Russia’s Peace-Making at Post-Soviet Space: Results and Prospects

Author(s):  
S. Romanchuk

The article is dedicated to the history of conflicts, comparing of methods of prevention of armed conflicts and evaluating of armed intervention. Analyzing methods of peace building with the help of peacekeeping operations based on practical operations, legal and regulatory framework. The author analyzes some of peacekeeping missions with the specifics of each region.

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11 (109)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Efim Pivovar

The paper is devoted to the latest Russian historiography of migration processes in the post-Soviet space. The author considers the most important research projects of academic institutions and universities of Russia in the field of history and modern dynamics of post-Soviet migrations, covers key trends and results of the development of migration issues in the framework of various areas of Russian science. The author comes to the conclusion about the need for further in-depth development of the recent history and modern trends in the migration policy of the CIS countries, the role of migration in the dialogue of cultures and civilizations in the post-Soviet space, including within the framework of international cooperation of Eurasian scientists.


Author(s):  
Vsevolod V. Shimov

The article examines the features of the evolution of the civilisational approach in Russia. The historical stages of the formation of the civilisational approach in Russian political thought, starting from the pre-revolutionary times and ending with the post-Soviet period, are considered. The works of N. Danilevsky, L. Gumilyov, A. Dugin, V. Tsymbursky are analysed. It is concluded that the civilisational approach in Russia was especially in demand due to the specific nature of Russia’s relations with the Western world and within the discussion about Russia’s belonging to European civilisation. In the perspective of the world-system analysis, the development of the civilisational paradigm in Russia was due to its being on the semi-periphery of the capitalist world-system. It has always complicated relations with the Western countries belonging the world-systemic core. The findings can be used within the study of the processes of formation of national and sociocultural identity in the post-Soviet space, as well as in teaching disciplines of the socio-humanitarian block (political science, history of political doctrines).


Author(s):  
D. Malyshev

The article analyzes the main key events in the development of the thirty-year history of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as the main structure operating in the post-Soviet space. The main stages of the formation of the CIS as a full-fledged international organization are shown; the characteristics of its structure and statutory bodies are given. Special attention is paid to the essential aspects of the development of the CIS in 2020–2021, as well as the current state of this organization, the direction of its activities in the context of overcoming the negative consequences of the coronavirus pandemic. The possible alternatives for the development of the Commonwealth in the near future have been predicted.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-145
Author(s):  
A. Szeptycki

This article analyzes Poland’s policy towards the former Soviet space (Poland’s Eastern policy) through the assumptions of the realist theory of international relations. The fi rst part of the article examines the realist theory in international relations (IR). The second – deals with the existing literature on Poland’s foreign policy. The third part analyses the determinants and the goals of Poland’s policy towards the post-Soviet states (history of its relations with the region, ideological determinants, security concerns, etc.). The last part inquires about the evolution of Poland’s policy till current times. The Russian Federation is perceived as a signifi cant threat by Poland. In that context, since the early 1990s, Poland has been seeking solutions to strengthen its security. It aimed to join the North Atlantic Alliance and establish a close partnership with the United States (bandwagoning). This strategy brought substantial eff ects – in 1999, Poland joined NATO, and since it has hosted allied troops. Poland also wanted to develop cooperation with Ukraine (to a lesser degree also with its other post-Soviet neighbors) and bring them closer to the Euro-Atlantic structures. This policy was, in particular, at weakening Russia’s infl uence in the region (balancing). The results of this strategy have been somewhat ambiguous, though. Ukraine has rejected Russia’s sponsored reintegration projects in the post-Soviet space. The process of reforms in that country, however, is slow and uncertain. As for other post-Soviet states, Poland has largely proven unable to infl uence the desired changes.


Author(s):  
Maria Hadjipavlou

Gender shapes how both men and women understand their experiences and actions regarding armed conflicts. A gender perspective in the context of conflict situations means to pay close attention to the special needs of women and girls during peace-building processes, including disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, resettlement, rehabilitation, reintegration to the social fabric in post-conflict reconstruction, as well as to take measures to support local women’s peace initiatives. In this light, the overall culture, both within the UN and its member states, needs to be addressed. This culture is still patriarchal and supportive of state militaries, and peacekeeping operations that are comprised of them, which are based on a hegemonic masculinity that depends on the trivialization of women and the exploitation and commodification of women’s bodies. The values, qualities, and qualifications for peace-keeping personnel, on the ground and in senior positions, have been framed and adopted through a patriarchal understanding of peace-keeping, peace-building, and peace-making which has defined security narrowly, has relied on state militaries and military experts to be peace enforcers and makers, has been disinterested in the relationship between conflict and social inequalities, has imposed new social inequalities and new violences in the name of peacekeeping, and has systematically excluded or marginalized women in peace-keeping, peace-building, and peacemaking processes. Although the recent advances, reflected in Security Council, other UN, and member state resolutions and mandates, of integrating gender concerns into these processes have made a positive difference in some operations, implementation of these is still marginal.


Author(s):  
Т.А. Коныратбай

На протяжении всего ХХ века в фольклористике доминировал так называемый поэтический метод, который занимался определением художественной системы героического эпоса. Вместе с тем все чаще ставился вопрос об отношении эпоса к историческим событиям прошлого. Многие фольклористы и историки, в лице С. Н. Азбелева, Л. И. Емельянова, Н. И. Кравцова, А. А. Петросяна, М. М. Плисецкого, Б. А. Рыбакова начали разрабатывать проблемы историзма в русских былинах. На этой почве в середине 1960-х гг. вспыхнули научные дебаты вокруг этой проблемы – историзма героического эпоса. Несмотря на полемический характер,суждения многих фольклористов оказались на стороне исторического изучения былин. Такая постановка вопроса, с учетом посмертно изданного труда «Экскурсы в теорию и историю славянского эпоса» (1999), оказалась не чуждой самому Б. Н. Путилову, который усердно разрабатывал типологическую теорию. В своих поздних изысканиях автор несколько отошёл от изначальной позиции. На широком фоне исторического изучения былин фольклористы пошли ещё дальше, вычленяя сведения этнического порядка в героическом эпосе. Цель настоящего исследования – определение этнического характера героического эпоса с учетом методологических достижений фольклористики конца ХХ и начала ХХI веков. Актуальность данного направления заключается в том, что несмотря на многочисленные этнонимы, топонимы, гидронимы, антропонимы и т. д., отражённые в героическом эпосе, они долгое время оставались в тени. Историки, опиравшиеся только на достоверные факты, игнорировали подобные сведения, а фольклористы, в свою очередь, считали их объектом историков. Поэтому научно-познавательный процесс подменялся суждением о личном вкладе эпических сказителей, якобы вносивших этническую номенклатуру в героический эпос. С распадом СССР были сняты многие идеологические запреты, связанные с этнической природой казахского эпоса. Это позволило отдельным учёным постсоветского пространства приступить к разработке этнических истоков героического эпоса. Были опубликованы соответствующие материалы, в том числе на страницах настоящего журнала, направленные на изучение этнических сведений в казахском эпосе. Отныне этнический характер эпоса не вызывает больших разногласий. В казахском эпосоведении эта проблема стала разрабатываться более глубже, с использованием методов исследования фольклористики, этнографии и этнологии. В статье приводятся новые сведения и суждения отдельных исследователей методологического порядка. Наряду с общеизвестными трудами вышеуказанных фольклористов в научный обиход вовлекаются герменевтические суждения А. М. Эткинда. Обращено внимание на информативную сущность героического эпоса, определены познавательные возможности синхронного и диахронного методов исследования. Подытоживая материал, автор приходит к заключению, что без этноса нет героического эпоса, а без этнического процесса – эпической традиции. Throughout the 20th century, folkloristics was dominated by the so-called poetic method, which was engaged in determining the artistic system of the heroic epic. At the same time, the question of the attitude of the epic to the historical events of the past was increasingly raised. Many folklorists and historians, represented by S. N. Azbelev, L. I. Emelyanov, N. I. Kravtsov, A. A. Petrosyan, M. M. Plisetsky, B. A. Rybakov, began to develop the problems of historicism in Russian epics. On this ground in the mid-1960s, a scholarly debate broke out around this problem: the historicism of the heroic epic. Despite the polemical nature of the judgment of many folklorists, they were on the side of the historical study of epics. Such a statement of the question, taking into account the posthumously published work “Excursions into the theory and history of the Slavic epic” (1999), turned out to be no stranger to B. N. Putilov himself, who diligently developed typological theory. In his later research, the author somewhat moved away from the original position. Against the broad background of the historical study of epics, folklorists went even further, distinguishing information of the ethnic order in the heroic epic. The purpose of this study was to determine the ethnic nature of the heroic epic, taking into account the methodological achievements of folkloristics of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The relevance of this direction is that despite the numerous ethnonyms, toponyms, hydronyms, anthroponyms, etc., reflected in the heroic epic, they remained in the shadows for a long time. Historians, relying only on reliable facts, ignored such information, and folklorists, in turn, considered the object of historians. Therefore, the scholarly and cognitive process was replaced by a judgment on the personal contribution of epic storytellers who allegedly contributed ethnic nomenclature to the heroic epic. With the collapse of the USSR, many ideological prohibitions related to the ethnic nature of the Kazakh epic were lifted. This allowed individual scientists of the post-Soviet space to begin developing the ethnic origins of the heroic epic. Relevant materials were published, including on the pages of this publication, aimed at studying ethnic information in the Kazakh epic. From now on, the ethnic nature of the epic does not cause much disagreement. In Kazakh epic studies, this problem began to be developed more deeply, using methods of studying folkloristics, ethnography and ethnology. The article provides new information and judgments of individual researchers of the methodological order. Along with the well-known works of the above folklorists, hermeneutic judgments of A. M. Etkind are involved in scholarly use. Attention was drawn to the informative essence of the heroic epic, the cognitive possibilities of synchronous and diachronic research methods were determined. Summing up the material, the author concludes that without an ethnic group there is no heroic epic, and without an ethnic process – no epic tradition.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3 (27)) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Elena A. Shlegel

According to the joint statement of President of the RSFSR B. N. Yeltsin and Chancellor of Germany G. Kohl Information and Educational Center of Russian Germans - BiZ was created, later renamed Institute of Ethnocultural Education - BiZ. The purpose of the article is to analyze the work on preservation of the ethnic identity of Germans, which is implemented by the Institute of Ethnocultural Education. The article presents the history of the establishment of the Institute, as well as describes the main direction in the process of ethnocultural education - language work.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-141
Author(s):  
Larisa Noroc ◽  
Alexandru Noroc

The article discusses the issue of frozen conflicts in the post-Soviet space. According to the author, conflicts are a product of the disintegration of the USSR, the declaration of the independence of the former union republics and the adoption of the direction of foreign policies for European integration. In most cases, the conflicts are artificial, because the ex-Soviet space is considered the sphere of interest of the Russian Federation, and the secessionist regions are interested in maintaining subordination to Moscow. Failure to resolve conflicts leads to the consolidation of the status quo in the territories. Resolving the Transnistrian conflict, but also other conflicts in the ex-Soviet space requires the internationalization of the process by actively attracting G-7 states, UN structures, the EU and the internationalization of peacekeeping missions. An important requirement for the Republic of Moldova is the change of the political class, which will want to solve the problem of territorial integrity.


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