, recently moved to the Amazon region. All plasma levels rose after the training. Serum ALT (male and female) and AST (male and female), although borderline, remained within normal limits. Already plasma levels of CK (both male and female) and LDH (male and female) largely exceeded the normal range. The average of all markers listed in female gender remained below the levels of the male gender. However, significant differences in biomarkers ALT, AST and CK between genders were found. The study points out that, in a jungle environment, biometric markers ALT, AST, CK and LDH are efficient for monitoring chronic physical stress in both genders, when used in combination. The influence of the weather on the occurrence of physical stress in unacclimated people of both genders, and the lower responses in the levels of ALT, AST, LDH and CK in females were discussed basing on the scientific literature.

Failure of prolonged exercise training to increase red cell mass in humans

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (1) ◽  
pp. H121-H126 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Shoemaker ◽  
H. J. Green ◽  
J. Coates ◽  
M. Ali ◽  
S. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
Mean Cell Hemoglobin

The purpose of this study was to investigate the time-dependent effects of long-term prolonged exercise training on vascular volumes and hematological status. Training using seven untrained males [age 21.1 +/- 1.4 (SE) yr] initially consisted of cycling at 68% of peak aerobic power (VO2peak) for 2 h/day, 4-5 days/wk, for 11 wk. Absolute training intensity was increased every 3 wk. Red cell mass (RCM), obtained using 51Cr, was unchanged (P > 0.05) with training (2,142 +/- 95, 2,168 +/- 86, 2,003 +/- 112, and 2,080 +/- 116 ml at 0, 3, 6, and 11 wk, respectively) as were serum erythropoietin levels (17.1 +/- 4.3, 13.9 +/- 3.5, and 17.0 +/- 2.0 U/l at 0, 6, and 11 wk, respectively). Plasma volume measured with 125I-labeled albumin and total blood volume (TBV) were also not significantly altered. The increase in mean cell volume that occurred with training (89.7 +/- 0.95 vs. 91.0 +/- 1.0 fl, 0 vs. 6 wk, P < 0.05) was not accompanied by changes in either mean cell hemoglobin or mean cell hemoglobin concentration. Serum ferritin was reduced 73% with training (67.4 +/- 13 to 17.9 +/- 1 microgram/l, 0 vs. 11 wk, P < 0.05). Total hemoglobin (HbTot) calculated as the product of hemoglobin concentration and TBV was unaltered (P > 0.05) at both 6 and 11 wk of training. The 15% increase in VO2peak (3.39 +/- 0.16 to 3.87 +/- 0.14 l/min, 0 vs. 11 wk, P < 0.05) with training occurred despite a failure of training to change TBV, RCM, or HbTot.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KESESUAIAN EKOWISATA MANGROVE DESA KAHYAPU PULAU ENGGANO

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Desi Fitriana ◽  
Yar Johan ◽  
Person Pesona Renta
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Suitability Index ◽  
Ecological Suitability ◽  
The Village

The purpose of this study was to identify the potential of mangrove ecosystems as mangrove ecotourism objects and calculate suitability mangrove ecotourism in the village Kahyapu Enggano . This research was conducted using survey methods, measurements in the field and ecological suitability determination based on the multiplication of weights and scores obtained from any of the parameters consisting of five parameters: the thickness of the mangrove , mangrove density , types of mangrove , tidal and biota object . Mangrove ecosystem in the Village Kahyapu Enggano has the potential to be developed as an ecotourism mangrove . Based on the results, the results of IKW ( Travel Suitability Index ) at the stations I 60 % category S2 (Match ) , Station II 66 % category S2 (Match ) and Station III 71 % category S2 (Match ).

scholarly journals Association between morphologic distortion of sickle cells and deoxygenation-induced cation permeability increase

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 450-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Mohandas ◽  
ME Rossi ◽  
MR Clark
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
Sickle Cells ◽  
Cation Permeability ◽  
Extensive Growth ◽  
Permeability Increase ◽  
K Permeability ◽  
Mean Cell Hemoglobin

We hypothesized that the deoxygenation-induced increase in cation permeability of sickle cells was related to mechanical distention of the membrane by growing HbS polymer within the cell. To test this hypothesis, we determined the effect of deoxygenation on cation fluxes in sickle cells under conditions that restricted or permitted extensive growth of polymer, producing different degrees of membrane distention. Manipulation of suspending medium osmolality for density-isolated high and low mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) cells was used to regulate the extensional growth of polymer bundles and hence membrane distortion. For initially low MCHC cells, the deoxygenation-induced increase in both Na and K fluxes was markedly suppressed when the MCHC was increased by increasing the osmolality. This suppression corresponded to the inhibition of extensive morphologic cellular distortion. For initially high MCHC, ISC-rich cells, deoxygenation had minimal effect on K permeability. However, reduction of MCHC by a decrease in osmolality produced a concomitant increase in cation permeability and cellular distortion. These observations support the idea that the sickling-associated increase in membrane permeability is related to mechanical stress imposed on the membrane by bundles of HbS polymer.

scholarly journals Pregnancy in acromegaly is safe and is associated with improvements in IGF-1 concentrations

2019 ◽  
Vol 180 (4) ◽  
pp. K21-K29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Hannon ◽  
Triona O’Shea ◽  
Claire A Thompson ◽  
Mark J Hannon ◽  
Rosemary Dineen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Somatostatin Analogue ◽  
Biochemical Control ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
Pituitary Macroadenomas

Pregnancy is rarely reported in acromegaly. Many patients are diagnosed in later life and younger patients may have subfertility due to hypopituitarism. We present a case series of 17 pregnancies in 12 women with acromegaly. Twelve women with acromegaly who completed pregnancy were identified from centres involved in the Irish Pituitary Study. Eleven women had pituitary macroadenomas and one woman had a microadenoma. Only 5/17 pregnancies had optimal biochemical control of acromegaly preconception, as defined by IGF-1 concentration in the age-related reference level and plasma GH concentration of <2 μg/L. In 6/17 pregnancies, dopamine agonist treatment was continued during pregnancy; all other acromegaly treatments were discontinued during pregnancy. Effect of pregnancy on acromegaly: No patient developed new visual field abnormalities, or symptoms suggestive of tumour expansion during pregnancy. In 9/12 patients, plasma IGF-1 concentrations that were elevated preconception normalised during pregnancy. There was a reduction in plasma IGF-1 concentrations, though not into the normal range, in a further two pregnancies. Effect of acromegaly on pregnancy: 15 healthy babies were born at term; one patient underwent emergency C-section at 32 weeks for pre-eclampsia, and one twin pregnancy had an elective C-section at 35 weeks’ gestation. Blood pressure remained within normal limits in the remainder of the pregnancies. Gestational diabetes did not develop in any pregnancy. Our data suggests that pregnancy in women with acromegaly is generally safe, from a maternal and foetal perspective. Furthermore, biochemical control tends to improve despite the withdrawal of somatostatin analogue therapy during pregnancy.

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